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[SC总结] 分词修饰

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楼主
发表于 2010-1-18 12:40:34 | 只看该作者 回帖奖励 |倒序浏览 |阅读模式
A participle is a verbal that is used as an adjective and most often ends in -ing or -ed. The term verbal indicates that a participle, like the other two kinds of verbals, is based on a verb and therefore expresses action or a state of being. However, since they function as adjectives, participles modify nouns or pronouns. There are two types of participles: present participles and past participles. Present participles end in -ing. Past participles end in -ed, -en, -d, -t, or -n, as in the words asked, eaten, saved, dealt, and seen.
  • The crying baby had a wet diaper.
  • Shaken, he walked away from the wrecked car.
  • The burning log fell off the fire.
  • Smiling, she hugged the panting dog.

A participial phrase is a group of words consisting of a participle and the modifier(s) and/or (pro)noun(s) or noun phrase(s) that function as the direct object(s), indirect object(s), or complement(s) of the action or state expressed in the participle, such as:

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------


Removing his coat, Jack rushed to the river.

The participial phrase functions as an adjective modifying Jack.
Removing (participle)
his coat (direct object of action expressed in participle)

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Delores noticed her cousin walking along the shoreline.


The participial phrase functions as an adjective modifying cousin.
walking (participle)
along the shoreline (prepositional phrase as adverb)

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Children introduced to music early develop strong intellectual skills.

The participial phrase functions as an adjective modifying children.
introduced (to) (participle)
music (direct object of action expressed in participle)
early (adverb)

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Having been a gymnast, Lynn knew the importance of exercise.

The participial phrase functions as an adjective modifying Lynn.
Having been (participle)
a gymnast (subject complement for Lynn, via state of being expressed in participle)

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------


Placement: In order to prevent confusion, a participial phrase must be placed as close to the noun it modifies as possible, and the noun must be clearly stated.
  • Carrying a heavy pile of books, his foot caught on a step. *
  • Carrying a heavy pile of books, he caught his foot on a step.

In the first sentence there is no clear indication of who or what is performing the action expressed in the participle carrying. Certainly foot can't be logically understood to function in this way. This situation is an example of a dangling modifier error since the modifier (the participial phrase) is not modifying any specific noun in the sentence and is thus left "dangling." Since a person must be doing the carrying for the sentence to make sense, a noun or pronoun that refers to a person must be in the place immediately after the participial phrase, as in the second sentence.

Punctuation: When a participial phrase begins a sentence, a comma should be placed after the phrase.
  • Arriving at the store, I found that it was closed.
  • Washing and polishing the car, Frank developed sore muscles.

If the participle or participial phrase comes in the middle of a sentence, it should be set off with commas only if the information is not essential to the meaning of the sentence.
  • Sid, watching an old movie, drifted in and out of sleep.
  • The church, destroyed by a fire, was never rebuilt.

Note that if the participial phrase is essential to the meaning of the sentence, no commas should be used:
  • The student earning the highest grade point average will receive a special award.
  • The guy wearing the chicken costume is my cousin.

If a participial phrase comes at the end of a sentence, a comma usually precedes the phrase if it modifies an earlier word in the sentence but not if the phrase directly follows the word it modifies.
  • The local residents often saw Ken wandering through the streets.
    (The phrase modifies Ken, not residents.)
  • Tom nervously watched the woman, alarmed by her silence.
    (The phrase modifies Tom, not woman.)


Points to remember

  1. A participle is a verbal ending in -ing (present) or -ed, -en, -d, -t, or -n (past) that functions as an adjective, modifying a noun or pronoun.
  2. A participial phrase consists of a participle plus modifier(s), object(s), and/or complement(s).
  3. Participles and participial phrases must be placed as close to the nouns or pronouns they modify as possible, and those nouns or pronouns must be clearly stated.
  4. A participial phrase is set off with commas when it:
    • a) comes at the beginning of a sentence
    • b) interrupts a sentence as a nonessential element
    • c) comes at the end of a sentence and is separated from the word it modifies.

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沙发
 楼主| 发表于 2010-1-18 12:41:17 | 只看该作者
分词是指非谓语动词被用作形容词性并通常是以-ing或-ed的形式结尾的词。
它是在动词的基础上,传递出一个动作或一种状态。然而因为它们本身起的形容词的作用,他们被用来形容名词或代词。

分词分两种:现在分词和过去分词。
现在分词以-ing结尾;过去分词以-ed,-en,-d,-t或-n
如asked,eaten,saved,dealt和seen
  • The crying baby had a wet diaper.
  • Shaken, he walked away from the wrecked car.
  • The burning log fell off the fire.
  • Smiling, she hugged the panting dog.

分词短语是由一个分词加上以直接/间接宾语/补足语的形式的出现的修饰语/名词/代词,传递出分词所包含的动作或状态。

Removing his coat, Jack rushed to the river.

分词短语以形容词的形式去修饰Jack.

Removing (分词)
his coat (分词动作的施受对象-直接宾语)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Delores noticed her cousin walking along the shoreline.

分词短语以形容词的形式去修饰cousin.

walking (分词)
along the shoreline (介词短语作副词)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Children introduced to music early develop strong intellectual skills.

分词短语以形容词的形式去修饰children.

introduced (to) (分词)
music (分词动作的施受对象-直接宾语)
early (副词)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Having been a gymnast, Lynn knew the importance of exercise.

分词短语以形容词的形式去修饰Lynn.

Having been (分词)
a gymnast (主语Lynn的补语,以此传递分词所表达的状态)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

摆放位置: 为了防止歧义,分词短语必须尽可能地靠近被修饰名词,并且该名词必须被清晰表达。
  • Carrying a heavy pile of books, his foot caught on a step. *
  • Carrying a heavy pile of books, he caught his foot on a step.

第一个句子没有明确地指示出,谁或什么在执行这个分词所传达的动作状态。很明显,foot无法成为iluojishangde动作发出者,这就是无依着修饰语的例子,因为修饰语(分词短语)并没有修饰句中任何特定的名词从而导致了“无依着”。
因为一个人必须发出这个动作,使整个句子变得更合理,一个名词或代词用来指代人必须紧跟在分词之后。



标点符号: 当分词短语出现在句首,逗号需要被放置在短语之后。
  • Arriving at the store, I found that it was closed.
  • Washing and polishing the car, Frank developed sore muscles.

如果分词或分词短语出现在句中,并且提供的信息对句子不是至关重要的,那么可以用逗号(在前后)标识。
  • Sid, watching an old movie, drifted in and out of sleep.
  • The church, destroyed by a fire, was never rebuilt.

但如果分词短语对句意是必不可少的,则不应使用逗号:
  • The student earning the highest grade point average will receive a special award.
  • The guy wearing the chicken costume is my cousin.

如果分词短语出现在句末,并且它用来修饰靠前的单词,那么在前面需要加逗号,但是如果在紧跟被修饰语的情况下则不加。
  • The local residents often saw Ken wandering through the streets.
    (该短语修饰Ken, 而非residents.)
  • Tom nervously watched the woman, alarmed by her silence.
    (该短语修饰Tom, 而非woman.)

要点:
  1. 分词是非谓语动词以-ing(现在分词)或-ed,-en,-d,-t或-n(过去分词)的形式结尾,并起着形容词的作用,来修饰名词或代词。
  2. 分词短语由分词加上修饰语/宾语/补足语构成。
  3. 分词或分词短语必须尽可能地紧靠被修饰的名词或代词,并且名词或代词必须清晰无误。
  4. 分词短语由逗号引出的几种情况:
    • a) 在句首出现
    • b) 作为一个不重要的补充成分来打断原本的句子结构
    • c) 在句末出现并且与被修饰的部分隔离的情况.





板凳
 楼主| 发表于 2010-1-18 12:46:39 | 只看该作者
本帖内容提供者:tibet同学 http://forum.chasedream.com/space/63435.html
原帖讨论内容:http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_SC/thread-433525-1-1.html
内容原链接:http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/627/02/
本人仅进行了翻译 方便阅读 错误之处请指正

另:未发现原内容针对GMAT 仅供参考 加深理解 观者自酌
地板
发表于 2010-1-18 17:20:08 | 只看该作者
感谢lenglengad有心整理!
5#
发表于 2010-1-18 23:50:32 | 只看该作者
分词统统作为adj.修饰n. 那就不用那么费劲区分:现在分词or过去分词,定语or状语,表伴随or结果。。。。
跟以前很多总结不同。。。恩关注一下。。。
6#
发表于 2010-1-21 15:34:24 | 只看该作者
请问楼上的几位xdjm:OG12-SC-105
105. Beatrix Potter, in her book illustrations, carefully
coordinating them with her narratives, capitalized on
her keen observation and love of the natural world.
(A) Beatrix Potter, in her book illustrations, carefully
coordinating them with her narratives,
(B) In her book illustrations, carefully coordinating
them with her narratives, Beatrix Potter
(C) In her book illustrations, which she carefully
coordinated with her narratives, Beatrix Potter
(D) Carefully coordinated with her narratives, Beatrix
Potter, in her book illustrations    
(E) Beatrix Potter, in her book illustrations, carefully
coordinated them with her narratives and
这道题的A,B项的分词结构,查了很多帖子,觉得并没有找到满意的答案,很多帖子里说B中的分词即可以修饰前面的illustrations,又可以修饰主语,所以产生了歧义,我觉得非常疑惑,一般这样独立的现在分词修饰成分不是修饰句子主语的么?可以帮忙解释一下么?
7#
发表于 2010-1-22 13:45:44 | 只看该作者

好贴~!

lenglengad解释的真好,我想这个问题想了很多年,多谢~!
8#
发表于 2010-1-23 01:24:35 | 只看该作者
顶~~~
被分词的修饰对象的问题困扰很久了,先收藏了再慢慢研究~~
谢谢~~
9#
发表于 2010-2-15 12:31:36 | 只看该作者

Shaken, he walked away from the wrecked car.

Question: Shaken, he walked away from the wrecked car.
这个用法中,为什么是shaken,而不是shaking, shake这个动作不应该是主动的吗?
10#
发表于 2019-9-5 05:45:30 | 只看该作者
感谢分享!               
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