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想要跟大家讨论一下今天刚做的一篇文章。感觉快要秃头了
There are recent reports of apparently drastic declines in amphibian populations and of extinctions of a number of the world's endangered amphibian species. 近期的报告报道了俩事：1，两栖动物的数量下降。2 快绝种的两栖动物绝种啦。［这句话其实有两个重点是我一开始忽略的，第一是“近期的报告”，第二是“ 这些报告把数量下降跟快绝种的两栖动物绝种这俩事划了等号”。要把这句话的这个层面理解出来我认为对于之后解第二题是很重要的。这就是为什么我第二题想半天没想明白，因为我根本没读懂前后的关联。These declines, if real, may be signs of a general trend toward extinction, and many environmentalists have claimed that immediate environmental action is necessary to remedy this "amphibian crisis", which, in their view, is an indicator of general and catastrophic environmental degradation due to human activity. 红色部分的话，我一开始完全理解错意思了。句子要表达的是：两栖动物危机代表着人类对于环境的破坏。一开始我理解成了，环境破坏造成了两栖动物危机。其实A is an indicator B 并不到表A causes B 或者B causes A。他们没有因果关系。
To evaluate these claims, 这句话我要是瞪大了我的狗眼看清楚了，我就不会把主旨题做错了。it is useful to make a preliminary distinction that is far too often ignored. A declining population should not be confused with an endangered one. An endangered population is always rare, almost always small, and, by definition, under constant threat of extinction even without a proximate cause in human activities. Its disappearance, however unfortunate, should come as no great surprise. Moreover, chance events—which may indicate nothing about the direction of trends in population size—may lead to its extinction. The probability of extinction due to such random factors depends on the population size and is independent of the prevailing direction of change in that size. 这段话跟下一段话看起来就是罗里吧嗦的在科普decline跟endangered要区分，为啥要区分blah blah blah。但凡我如果愿意多动一动我的猪脑子我就应该想到，它是在反驳第一段的“近期报告”把数量下降跟快绝种的两栖动物绝种这俩事划等号。作者认为，数量下降跟本来就会死绝的那些濒危两栖动物不应该化为一谈，贸然的说数量下降所以两栖动物都要死绝啦这种说法有点过早。
For biologists, population declines are potentially more worrisome than extinctions. Persistent declines, especially in large populations, indicate a changed ecological context. Even here, distinctions must again be made among declines that are only apparent (in the sense that they are part of habitual cycles or of normal fluctuations), declines that take a population to some lower but still acceptable level, and those that threaten extinction (e.g., by taking the number of individuals below the minimum viable population). Anecdotal reports of population decreases cannot distinguish among these possibilities, and some amphibian populations have shown strong fluctuations in the past. 这段是说的是decline也分很多种，也要分情况讨论，但是现在的这些报告都无法分清楚到底现在的decline是哪种情况，反正就是不同意两栖动物要死绝了。而且是越来越不同意，第二段的是说下降不等于灭绝，现在是连下降这个可能性都觉得可能并不存在。
It is Indisputably true that there is simply not enough long-term scientific data on amphibian populations to enable researches to identify real declines in amphibian populations. Many fairly common amphibian species declared all but extinct after severe declines in the 1950s and 1960s have subsequently recovered, and so might the apparently declining populations that have generated the current appearance of an amphibian crisis. Unfortunately, long-term data will not soon be forthcoming, and postponing environmental action while we wait for it may doom species and whole ecosystems to extinction.
最后一段就是表达，数据不够，所以两栖动物到底是不是要灭绝了，很难说哟。
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) assess the validity of a certain view
(B) distinguish between two phenomena
(C) identify the causes of a problem
(D) describe a disturbing trend
(E) allay concern about a particular phenomenon
2. It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes which of the following to be true of the environmentalists mentioned in lines 5-6?
(A) They have wrongly chosen to focus on anecdotal reports rather than on the long-term data that are currently available concerning amphibians.
(B) Their recommendations are flawed because their research focuses too narrowly on a single category of animal species.
(C) Their certainty that population declines in general are caused by environmental degradation is not warranted.
(D) They have drawn premature conclusions concerning a crisis in amphibian populations from recent reports of declines.
(E) They have overestimated the effects of chance events on trends in amphibian populations.
3. It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes which of the following to be true of the amphibian extinctions that have recently been reported?
(A) They have resulted primarily from human activities causing environmental degradation.
(B)They could probably have been prevented if timely action had been taken to protect the habitats of amphibian species.
(C) They should not come as a surprise, because amphibian populations generally have been declining for a number of years.
(D) They have probably been caused by a combination of chance events.
(E) They do not clearly constitute evidence of general environmental degradation.
4. According to the passage, each of the following is true of endangered amphibian species EXCEPT:
(A) They are among the rarest kinds of amphibians.
(B) They generally have populations that are small in size.
(C) They are in constant danger of extinction.
(D) Those with decreasing populations are the most likely candidates for immediate extinction.
(E) The are in danger of extinction due to events that sometimes have nothing to do with human activities.
5. Which of the following most accurately describes the organization of the passage?
(A) A question is raised, a distinction regarding it is made, and the question is answered.
(B) An interpretation is presented, its soundness is examined, and a warning is given.
(C) A situation is described, its consequences are analyzed, and a prediction is made.
(D) Two interpretations of a phenomenon are described, and one of them is rejected as invalid.
(E) Two methods for analyzing a phenomenon are compared, and further study of the phenomenon is recommended.
6. Which of the following best describes the function of the sentence in lines 35-38 [Anecdotal reports of population decreases cannot distinguish among these possibilities, and some amphibian populations have shown strong fluctuations in the past.]?
(A) To give an example of a particular kind of study
(B) To cast doubt on an assertion made in the previous sentence
(C) To raise an objection to a view presented in the first paragraph
(D) To provide support for a view presented in the first paragraph
(E) To introduce an idea that will be countered in the following paragraph
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发表于 2020-7-2 09:03:40
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