1.         GWD-9-Q4-Q7 N-17-Q5-18 G-9-Q4-Q7高地农业经济

By the sixteenth century, the Incas

of South America ruled an empire that

extended along the Pacific coast and

Line      Andean highlands from what is now

(5)       Ecuador to central Chile. While most

of the Incas were self-sufficient

agriculturists, the inhabitants of the

highland basins above 9,000 feet were

constrained by the kinds of crops they

(10)      could cultivate. Whereas 95 percent

of the principal Andean food crops can

be cultivated below 3,000 feet, only

20 percent reproduce readily above

9,000 feet. Given this unequal

(15)      resource distribution, highland Incas

needed access to the products of

lower, warmer climatic zones in order

to enlarge the variety and quantity of

their foodstuffs. In most of the prein-

(20)      dustrial world, the problem of different

resource distribution was resolved by

long-distance trade networks over

which the end consumer exercised

little control. Although the peoples

(25)      of the Andean highlands participated

in such networks, they relied primarily

on the maintenance of autonomous

production forces in as many eco-

logical zones as possible. The

(30)      commodities produced in these

zones were extracted, processed,

and transported entirely by members

of a single group.

This strategy of direct access

(35)      to a maximum number of ecological

zones by a single group is called

vertical economy. Even today,

one can see Andean communities

maintaining use rights simultaneously

(40)      to pasturelands above 12,000 feet, to

potato fields in basins over 9,000 feet,

and to plots of warm-land crops in

regions below 6,000 feet. This

strategy has two principal variations.

(45)      The first is “compressed verticality,”

in which a single village resides in

a location that permits easy access

to closely located ecological zones.

Different crop zones or pasturelands

(50)      are located within a few days walk of

the parent community. Community

members may reside temporarily

in one of the lower zones to manage

the extraction of products unavailable

(55)      in the homeland. In the second variation,

called the “vertical archipelago,”

the village exploits resources in widely

dispersed locations, constituting a

series of independent production

(60)       “islands.” In certain pre-Columbian

Inca societies, groups were sent from

the home territory to establish permanent

satellite communities or colonies

in distant tropical forests or coastal

(65)       locations. There the colonists grew

crops and extracted products for their

own use and for transshipment back

to their high-altitude compatriots.

In contrast to the compressed

(70)      verticality system, in this system,

commodities rather than people

circulated through the archipelago.

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GWD-9-Q4 N-17-Q5 G-9-Q4:

According to the passage, which of the following is true about the preindustrial long distance trade networks mentioned in line 22 ?

1. They were not used extensively in most of the preindustrial world.

2. They were used to some extent by the people of the Andean highlands.

3. They were not an effective means of solving the problem of different resource distribution.

4. They necessitated the establishment of permanent satellite communities in widely dispersed locations.

5. They were useful only for the transportation of products from warm climatic zones.

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GWD-9-Q5 N-17-Q6 G-9-Q5:

According to the passage, the inhabitants of the Andean highlands resolved the problem of unequal resource distribution primarily in which of the following ways?

1. Following self-sufficient agricultural practices

2. Increasing commodity production from the ecological zones in the highland basins

3. Increasing their reliance on long-distance trade networks

4. Establishing satellite communities throughout the Andean highlands

5. Establishing production forces in ecological zones beyond their parent communities

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GWD-9-Q6 N-17-Q7 G-9-Q6:

The passage suggests that as a way of addressing the problem of different resource distribution in the preindustrial world, the practice of vertical economy differed from the use of long-distance trade networks in that vertical economy allowed

1. commodities to reach the end consumer faster

2. a wide variety of agricultural goods to reach the end consumer

3. a single group to maintain control over the production process

4. greater access to commodities from lower, warmer climatic zones

5. greater use of self-sufficient agricultural techniques

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GWD-9-Q7 N-17-Q8 G-9-Q7:

The passage suggests that for an Andean highland village attempting to resolve the problem of unequal resource distribution, the strategy known as compressed verticality would probably be inappropriate for which of the following situations?

1. The village’s location is such that it is difficult for the village to participate in long-distance trade networks.

2. The village does not have the resources to establish permanent satellite communities in production zones beyond the home community.

3. The warm-land crop regions nearest to the village are all below 6,000 feet.

4. The location of the village does not provide ready access to an adequate variety of ecological zones.

5. The nearest crop production zones are located below the village, while the nearest pasturelands are located above the village.

 问题有以下几个:

Even today,

one can see Andean communities

maintaining use rights simultaneously

(40)      to pasturelands above 12,000 feet

这句话是什么意思, 特别是那个RIGHT 做什么解释?

2.

GWD-9-Q6 N-17-Q7 G-9-Q6:

The passage suggests that as a way of addressing the problem of different resource distribution in the preindustrial world, the practice of vertical economy differed from the use of long-distance trade networks in that vertical economy allowed

1. commodities to reach the end consumer faster

2. a wide variety of agricultural goods to reach the end consumer

3. a single group to maintain control over the production process

4. greater access to commodities from lower, warmer climatic zones

5. greater use of self-sufficient agricultural techniques

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这题为什么不选C, 我的理由是

. The

(30)      commodities produced in these

zones were extracted, processed,

and transported entirely by members

of a single group.

非常感谢!!

. The

(30)      commodities produced in these

zones were extracted, processed,

and transported entirely by members

of a single group.

非常感谢!!