og212

212. The Baldrick Manufacturing Company has for several years followed a policy aimed at decreasing operating costs and improving the efficiency of its distribution system.

(A) aimed at decreasing operating costs and improving

(B) aimed at the decreasing of operating costs and to improve

(C) aiming at the decreasing of operating costs and improving

(D) the aim of which is the decreasing of operating costs and improving（A）

(E) with the aim to decrease operating costs and to improve

The best choice, A, offers an adjective phrase (aimed at 是形容词短语，不是动词过去分词) unequivocally modifying policy and exhibiting grammatical parallelism (decreasing... and improving). （名词+形容词短语，形容词短语修饰该名词）In choice B, the gerund the decreasing is not grammatically parallel with the infinitive to improve. Likewise, in C and D, the decreasing of... costs is not parallel with improving the efficiency. In E, the infinitives to decrease and to improve, while parallel, are less idiomatic than the prepositional phrase of decreasing... and improving in modifying the noun aim. （固定用法：with the aim of doing 错误用法：with the aim to ）Also, with the aim... improve can easily be construed as referring to the Baldrick Manufacturing Company and so does not refer unequivocally to policy. （？？？）

with the aim... improve can easily be construed as referring to the Baldrick Manufacturing Company and so does not refer unequivocally to policy. （？？？）

1这个介词结构前 紧跟一个名词 应该是修饰没有歧义的 为何不对

类似的OG179 Native Americans , with their intimate knowledge of the ecology of the land ,修饰的就是前面的主语

2如果这题有歧义的话

另一题

with介词短语出现在句子后优先作状语修饰前句，OG179中with不是跟在句子后，而是跟在名词后，所以作定语修饰该名词；212/146都满足上述解释。

with用法的相关例题参见：OG50 / 56 / 113和OG补充第40题E

取个反例 好吗

152. When the technique known as gene-splicing was invented in the early 1970's, it was feared that scien­tists might inadvertently create an "Andromeda strain," a microbe never before seen on Earth that might escape from the laboratory and it might kill vast numbers of humans with no natural defenses against it

综上

我觉得with + n.放在句末，并且前面有逗号分隔的结构，既可以做独立结构为状语，也可以作逗号前的名词的定语。到底作什么成分，要根据句子意思。不能一概而论。

真正让我疑惑的是

ETS有时说有歧义 有时又不说有歧义 这判断的标准是什么呢

谢谢

歧义的判断标准是什么

感觉有两种歧义 1是语法上的歧义 2是逻辑上的歧义

如OG212 可以理解为遵守一个减少成本提高效率的政策 对

也可以理解为为了减少成本提高效率 公司遵守一个政策 也对

所以说OG212有歧义

语法上的歧义如162E(e) by their parents in a child safety seat 117(a,b) a firm ..claim from a one-page writing sample that .. 256(a).the only eyewitness account of the great eruption of V in two letters to 火山在信里爆发,错

但146Cprove damage without another doctor’s testimony理解为修饰前面的damage

我知道是作为状语修饰谓语的 但这样的理解是不是也是可行 也算歧义呢

究竟歧义的标准是什么  我现在是动不动就要担心有歧义了

请NN指点 谢谢

我认为你的观点，即：with优先作状语，但不排除在逻辑可行的条件下作定语的可能。我没有注意到40的这个例子，否则，我也会像你一样这样考虑。146C从逻辑上只能作状语。在实战中我会这样考虑，首先，如果有动词结构，我先考虑with作状语，如果从逻辑上讲不通，再考虑其作定语的可能。

stoneren 谢谢你的答复

在实战中 我能读懂句意 并且据此判断出 with修饰的是什么

我的问题是如何判断句子有歧义

如大全981

1.        The Lake Manyara Park in Tanzania affords the visitor with unequalled opportunities to photograph lions playing in trees without the aid of telephoto lenses.

(A) The Lake Manyara Park in Tanzania affords the visitor with unequalled opportunities to photograph lions playing in trees without the aid of telephoto lenses.

(B) The Lake Manyara Park in Tanzania permits the visitor unequalled opportunities to photograph lions playing in trees without the aid of telephoto lenses.

(C) The Lake Manyara Park in Tanzania gives the visitor the unequalled opportunity to photograph lions playing in trees without telephoto lenses.

(D) The visitor to the Lake Manyara Park in Tanzania has the unequalled opportunity to photograph lions playing in trees without the aid of telephoto lenses.（E）

(E) Even without the aid of telephoto lenses, the visitor to Tanzania’s Lake Manyara Park has an unequalled opportunity to photograph lions playing in trees.

http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=23&ID=60143&page=2

D就认为是有歧义 介词结构可能修饰狮子 尽管从逻辑上是荒唐的  当然从优选来说是可以得出答案

我就是想不通 什么情况下认为是有歧义的 什么情况下又没有 如146的C呢

麻烦大家了 谢谢

146C －prove damage without another doctor’s testimony

这道题我认为如果without修饰damage的确是有歧义的，我们可以说：sb没有其他医生的证言，无法证明damage，但是我们不可能说某个damage缺乏其他医生的testimony。

歧义我认为就是逻辑上不匹配，搭配不合理，比如：I saw a bird with feather. 从逻辑上讲，你无法将句子理解为：我浑身长满羽毛，看到一只鸟。

stoneren: 你所举的例子不合逻辑 可是以下这句

The visitor to the Lake Manyara Park in Tanzania has the unequalled opportunity to photograph lions playing in trees without the aid of telephoto lenses.

狮子无需telephoto lenses. 不也是逻辑荒唐的吗

另外OG中的所谓火山在信中爆发  ETS都认为是有歧义 这根本不可能的啊

据OG来读 ：I saw a bird with feather. 从逻辑上讲，你无法将句子理解为：我浑身长满羽毛，看到一只鸟。也是歧义

我要疯了 走火入魔了

关于“with”的用法，偶觉得“名词+with 短语”，with 短语优先修饰前面的名词，同理其它介词短语一样。

paopao的这题OG212，偶觉得关键不是with的用法，而是aim的用法问题，即词与词的逻辑搭配问题，这也是GMAT语法中的一个主要考点，典型的例子是OG234关于wavelength 是否可以 visible。

回过来说aim的问题，大全中同时考到的一个词是intention，他们的逻辑主语，更确切地说是施动者，一定是人或由人构成的组织等。所以ETS对OG212的解释会说容易修饰句子的主语，更关键是这个主语是人或其组成的机构，这里是company。

请参考大全中intention的两题：注意错误答案的设置几乎都一样！

73. Alaska regularly deposits some of its profits from the sale of oil into a special fund, with the intention to sustain the state’s economy after the exhaustion of its oil reserves.

(A) fund, with the intention to sustain the state’s economy after the exhaustion of its oil reserves
(B) fund, the intention of which is to sustain the state’s economy after they have exhausted their oil reserves
(C) fund intended to sustain the state’s economy after oil reserves are exhausted
(D) fund intended to sustain the state’s economy after exhausting its oil reserves（C）
(E) fund that they intend to sustain the state’s economy after oil reserves are exhausted

955.Asset allocators create portfolios, often in the form of mutual funds, with the intention to turn in good results in both “bull” and “bear” markets.

(A) with the intention
(B) the intention of which is
(C) intended
(D) and intending（C）
(E) so intended as

名词aim 和 intention 与with的固定搭配都是 with the aim/intention of doing ，这里都设置成用 to！