[SC总结] 攒人品攒人品,分享我的语法总结笔记+新东方笔记总结（老师讲义和我的整体笔...

Eg. (1) This modelexplains all known subatomic particles, some ofwhich were only recently discovered.

【注】n, X of which/whomVO,这个句型是定语从句句型,其中X可以包括：some, X percent/数字,each。而下面some of them, some都是独立主格结构，如果后面接了VO，则run on!

(2)       This model explains all knownsubatomic particles, some of them onlyrecently discovered.

(3)       This model explains all knownsubatomic particles, some only recently discovered.

1)   概括性独立词组，即：一个概括性的词后面+that从句

Eg. The rate of languageextinction is accelerating, a tendency that willultimately culminate in the survival of just a few languages, according tosome.

2)    超级超级灵活的V-ing形式

(1)    V-ing可以直接修饰名词(无逗号)； eg. the changing seasons

(2)    V-ing可以修饰主语和动词（相当于表示伴随）； eg. I lifted the weight,whistling.

(3)    V-ing可以修饰前面从句（相当于表示结果）； eg.  Crimes has recently decreased in ourneighborhood, leading to a rise in property values.

【注】V-ing形式跟在主句后面的规律，有三种情况：

(1)    主谓宾结构，可以做伴随状语，逻辑主语主句主语

(2)    主谓宾结构，可以做结果状语，逻辑主语是前面主句

(3)    主系表结构，可以补充说明前面主系表结构的主语和动词（be），如果表语（即：宾语）也是名词，则也可以修饰紧邻名词（在主系表中=主语），是可以，不是一定！！

这点和Ron说的一点不矛盾！！

“ comma followed by an-ing word generally does NOT modify the noun (if any) right before the comma.That is, a "comma -ing" set-up is not a traditional noun modifier; itis an adverbial modifier (modifying things other than nouns only).
The easiest way to test a "comma -ing"is to think of it as modifying the clause preceding the comma, focusing on thenoun and the verb (and object, if applicable - but you can really justconcentrate on the noun and verb). If it makes sense to modify the noun and theverb, then it's okay. If it doesn't, then it's not.

An "-ed"modifier is a noun modifier, not an adverbial modifier, and should modify theclosest primary noun preceding it (in the "comma -ed" setup). ”

Eg.

(1)          (OG13.35)By 1940, the pilot Jacqueline Cochran held seventeen official national andinternational speed records, earned at a time when aviation was still so newthat many of the planes she flew were of dangerously experimental design.

不选：earning them at a time thataviation was still so new… 因为不具有伴随held这个动作，和伴随前面从句结果的意思

(2)          (OG13.48)Though called a sea, the landlocked Caspian is actually the largest lake onEarth, covering more than four times the surface of its closest rival in size,North American’s Lake Superior.   

主系表结构，补充说明的是主语和动词，即： the landlocked Caspian is，且表语=主语，故修饰临近表语也没有问题。

(3)          (OG.67)The army proposed building parallel to shore a breakwater of rocks that wouldrise six feet above the waterline and act as a buffer, absorbing the energyof crashing waves and protecting the beaches.

做结果，(a breakwater of rocks that wouldrise six feet above the waterline and act as a buffer)是原因. 注意是临近的从句！！（对比简洁专题4中的例句）

(4)          The32 species that make up the dolphin family are closed related to whales and infact include the animal known as the killer whale, which can grow to be 30feet long and is famous for its aggressive hunting pods.

不选growing! 因为growing可以修饰主句主语和动词,即：32 species.

V-ing在结尾时要避免GMAC认为你理解可以像修饰主系表一样，修饰了临近的名词，故设置歧义选项V-ing做定语的选项。这也是为什么一些OG解释中，对错误选项的理解为其修饰了临近名词！

(5)          RA’sknowledge of literatures of Europe, China, and Japan was instrumental in hisdevelopment as a writers, informing both his literary style and the contentof his fiction.

主系表结构，补充说明的是主语和动词，即： RA’s knowledge was instrumental(有帮助的)

(6)          Fossilsof the arm of a sloth, found in RF in 1991, have been dated at 34 millionyears old, making the sloth the earliest known mammal on the GreaterAntiller Islands.

(7)          Like the great navigators who first sailed around the Earth gatheringinformation about its size and the curvature of its surface, astronomers havemake new observations that show…  V-ing伴随navigators sailed around the Earth

(8)          Arecent poll indicates that many people in the United States hold a combinationof conservative and liberal political views; i.e., they denounce biggovernment, saying government is doing too much and has become too powerful, whileat the same time supporting many specific government programs for health care,education, and the environment.  “，V-ing”伴随they denounce big government

(9)          Unlikecrested wheatgrass, an alien species from Siberia that forms only shallow rootsand produces tall above-ground shoots, native North American grasses developan extensive roots system, allowing for greater enrichment of the soil, but donot grow to be very tall. “，V-ing” 修饰前面分句develop an extensive roots system，表结果

(10)       Somepatients who do not respond to therapies for depression may simply havereceived inadequate treatment, having, for example, been prescribed a drugat dosage too low to be effective or having been taken off a drug too soon.

(11)       Theyield per acre of coffee berries varies enormously, because a single tree,depending on its size and on climate and altitude, is able to produceenough berries to make between one and twelve pounds of dried beans ayear.   “，V-ing” 修饰a tree is able to produce

(12)       错：Unlike Schoenberg and the twelve-tonesystem, dominating the music of the postwar period, B founded no school andleft behind only a handful of disciples. Dominating有修饰歧义！

(13)       Formembers of the seventeenth-century Ashanti nation in Africa, animal-hide shields with woodenframes were essential items of military equipment, protecting warriorsagainst enemy arrows and spears.   V-ing结构修饰主系表结构的主语，对主语进行补充说明！

(14)       Manyfinancial experts believe that policy makers at the Federal Reserve, nowviewing the economy as balanced between moderate growth and low inflation, are almostcertain to leave interest rates unchanged.

V-ing结构补充说明policy makers are almost certain to…

【例外】

(15)       Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the pasttwenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood, are now drawing solid conclusionsabout how the human brain grows and how babies acquire language.

除了最基本的比较句型： more adj/adv than;  much adjer than;  as adj/adv as; 外还有一些组合和句型，见下。不论是“as…as…”还是“Xtimes…”它们的使用非常灵活，可以修饰的成分变幻莫测。

1.      最基本的as…as…结构及一些变体

1)      (a) noun as adj/adv as… = as adj/adv (a) nounas…

2)      (a) noun Xtimes as adj/adv as …= X times as adj/adv (a) nounas…

Eg.  The farm has more than twice as many cows as it has pigs.

3)      (Xtimes) as adj/adv (a) noun +verb. + 介词短语 as (a) noun +verb + 介词短语

Eg.

(1)    Thereare about as many gym members in the boxingclass as in the aerobics class. 实际主语(there 是形式主语)相同，变为状语比较。

(2)    Arecent United States Census Bureau report shows that there are more thanthree times as many household where thechildren and grandchildren are living in their grandparents’ home as thereare households where the grandparents are livingin their children’s or grandchildren’s home.

(3)     Experts estimate that ten times as much petroleum exists in such sources as tar sand, heavyoil, and perhaps even shale s as in conventional reservoirs. 宾语从句中的主语比较，主语相同变为状语比较。

(4)    Eventhough more money was removed out of stock funds inJuly than any other month since October 1987,sales of fund shares in July were not aslow as what an industry trade group had previouslyestimated. 本句两组比较，都是比较状语，后面是比较July的sales和之前预期的sales比较。

(5)    TE’s powerful style and his choices of subject were as disturbing to his owntime as they are compelling for us. 这实际是主语在两个时代的状态的比较，即：主语在他自己时代disturbing如同主语在现在的时代compelling. 时态不同，后面补出不同Be动词。

(6)    Today,because of improvements in agriculture technology, thesame amount of acreage produces twice as many apple as it did in 1910. 比较宾语。

(7)    Inone of the bloodies bottles of the Civil War, fought at Sharpburg, Mayland,September 17, 1862, four times as many Americans werekilled as would later be killed on the beaches of Normandy during D-Day.主语比较，时态不同后面补出助动词。

对比一个特殊的例子(8)：

(8)    Tentimes as much energy is generated through wind power now as was the case in1990. (这里不能选it was in 1990,是因为it 指代了ten times as much energy)