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考前热身，练习找感觉。这一篇写得比较水，拖沓而缺少层次与事例，论证比较空泛。另外存在比较明显的论证偏颇——轻于讨论教导年轻人竞争合作的问题而重于纠结竞争合作的利弊对比。参考北美范文，思路熨帖，语言流畅，从思路、结构、事例中吸取了很多宝贵经验，语言方面可以窃学一二，不过短时间内应该是达不到如此境界。争取在研究与练习中越写越好，取得提高。希望各位看官有什么想法，多多拍拍，不吝赐教~
123. The best way for a society to prepare its young people for leadership in government, industry, or other fields is by instilling in them a sense of cooperation, not competition.
Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim. In developing and supporting your position, be sure to address the most compelling reasons and/or examples that could be used to challenge your position.
1. 领袖要学会合作：
2. 领袖也要学会竞争：
Leadership now is valued as a necessary talent for the elite of our society. People of good leadership are usually applauded for their wise decisions and long insight which lead other people to success. Therefore, we expect our society can educate our children to be of such qualities for good leadership. Here is the question: how to educate them about leadership? One aspect of leadership is about how to understand competition and cooperation since most of the processes to successes are via these two means. The speaker of this issue considers the best way for leadership education is to instill in them only the sense of cooperation. I concede he is right to some extent since cooperation is for sure a good thing for us. But, in view of the reality, I have to say, competition is also necessary for a good leadership and should also be valued much.
A good leader definitely needs to understand the meaning of cooperation and know well about the skills of it. After all, any efficient team work is out of the perfect cooperation between team members and the leader should organize the whole team to cooperate for a best performance. Regarding of the team members of different preferences, distinct working styles, and different skills or talents, there may be some conflicts and mismatches between each other, leading to an inner cost of the team and damaging the team work efficiency. The leader is here for solving this sort of problems: he should be capable of unify the team members focusing on the same target and motivate them for the best performance. These issues often require the leader to be of great charisma, good skills and long insight, like Barack Obama, Steve Jobs. How well a team can function often determines how successful the team can achieve. In this light, a good sense of cooperation is really important to a good leadership.
What’s more, a considerable part of successes is out of the way of avoiding unnecessary competitions and pursuing common interests. When the marginal benefit of cooperation outnumbers the costs, it is sometimes better to turn an enemy to a partner since we can avoid the risk of loss out of rivaling. In fact, many companies today do that for best profits. For example, when some patents of a profitable drug is nearly due, the drug companies will prefer pay some money to other firms, asking them not to produce this drug in order to keep their monopoly status in the market for profits. Therefore, the drug companies can still dominate the market for profits in spite of no patent protection for their drug products only by costing them some part of money to other firms. This is a typical cooperation lesson for us to learn: for the maximum of benefits or some goals, a good leader should be wise and skillful about cooperation, even with the enemies.
However, we should also view that sometimes competitions against the rivals are unavoidable and the only way to succeed is to beat them. At this moment, the leader should be tough and strong confronting of the challenges from the opponents, and any thoughts of making compromises to the rivals to conduct so-called “cooperation” is to be weak, tend to give up, and betray the goals of the whole team. Today, the market is like a fierce battles and warfare of business is on the play every single day. People play tricks for profits in this world of betrays and deception. In this context, the sense of strong competition for survival and successes is truly essential for the leaders. A good awareness of risks of loss and a strong demand for success will make the leader sharp in making decisions, therefore leading to a competitive team. This issue almost makes sense in every single field, from the sports games to the market competitions, and, therefore, the good sense of competition should be instill in the young for a good leadership.
In sum, the leader is supposed to be the one leading the team to fulfill their goals, and both competition and cooperation are essential for achieving the targets. The leaders should be capable of organizing the team to cooperate with each other for best efficiency. Also they should be wise and tough to judge whether to cooperate or compete with their rivals in aiming to achieve the maximum profits. In this light, both senses of competition and cooperation are essential for them.
50min
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北美范文：
Issue 26
"While some leaders in government, sports, industry, and other areas attribute their success to a well-developed sense of competition, a society can better prepare its young people for leadership by instilling in them a sense of cooperation."
Which is a better way to prepare young people for leadership: developing in them a spirit of competitiveness or one of cooperation? The speaker favors the latter approach, even though some leaders attribute their success to their keenly developed competitive spirit. I tend to agree with the speaker, for reasons having to do with our increasingly global society, and with the true keys to effective leadership.
1 合作意识重要的原因：
1.1 全球化，很多国际问题无法通过个体努力解决，而需要大家（人之间、国之间）的通力合作
1.1.1 例子：解除大规模杀伤性武器disarm themselves of weapons of mass destruction;
1.1.2 例子：节能减排，保护大气防止温室效应：reduce harmful emissions which destroy ozone and warm the Earth to dangerous levels
1.1.3 例子：保护资源，共同治疗流行病：cure and prevent epidemics
1.1.4 防止自毁——共同课题：国际和平、经济稳定、保护动植物等等——合作多于竞争
1.2 团队合作的重要性：
1.2.1 团结队员，比如使他们参与讨论；
1.2.2 属于合作，疏远队员，会造成队员无法全心全意完成使命，甚至破坏、背叛；
1.2.3 And after all, without other people worth leading a person cannot be a leader let alone an effective one.
1.3 只注重竞争会限制领袖针对对手的措施，而无法察觉那些更有创造力的联合、组织性的方法，比如partnership with the would-be partners
2 竞争意识的重要：
2.1 如今的市场自由竞争极致，需要负有竞争意识competitive spirit和坚韧精神tenacity, being tough的领袖；
2.1.1 尤其对于技术更新推动型市场hyper-competitive technology driven economy，竞争就意味着不断的革新创造，落后的人将被残酷的竞争所淘汰而失败；
2.2 然而，竞争与合作并不冲突not inconsistent with each other，
落脚点：讨论这个问题是在考虑当今世界的诸多问题的背景下：The speaker's preference properly reflects the growing role of cooperative alliances and efforts in solving the world's most pressing problems.
The chief reason why we should stress cooperation in nurturing young people today is that, as tomorrow's leaders, they will face pressing societal problems that simply cannot be solved apart from cooperative international efforts. For example, all nations will need to cooperate in an effort to disarm themselves of weapons of mass destruction; to reduce harmful emissions which destroy ozone and warm the Earth to dangerous levels; to reduce consumption of the Earth's finite natural resources; and to cure and prevent diseases before they become global epidemics. Otherwise, we all risk self-destruction. In short, global peace, economic stability, and survival of the species provide powerful reasons for developing educational paradigms that stress cooperation over competition.
A second compelling reason for instilling in young people a sense of cooperation over competition is that effective leadership depends less on the latter than the former. A leader should show that he or she values the input of subordinates--for example, by involving them in decisions about matters in which they have a direct stake. Otherwise, subordinates might grow to resent their leader, and become unwilling to devote themselves wholeheartedly to the leader's mission. In extreme cases they might even sabotage that mission, or even take their useful ideas to competitors. And after all, without other people worth leading a person cannot be a leader let alone an effective one.
A third reason why instilling a sense of cooperation is to be preferred over instilling a sense of competition is that the latter serves to narrow a leader's focus on thwarting the efforts of competitors. With such tunnel vision it is difficult to develop other, more creative means of attaining organizational objectives. Moreover, such means often involve synergistic solutions that call for alliances, partnerships, and other cooperative efforts with would-be competitors.
Those who would oppose the speaker might point out that a thriving economy depends on a freely competitive business environment, which ensures that consumers obtain high-quality goods and services at low prices. Thus key leadership positions, especially in business, inherently call for a certain tenacity and competitive spirit. And, a competitive spirit seems especially critical in today's hyper-competitive technology-driven economy, where any leader failing to keep pace with ever-changing business and technological paradigms soon fails by the wayside. However, a leader's effectiveness as a competitor is not necessarily inconsistent with his or her ability to cooperate with subordinates or with competitors, as noted above.
In sum, if we were to take the speaker's advice too far we would risk becoming a world without leaders, who are bred of a competitive spirit. We would also risk the key benefits of a free-market economy. Nevertheless, on balance I agree that it is more important to instill in young people a sense of cooperation than one of competition. The speaker's preference properly reflects the growing role of cooperative alliances and efforts in solving the world's most pressing problems. After all, in a world in which our very survival as a species depends on cooperation, the spirit of even healthy competition, no matter how healthy, is of little value to any of us. |
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发表于 2011-11-5 13:38:28
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