作文：87) Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? A person’s childhood years (the time from birth to twelve years of age) are the most important years of a person’s life. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. 最近jj没有出现这道，但是和孩子该不该花很多时间去玩，孩子应该花时间去玩还是送到学校去学习的题目很相似的
听力： 短对话，基本上都是什么天气不错，但是我有paper要做之类的。有一个是说xx was under the weather.男的说，我让她去医院了，现在她看起来像另外一个人。答案应该是xx is better now. 分数不高，其他就不误导了。我一向短对话做的差。
Art movement, chiefly of painters, that dominated the European and American art market in the early to mid-1980s. It was controversial both in the quality of its production and in the highly commercialized aspects of its presentation. Its practitioners, including Julian Schnabel and Anselm Kiefer, returned to portraying the human body and other recognizable objects, in reaction to the highly intellectualized abstract art of the 1970s. Their art was characterized by a tense yet playful presentation of objects in a primitivist manner, painted in vivid color harmonies, conveying inner tension and alienation. See also Expressionism.
<SCRIPT language=JavaScript><br><br> <!--<br> function showbigimages(ImgPath){<br> //alert(ImgPath);<br> //window.open("ShowImages.asp?ImagesName=" + ImgPath ,"放大圖片","scrollbars =yes,toolbar=no,status=no,menubar=no,resizeable=no,width=795,height=575,top=0,left=0;");<br> window.open("ShowImages.asp?ImagesName=" + ImgPath ,"放大圖片","scrollbars=yes,toolbar=no,status=no,menubar=no,resizable=yes");<br> }<br> function ShowExp(){<br> window.open("ShowExp.htm","延伸閱讀分類說明","scrollbars =no,toolbar=no,status=no,menubar=no,resizeable=no,width=500,height=400,top=100,left=100;"); <br> }<br> --><br> </SCRIPT><o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><P><v:shape><v:imagedata></v:imagedata></v:shape><o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><P><v:shape><v:imagedata></v:imagedata></v:shape><o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><DIV align=center><br /><TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%" border=0><br /><br /><TR><br /><TD vAlign=top width="50%"><br /><P>一種藝術風格，其中藝術家不描繪客觀事實，而描繪事物所致的主觀感情。這個目標藉著形體的扭曲和誇張以及生動或狂暴的色彩應用而達成。其根源見於<a href="http://203.64.158.220/ebintra/Content.asp?ContentID=23824" target="_blank" ><FONT color=#136b9c>梵谷</FONT></A>（Vincent van Gogh）、<a href="http://203.64.158.220/ebintra/Content.asp?ContentID=16029" target="_blank" ><FONT color=#136b9c>孟克</FONT></A>（Edvard Munch）、<a href="http://203.64.158.220/ebintra/Content.asp?ContentID=7194" target="_blank" ><FONT color=#136b9c>恩索爾</FONT></A>等人的作品。1905年該運動隨著稱為「<a href="http://203.64.158.220/ebintra/Content.asp?ContentID=3842" target="_blank" ><FONT color=#136b9c>橋社</FONT></A>」（Die Br(M&v1)cke）的一群德國藝術家而興起，他們的作品影響了<a href="http://203.64.158.220/ebintra/Content.asp?ContentID=19950" target="_blank" ><FONT color=#136b9c>魯奧</FONT></A>（Georges Rouault）、<a href="http://203.64.158.220/ebintra/Content.asp?ContentID=21673" target="_blank" ><FONT color=#136b9c>蘇蒂恩</FONT></A>（Chaim Soutine）、<a href="http://203.64.158.220/ebintra/Content.asp?ContentID=2647" target="_blank" ><FONT color=#136b9c>貝克曼</FONT></A>（Max Beckmann）、<a href="http://203.64.158.220/ebintra/Content.asp?ContentID=13002" target="_blank" ><FONT color=#136b9c>珂勒惠支</FONT></A>（Kathe Kollwitz）、<a href="http://203.64.158.220/ebintra/Content.asp?ContentID=2433" target="_blank" ><FONT color=#136b9c>巴爾拉赫</FONT></A>（Ernst Barlach）等藝術家。稱為「<a href="http://203.64.158.220/ebintra/Content.asp?ContentID=3138" target="_blank" ><FONT color=#136b9c>藍騎士</FONT></A>」（Der Blaue Reiter）的一群藝術家也被視為表現主義者。表現主義是第一次世界大戰後德國的主要藝術風格，戰後的表現主義者包括<a href="http://203.64.158.220/ebintra/Content.asp?ContentID=10176" target="_blank" ><FONT color=#136b9c>格羅茨</FONT></A>（George Grosz）和<a href="http://203.64.158.220/ebintra/Content.asp?ContentID=7109" target="_blank" ><FONT color=#136b9c>迪克斯</FONT></A>（Otto Dix）。其感情品質後來被20世紀其他藝術運動採用。亦請參閱<a href="http://203.64.158.220/ebintra/Content.asp?ContentID=87" target="_blank" ><FONT color=#136b9c>Abstract Expressionism</FONT></A>。 <v:shape><v:imagedata></v:imagedata></v:shape><o:p></o:p></P></TD><br /><TD vAlign=top width="50%"><br /><P>Artistic style in which the artist depicts not objective reality but the subjective emotions that objects or events arouse. This aim is accomplished through distortion and exaggeration of shape and the vivid or violent application of color. Its roots are found in the works of Vincent van Gogh, Edvard Munch, and James Ensor. In 1905 the movement took hold with a group of German artists known as Die Brücke; their works influenced such artists as Georges Rouault, Chaim Soutine, Max Beckmann, Kathe Kollwitz, and Ernst Barlach. The group of artists known as Der Blaue Reiter were also considered Expressionists. Expressionism was the dominant style in <st1:country-region><st1:place>Germany</st1:place></st1:country-region> after World War I; postwar Expressionists included George Grosz and Otto Dix. Its emotional qualities have been adopted by other 20th-century art movements. See also Abstract Expressionism<o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR></TABLE></DIV><br /><P><o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR></TABLE></DIV><br /><P><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3></FONT></o:p></P><br /><DIV align=center><br /><TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="99%" border=0><br /><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><P><B>紫外輻射</B><B><o:p></o:p></B></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><P><B>ultraviolet radiation</B><B><o:p></o:p></B></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><P><v:shape><v:imagedata></v:imagedata></v:shape><o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><P><v:shape><v:imagedata></v:imagedata></v:shape><o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><P><v:shape><v:imagedata></v:imagedata></v:shape><o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%" border=0><br /><br /><TR><br /><TD width="20%"><br /><P>知識分類：<o:p></o:p></P></TD><br /><TD><br /><P><a href="http://203.64.158.220/ebintra/SubCatSearch.asp?Query=2&upClass=005" target="_blank" ><FONT color=#136b9c>自然科學篇</FONT></A>＞<a href="http://203.64.158.220/ebintra/SubCatSearch.asp?Query=2&upClass=005&keyWord=201&subkeyword=物理%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20" target="_blank" ><FONT color=#136b9c>物理 </FONT></A><o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR></TABLE><br /><P><o:p><FONT color=#136b9c></FONT></o:p></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><P><v:shape><v:imagedata><FONT color=#136b9c></FONT></v:imagedata></v:shape><o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><P>閱讀人氣： 11 次<o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><P><v:shape><v:imagedata></v:imagedata></v:shape></P><br /><FORM><br /><P><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></o:p></P></FORM></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><P>閱讀語言： <SELECT> <OPTION value=chi>中<OPTION value=eng>英<OPTION value=ce selected>中英</OPTION></SELECT><INPUT><INPUT></P><br /><P><br />[code]<SCRIPT language=JavaScript><br><br> <!--<br> function showbigimages(ImgPath){<br> //alert(ImgPath);<br> //window.open("ShowImages.asp?ImagesName=" + ImgPath ,"放大圖片","scrollbars =yes,toolbar=no,status=no,menubar=no,resizeable=no,width=795,height=575,top=0,left=0;");<br> window.open("ShowImages.asp?ImagesName=" + ImgPath ,"放大圖片","scrollbars=yes,toolbar=no,status=no,menubar=no,resizable=yes");<br> }<br> function ShowExp(){<br> window.open("ShowExp.htm","延伸閱讀分類說明","scrollbars =no,toolbar=no,status=no,menubar=no,resizeable=no,width=500,height=400,top=100,left=100;"); <br> }<br> --><br> </SCRIPT><br /><o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><P><v:shape><v:imagedata></v:imagedata></v:shape><o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><P><v:shape><v:imagedata></v:imagedata></v:shape><o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><DIV align=center><br /><TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%" border=0><br /><br /><TR><br /><TD vAlign=top width="50%"><br /><P>位於<a href="http://203.64.158.220/ebintra/Content.asp?ContentID=8017" target="_blank" ><FONT color=#136b9c>電磁波譜</FONT></A>中靠近短波或可見光區之短波長端（紫端）外側的電磁波。由於肉眼看不到，故常稱為黑光；但當它投射於某些物表時，可使之發出螢光，或放出可見光。紫外輻射可從高熱表面（例如太陽）；亦可產生自氣體放電管中的原子激發。紫外輻射對人體的直接作用多僅局限於皮膚表面，包括刺激製造維生素D、灼傷、曬黑、老化以及癌等病變。紫外輻射也用於治療新生兒的黃疸病，細菌設備和製造人造光。 <v:shape><v:imagedata></v:imagedata></v:shape><o:p></o:p></P></TD><br /><TD vAlign=top width="50%"><br /><P>Portion of the electromagnetic spectrum extending from the violet end of the visible light region to the X-ray region. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is divided into three bands: UVA (also called black light), UVB (responsible for the best-known effects on organisms), and UVC (which does not reach the earth's surface). Most UV rays from the sun are absorbed by the earth's ozone layer. UV has low penetrating power, so its effects on humans are limited to the skin. These effects include stimulation of production of vitamin D, sunburn, suntan, aging signs, and carcinogenic changes. UV radiation is also used to treat jaundice in newborns, to sterilize equipment, and to produce artificial light. <v:shape><v:imagedata></v:imagedata></v:shape><o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR></TABLE></DIV><br /><P><o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR></TABLE></DIV><br /><P><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3></FONT></o:p></P><br /><DIV align=center><br /><TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="99%" border=0><br /><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><P><B>紫外天文學</B><B><o:p></o:p></B></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><P><B>ultraviolet astronomy</B><B><o:p></o:p></B></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><P><v:shape><v:imagedata></v:imagedata></v:shape><o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><P><v:shape><v:imagedata></v:imagedata></v:shape><o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><P><v:shape><v:imagedata></v:imagedata></v:shape><o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%" border=0><br /><br /><TR><br /><TD width="20%"><br /><P>知識分類：<o:p></o:p></P></TD><br /><TD><br /><P><a href="http://203.64.158.220/ebintra/SubCatSearch.asp?Query=2&upClass=005" target="_blank" ><FONT color=#136b9c>自然科學篇</FONT></A>＞<a href="http://203.64.158.220/ebintra/SubCatSearch.asp?Query=2&upClass=005&keyWord=203&subkeyword=天文%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20" target="_blank" ><FONT color=#136b9c>天文 </FONT></A><o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR></TABLE><br /><P><o:p><FONT color=#136b9c></FONT></o:p></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><P><v:shape><v:imagedata><FONT color=#136b9c></FONT></v:imagedata></v:shape><o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><P>閱讀人氣： 6 次<o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><P><v:shape><v:imagedata></v:imagedata></v:shape></P><br /><FORM><br /><P><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></o:p></P></FORM></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><P>閱讀語言： <SELECT> <OPTION value=chi>中<OPTION value=eng>英<OPTION value=ce selected>中英</OPTION></SELECT><INPUT><INPUT></P><br /><P><br /><SCRIPT language=JavaScript><br> <!--<br> function showbigimages(ImgPath){<br> //alert(ImgPath);<br> //window.open("ShowImages.asp?ImagesName=" + ImgPath ,"放大圖片","scrollbars =yes,toolbar=no,status=no,menubar=no,resizeable=no,width=795,height=575,top=0,left=0;");<br> window.open("ShowImages.asp?ImagesName=" + ImgPath ,"放大圖片","scrollbars=yes,toolbar=no,status=no,menubar=no,resizable=yes");<br> }<br> function ShowExp(){<br> window.open("ShowExp.htm","延伸閱讀分類說明","scrollbars =no,toolbar=no,status=no,menubar=no,resizeable=no,width=500,height=400,top=100,left=100;"); <br> }<br> --><br> </SCRIPT><br /><o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><P><v:shape><v:imagedata></v:imagedata></v:shape><o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><P><v:shape><v:imagedata></v:imagedata></v:shape><o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><DIV align=center><br /><TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%" border=0><br /><br /><TR><br /><TD vAlign=top width="50%"><br /><P>研究天體紫外光譜的一個天文學分支學科。可以提供有關星際物質、太陽以及某些其他天體（例如白矮星）的化學豐度和物理過程等方面，取得許多重要訊息。由於能夠攜帶儀器飛到吸收掉大部分來自宇宙輻射源的紫外波段電磁輻射的地球大氣之上的火箭的出現，使得紫外天文學變得可行。從1960年代初起，將載有紫外高反射率鍍膜的光學望遠鏡的無人衛星天文台發射送入環地球軌道。如哈伯太空望遠鏡收集了暗天體（如星雲和疏鬆星團）的紫外波長的資料。 <v:shape><v:imagedata></v:imagedata></v:shape><o:p></o:p></P></TD><br /><TD vAlign=top width="50%"><br /><P>Study of the ultraviolet (UV) spectra of astronomical objects. It has yielded much information about chemical abundances and processes in interstellar matter, the sun, and certain other stellar objects, such as white dwarf stars. UV astronomy became feasible once rockets could carry instruments above earth's atmosphere, which absorbs most electromagnetic radiation of UV wavelengths. Since the early 1960s, several unmanned satellite observatories carrying UV telescopes, including the Hubble Space Telescope, have collected UV-wavelength data on objects such as comets, quasars, nebulae, and distant star clusters. See also spectrum. <v:shape><v:imagedata></v:imagedata></v:shape><o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR></TABLE></DIV><br /><P><o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR></TABLE></DIV><br /><P><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3></FONT></o:p></P><br /><DIV align=center><br /><TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="99%" border=0><br /><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><P><B>X</B><B>射線</B><B><o:p></o:p></B></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><P><B>X ray</B><B><o:p></o:p></B></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><P><v:shape><v:imagedata></v:imagedata></v:shape><o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><P><v:shape><v:imagedata></v:imagedata></v:shape><o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><P><v:shape><v:imagedata></v:imagedata></v:shape><o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%" border=0><br /><br /><TR><br /><TD width="20%"><br /><P>知識分類：<o:p></o:p></P></TD><br /><TD><br /><P><a href="http://203.64.158.220/ebintra/SubCatSearch.asp?Query=2&upClass=005" target="_blank" ><FONT color=#136b9c>自然科學篇</FONT></A>＞<a href="http://203.64.158.220/ebintra/SubCatSearch.asp?Query=2&upClass=005&keyWord=201&subkeyword=物理%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20" target="_blank" ><FONT color=#136b9c>物理 </FONT></A><o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR></TABLE><br /><P><o:p><FONT color=#136b9c></FONT></o:p></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><P><v:shape><v:imagedata><FONT color=#136b9c></FONT></v:imagedata></v:shape><o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><P>閱讀人氣： 25 次<o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><P><v:shape><v:imagedata></v:imagedata></v:shape></P><br /><FORM><br /><P><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></o:p></P></FORM></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><P>閱讀語言： <SELECT> <OPTION value=chi>中<OPTION value=eng>英<OPTION value=ce selected>中英</OPTION></SELECT><INPUT><INPUT></P><br /><P><br /><SCRIPT language=JavaScript><br> <!--<br> function showbigimages(ImgPath){<br> //alert(ImgPath);<br> //window.open("ShowImages.asp?ImagesName=" + ImgPath ,"放大圖片","scrollbars =yes,toolbar=no,status=no,menubar=no,resizeable=no,width=795,height=575,top=0,left=0;");<br> window.open("ShowImages.asp?ImagesName=" + ImgPath ,"放大圖片","scrollbars=yes,toolbar=no,status=no,menubar=no,resizable=yes");<br> }<br> function ShowExp(){<br> window.open("ShowExp.htm","延伸閱讀分類說明","scrollbars =no,toolbar=no,status=no,menubar=no,resizeable=no,width=500,height=400,top=100,left=100;"); <br> }<br> --><br> </SCRIPT><br /><o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><P><v:shape><v:imagedata></v:imagedata></v:shape><o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><DIV align=center><br /><TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%" border=0><br /><br /><TR><br /><TD vAlign=top width=482 colSpan=3><br /><P align=center><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></o:p></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD vAlign=top width=104><br /><P align=center><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></o:p></P></TD><br /><TD vAlign=top width=377><br /><P><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></o:p></P></TD><br /><TD vAlign=top width=10><br /><P align=center><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></o:p></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD vAlign=top width=104><br /><P align=center><v:shape><v:imagedata><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></v:imagedata></v:shape><o:p></o:p></P></TD><br /><TD vAlign=top width=377><br /><P><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>X射線管。電流加熱燈絲將電子從陰極激發出去。陰極和陽極之間的高電壓差造成電子往陽極加速，陽極轉動避免靶過熱。當電子打擊陽極的靶區，放出X射線。<br><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><o:p></o:p></P></TD><br /><TD vAlign=top width=10><br /><P align=center><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></o:p></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD vAlign=top width=104 rowSpan=2><br /><P><v:shape><v:imagedata><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></v:imagedata></v:shape><o:p></o:p></P></TD><br /><TD vAlign=top width=377><br /><P><FONT face="Times New Roman"><o:p></o:p></FONT></P></TD><br /><TD vAlign=top width=10><br /><P align=center><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></o:p></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD vAlign=top width=377><br /><P><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></o:p></P></TD><br /><TD vAlign=top width=10><br /><P align=center><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></o:p></P></TD></TR></TABLE></DIV><br /><P><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></o:p></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><P><v:shape><v:imagedata><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></v:imagedata></v:shape><o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><DIV align=center><br /><TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%" border=0><br /><br /><TR><br /><TD vAlign=top width="50%"><br /><P>波長極短的一種<a href="http://203.64.158.220/ebintra/Content.asp?ContentID=8016" target="_blank" ><FONT color=#136b9c>電磁輻射</FONT></A>，由帶電粒子減速或原子內電子躍遷產生。X射線的<a href="http://203.64.158.220/ebintra/Content.asp?ContentID=24424" target="_blank" ><FONT color=#136b9c>波長</FONT></A>範圍為從約0.05埃到數百埃。跟其他類型的電磁輻射（γ射線、紫外輻射、可見光、紅外輻射和無線電波）一樣，X射線在真空中有同樣的速度，並顯示出與波的本性相聯繫的現象，如干涉、衍射和偏振。X射線是<a href="http://203.64.158.220/ebintra/Content.asp?ContentID=19878" target="_blank" ><FONT color=#136b9c>倫琴</FONT></A>於1895年發現的X射線的一般現象。X射線最早的應用之一是在醫學中用於診斷和治療。包括骨折、身體中異物、齲洞以及諸如癌等疾病的檢查，來制止惡性腫瘤的擴散。在工業上，X射線照相可用於無損檢測鑄件中不能直接觀察到的裂痕，以及測量材料的厚度。 <v:shape><v:imagedata></v:imagedata></v:shape><o:p></o:p></P></TD><br /><TD vAlign=top width="50%"><br /><P>Electromagnetic radiation of extremely short wavelength produced by the deceleration of charged particles or the transitions of electrons in atoms. X rays travel at the speed of light and exhibit phenomena associated with waves, but experiments indicate that they can also behave like particles (see wave-particle duality). On the electromagnetic spectrum, they lie between gamma rays and ultraviolet radiation. They were discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen, who named them X rays for their unknown nature. They are used in medicine to diagnose bone fractures, dental cavities, and cancer; to locate foreign objects in the body; and to stop the spread of malignant tumors. In industry, they are used to analyze and detect flaws in structures. <v:shape><v:imagedata></v:imagedata></v:shape><o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR></TABLE></DIV><br /><P><o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><P><B>集體治療</B><B><o:p></o:p></B></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><P><B>group therapy</B><B><o:p></o:p></B></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><P><o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><P><o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><P><v:shape><v:imagedata></v:imagedata></v:shape><o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%" border=0><br /><br /><TR><br /><TD width="20%"><br /><P>知識分類：<o:p></o:p></P></TD><br /><TD><br /><P><a href="http://203.64.158.220/ebintra/SubCatSearch.asp?Query=2&upClass=008" target="_blank" ><FONT color=#136b9c>人類社會篇</FONT></A>＞<a href="http://203.64.158.220/ebintra/SubCatSearch.asp?Query=2&upClass=008&keyWord=309&subkeyword=心理%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20" target="_blank" ><FONT color=#136b9c>心理 </FONT></A><o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR></TABLE><br /><P><o:p><FONT color=#136b9c></FONT></o:p></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><P><v:shape><v:imagedata><FONT color=#136b9c></FONT></v:imagedata></v:shape><o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><P>閱讀人氣： 7 次<o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><P><v:shape><v:imagedata></v:imagedata></v:shape></P><br /><FORM><br /><P><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></o:p></P></FORM></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><P>閱讀語言： <SELECT> <OPTION value=chi>中<OPTION value=eng>英<OPTION value=ce selected>中英</OPTION></SELECT><INPUT><INPUT></P><br /><P><br /><SCRIPT language=JavaScript><br> <!--<br> function showbigimages(ImgPath){<br> //alert(ImgPath);<br> //window.open("ShowImages.asp?ImagesName=" + ImgPath ,"放大圖片","scrollbars =yes,toolbar=no,status=no,menubar=no,resizeable=no,width=795,height=575,top=0,left=0;");<br> window.open("ShowImages.asp?ImagesName=" + ImgPath ,"放大圖片","scrollbars=yes,toolbar=no,status=no,menubar=no,resizable=yes");<br> }<br> function ShowExp(){<br> window.open("ShowExp.htm","延伸閱讀分類說明","scrollbars =no,toolbar=no,status=no,menubar=no,resizeable=no,width=500,height=400,top=100,left=100;"); <br> }<br> --><br> </SCRIPT><br /><o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><P><v:shape><v:imagedata></v:imagedata></v:shape><o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><P><v:shape><v:imagedata></v:imagedata></v:shape><o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><DIV align=center><br /><TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%" border=0><br /><br /><TR><br /><TD vAlign=top width="50%"><br /><P><a href="http://203.64.158.220/ebintra/Content.asp?ContentID=19023" target="_blank" ><FONT color=#136b9c>心理治療</FONT></A>的一種形式，通常在一名治療者或諮商者在場的情況下，讓一些病人或案主討論他們的個人問題。在集體治療的一種手段中，主要目的是培養一種團體的歸屬感，以喚起成員對孤立的意識、士氣和戰鬥感；<a href="http://203.64.158.220/ebintra/Content.asp?ContentID=816" target="_blank" ><FONT color=#136b9c>嗜酒者互戒協會</FONT></A>即是一個傑出的範例。其他主要手段致力於促進自由討論和不受抑制的自我表白；藉著互相檢驗生活中他們對人們（包括其他成員）的反應，幫助成員瞭解自身並達到比較成功的行為。 <v:shape><v:imagedata></v:imagedata></v:shape><o:p></o:p></P></TD><br /><TD vAlign=top width="50%"><br /><P>Form of psychotherapy in which several patients or clients discuss their personal problems, usually in the presence of a therapist or counselor. In one approach to group therapy, the chief aim is to raise members' awareness and morale and combat feelings of isolation by cultivating a sense of belonging to the group; an outstanding example is Alcoholics Anonymous. The other principal approach strives to foster free discussion and uninhibited self-revelation; members are helped to self-understanding and more successful behavior through mutual examination of their reactions to people in their lives, including one another. <v:shape><v:imagedata></v:imagedata></v:shape><o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR></TABLE></DIV><br /><P><o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR></TABLE></DIV><br /><P><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3></FONT></o:p></P><br /><H2><FONT face="宋体, MS Song">Laughs: Rhythmic Bursts of Social Glue</FONT></H2><br /><H5><FONT face="宋体, MS Song">By NATALIE ANGIER</FONT></H5><br /><P><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>Here is a sampling of knee slappers to jump-start your day: </FONT></P><br /><P><FONT face="宋体, MS Song" size=3>"Got to go now!" </FONT></P><br /><P><FONT face="宋体, MS Song" size=3>"I see your point." </FONT></P><br /><P><FONT face="宋体, MS Song" size=3>"It must be nice." </FONT></P><br /><P><FONT face="宋体, MS Song" size=3>"Look! It's Andre." </FONT></P><br /><P><FONT face="宋体, MS Song" size=3>Hey, wait a minute. Where are the guffaws, the chuckles, at the very least a polite titter or two? Get me laughtrack! Doesn't this deadbeat crowd know that such lines are genuine howlers, field-tested fomenters of laughter among ordinary groups of people in ordinary social settings? </FONT></P><br /><P><FONT face="宋体, MS Song" size=3>We're not talking Aristophanes here, or even Phyllis Diller. We're talking the sort of laughter that we give and receive every day while strolling with friends in the park, or having lunch in the company cafeteria, or chatting over the telephone. The sort of social laughter that punctuates casual conversations so regularly and unremarkably that we never think about or notice it -- but that we would surely, sorely miss if it were gone. </FONT></P><br /><P><FONT face="宋体, MS Song" size=3>One person who has thought about and noticed laughter in great detail is Dr. Robert R. Provine, a professor of neurobiology and psychology at the University of Maryland Baltimore County. Dr. Provine has become a professional laugh-tracker, if you will, an anthropologist of our amusement, asking the deliciously obvious questions that science has not deigned to consider before. He has analyzed what, physically, a laugh is, what its vocal signature looks like and how it differs from the auditory shape of a spoken word or a cry or any other human utterance. </FONT></P><br /><P><FONT face="宋体, MS Song" size=3>He has asked when people laugh and why, what sort of comments elicit laughter, whether women laugh more than men, whether a person laughs more while speaking or while listening. He has studied the rules of laughter: when in a conversation a laugh will occur, and when, for one reason or another, the brain decides it is taboo. He has compared human laughter to the breathy, panting vocalizations that chimpanzees make while they are being chased or tickled, and that any primatologist or caretaker will firmly describe as chimpanzee laughter. </FONT></P><br /><P><FONT face="宋体, MS Song" size=3>Dr. Provine has eavesdropped on 1,200 bouts of laughter among people in malls and other public places, noting down the comments that preceded each laugh and compiling a list of what he calls his "greatest hits" of laugh generators, which include witless-isms like those quoted above. In so doing he has made a discovery at once startling and perfectly sensible: most of what we laugh at in life is not particularly funny or clever but merely the stuff of social banter, the glue that binds a group together. Even the comparatively humorous laugh-getters are not exactly up to Seinfeld, lines like, "She's got a sex disorder: she doesn't like sex;" or "You don't have to drink. Just buy us drinks." It is probably a good thing that our laugh-meters are set so low, because very few of us are natural wits, and those that are often get into bad moods and refuse to say a single clever thing for entire evenings at a time. </FONT></P><br /><P><FONT face="宋体, MS Song" size=3>Dr. Provine, a tall man with a well-groomed academic-issue beard who in profile looks faintly like the actor Fernando Rey, is neither clownish nor severe, somehow remaining animated about his subject without becoming silly. He can laugh loudly on command to demonstrate his points, which is something many people refuse to do. In videos, when Dr. Provine is shown approaching strangers on the Baltimore waterfront, telling them he is studying laughter and asking them to laugh for him. Usually, people give sidelong glances to their companions, grin, fuss with their hair, and as he persists, they grow annoyed. "I can't laugh on command," they complain. "Tell me a joke first." </FONT></P><br /><P><FONT face="宋体, MS Song" size=3>To Dr. Provine, that difficulty reveals something important about the nature of laughter. We can smile on command, albeit stiffly, and we can certainly talk on command, but laughter has an essential spontaneous element to it. It is a vocalization of a mood state, rather than a cognitive act, and as such it is difficult to fake, just as it is hard to force out tears. Those who are good at laughing on cue, said Dr. Provine, often have stage experience. </FONT></P><br /><P><FONT size=3><FONT face="宋体, MS Song">Dr. Provine summarizes much of his recent research in the current issue of American Scientist, and he recently presented results at the annual meeting of the Society for Neuroscience in <st1:City><st1:place>San Diego</st1:place></st1:City>. His work departs sharply from the well-mined territory of humor analysis, in which scholars gather at conferences to discuss the ontology of Woody Allen or Monty Python and leave one with a distinct taste of sawdust in the mouth. Dr. Provine is not interested in formal comic material, or why some like Lenny Bruce and others Red Skelton, but in laughter as a universal social act. </FONT></FONT></P><br /><P><FONT face="宋体, MS Song" size=3>"His work is extremely interesting, insightful," said Dr. William F. Fry, a psychiatrist at the Stanford University School of Medicine. "He's doing the sort of things that should have been done 300 years ago." Dr. Fry is no joke himself, having studied the aerobic, physical and emotional benefits that accrue when a person laughs. One hundred laughs, he discovered, is equivalent to 10 minutes spent rowing. </FONT></P><br /><P><FONT face="宋体, MS Song" size=3>Lest it appear that Dr. Provine is in the business of amusing himself and making strangers uncomfortable, he elaborates on the many quite serious questions that the study of laughter addresses. Laughter gives you a foothold on the neurobiology of behavior, he said. "It is species-typical, everybody does it, and it is simple in structure, which gives you powerful leverage on the neurology behind it," he said. </FONT></P><br /><P><FONT face="宋体, MS Song" size=3>"Looking at a common human behavior that is socially interesting gives us the opportunity to go back and forth between the neural circuitry and a higher ssocial act," he said. Dr. Provine compares studying a simple system like laughter for clues to more complex types of human behavior to biologists' use of a simple organism like yeast or nematodes for delving into the thicket of genetics or brain development. </FONT></P><br /><P><FONT face="宋体, MS Song" size=3>He points out that linguists and scientists who study speech are always searching for the deep underlying structure to language, those phonemes that might be recognized as language units by everybody, regardless of whether they are French, Chinese or New Guinean. But finding the common currency of language has proved quite difficult. "If you're interested in the mechanisms of speech, wouldn't it be useful to look at a vocalization that all individuals produce in the same way, such as laughter?" he asks rhetorically. </FONT></P><br /><P><FONT face="宋体, MS Song" size=3>Laughter also has the useful property of being contagious, he said. When you hear laughter, you tend to start laughing yourself -- hence the logic behind the sitcom's ubiquitous laugh-track. And it is easy to assess whether the brain's circuitry for recognizing laughter has been activated, Dr. Provine said. "You don't need to use electrodes, or wait for clinical cases of brain lesions," to study laughter recognition, he said. All you have to do is see if the person laughs on hearing laughter. </FONT></P><br /><P><FONT face="宋体, MS Song" size=3>The infectiousness of laughter also makes it a particularly interesting social activity to explore. Few behaviors, short of shouting "Fire" in a movie theater, can have such a dramatic, swelling impact on group behavior as can the burst of a merry chime of laughter. Indeed, Dr. Provine came to laughter research after studying another highly contagious human behavior: yawning. </FONT></P><br /><P><FONT size=3><FONT face="宋体, MS Song">Before he could hope to get at any neural circuitry, Dr. Provine first had to do the basics, starting with what a laugh looks like. He brought recorded samples of human laughter to the sound analysis laboratory at the National Zoo in <st1:State><st1:place>Washington</st1:place></st1:State>, where the usual subjects of research are bird songs and monkey screams. There he and colleagues generated laugh waveforms and laugh frequency spectrums. They determined that the average laugh consisted of short bursts of vowel-based notes -- haha or hehe -- each note lasting about 75 milliseconds and separated by rests of 210 milliseconds. Whether a person laughs with a shy giggle, a joyous musical peal, or a braying hee-haw, "the key is the burst of vowel-like sounds produced in a regular rhythmic pattern," he said. </FONT></FONT></P><br /><P><FONT face="宋体, MS Song" size=3>A typical laugh also has a decrescendo structure, starting strong and ending soft. A laugh played backward, going from low to high bursts, sounds slightly strange, almost frightening, and yet it is still clearly recognizable as a laugh, just as a birdsong played backward would be; the same cannot be said for a human conversation played backwards. "Laughter has more in common with animal calls than with what we think of as modern speech," Dr. Provine said. </FONT></P><br /><P><FONT face="宋体, MS Song" size=3>Dr. Provine and his students also began gathering hundreds of episodes of everyday laughter. They were startled by the ordinariness of the comments that would elicit laughter. Equally surprising was how often people laughed at their own statements. The standard image of the comedian is the deadpan performer who hardly grins while the audience members convulse in laughter. But the average speaker chattering away laughs 46 percent more frequently than do those listening to the spiel. </FONT></P><br /><P><FONT face="宋体, MS Song" size=3>There proved to be wide variations based on sex in the ratio of speaker-to-listener laughter. A man talking to a male listener laughs only </FONT></P><br /><P><FONT face="宋体, MS Song" size=3>sslightly more than his companion will in response. If a woman is talking to a woman, she laughs considerably more than does her audience. By contrast, a male speaker with a female hanging on his words laughs 7 percent less often than does his appreciative hearer. And the biggest discrepancy of all is found when a woman speaks to a man, in which case she laughs 127 percent more than her male associate, who perhaps is otherwise occupied with planning a witty rejoinder. </FONT></P><br /><P><FONT face="宋体, MS Song" size=3>Speakers and listeners alike abide by rules while laughing. Laughter almost never intrudes upon the phrase structure of speech. It never interrupts a thought. Instead, it occurs as a kind of punctuation, to reflect natural pauses in speech. This is true for listeners as well as the talkers: they do not laugh in the middle of a speaker's phrase, Dr. Provine said. And in fact to do so may be evidence of psychological abnormality; a crazy person may not wait for you to finish speaking before interrupting with a booming HA! </FONT></P><br /><P><FONT face="宋体, MS Song" size=3>The lawfulness of the relationship between laughter and speech, said Dr. Provine, indicates a segregation of brain processes devoted to one or the other. "It suggests that you have mutually exclusive but interacting vocal processes," he said. "And it seems speech is dominant over laughter, because laughter does not intrude on speech." </FONT></P><br /><P><FONT face="宋体, MS Song" size=3>What, then, is the purpose of all this lawfully punctuating chuckling? Laughter is, above all, a social act, Dr. Provine said. You are far more likely to talk to yourself while alone than laugh to yourself (unless you are watching television or reading, in which case you are engaged vicariously in a social event). Dr. Provine sees laughter as a within-group modulator, something designed to influence the tenor of an assemblage, to synchronize mood and possibly subsequent actions. He compares laughter to the barking of dogs, which coordinates disparate elements into a more or less like-minded team. Joyous laughter can help solidify friendships and pull people into the fold. </FONT></P><br /><P><FONT face="宋体, MS Song" size=3>As with any group behavior, though, laughter has its menacing streak. The flip side of mirthful laughter may not be tears, but jeering, malicious laughter, used not to include people in one's group, but to exclude the laughable misfit. To make his point about the downside of laughter, and how it can turn deadly, Dr. Provine shows a clip from the movie "Goodfellas," a scene in which the volatile Joe Pesci character laughs together with his fellow thugs before smashing a bottle of alcohol into a poor intruder's face. </FONT></P><br /><DIV><br /><P><FONT size=3><FONT face="宋体, MS Song">Despots historically have feared the power of laughter; comedians during the Nazi era in <st1:country-region><st1:place>Germany</st1:place></st1:country-region>, for example, were kept on the Gestapo's shortest leash. "Fashions on laughter change, but one thing that stays the same is, you can't laugh at people in power," Dr. Provine said. The sanction holds for the personal as well as the political. Laugh at your boss, and you may be the recipient of that practical joke known as the little pink slip. </FONT></FONT></P></DIV><br /><P><STRONG><FONT color=#6699ff>The Science of Laughter</FONT></STRONG> <br><br>By: <a href="mailto:letters@psychologytoday.com" target="_blank" ><B><FONT color=#136b9c>Robert Provine</FONT></B></A><br>Summary: Far from mere reactions to jokes, hoots and hollers are serious business: They're innate -- and important -- social tools. <br><br><o:p></o:p></P><br /><FORM><br /><P><INPUT><o:p></o:p></P><br /><TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=198 border=0><br /><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 align=right border=0><br /><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><P><a href="http://therapists.psychologytoday.com/" target="_blank" ><B><I>Find a therapist</I></B><B><I><br></I></B><B><I>near you.</I></B></A> <o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><P align=right><B>Enter your City or Zip:<br><INPUT><br><INPUT></B><B><o:p></o:p></B></P></TD></TR></TABLE><br /><P><o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD width=152><br /><P><o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR></TABLE></FORM><br /><P><FONT size=2><FONT face=Verdana>Whether overheard in a crowded restaurant, punctuating the enthusiastic chatter of friends, or as the noisy guffaws on a TV laugh track, laughter is a fundamental part of everyday life. It is so common that we forget how strange -- and important -- it is. Indeed, laughter is a "speaking in tongues" in which we're moved not by religious fervor but by an unconscious response to social and linguistic cues. Stripped of its variation and nuance, laughter is a regular series of short vowel-like syllables usually transcribed as "ha-ha," "ho-ho" or "hee-hee." These syllables are part of the universal human vocabulary, produced and recognized by people of all cultures.<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P><br /><P><FONT size=3><FONT face="宋体, MS Song">Given the universality of the sound, our ignorance about the purpose and meaning of laughter is remarkable. We somehow laugh at just the right times, without consciously knowing why we do it. Most people think of laughter as a simple response to comedy, or a cathartic mood-lifter. Instead, after 10 years of research on this little-studied topic, I concluded that laughter is primarily a social vocalization that binds people together. It is a hidden language that we all speak. It is not a learned group reaction but an instinctive behavior programmed by our genes. Laughter bonds us through humor and play.<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P><br /><P><FONT size=3><FONT face="宋体, MS Song">Nothing to joke about<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P><br /><P><FONT size=3><FONT face="宋体, MS Song">Despite its prominence in daily life, there is little research on how and why we laugh. I thought it was high time that we actually observed laughing people and described when they did it and what it meant. Research on laughter has led me out of my windowless laboratories into a more exciting social world of laughing gas, religious revivals, acting classes, tickle wars, baby chimpanzees and a search for the most ancient joke.<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P><br /><P><FONT size=3><FONT face="宋体, MS Song">As a starting point, three undergraduate students and I observed 1,200 people laughing spontaneously in their natural environments, from the student union to city sidewalks. Whenever we heard laughter, we noted the gender of the speaker (the person talking immediately before laughter occurred) and the audience (those listening to the speaker), whether the speaker or the audience laughed, and what the speaker said immediately before the laughter.<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P><br /><P><FONT size=3><FONT face="宋体, MS Song">While we usually think of laughter as coming from an audience after a wisecrack from a single speaker, contrary to expectation, the speakers we observed laughed almost 50% more than their audiences. The study also showed that banal comments like, "Where have you been?" or "It was nice meeting you, too" -- hardly knee-slappers -- are far more likely to precede laughter than jokes. Only 10% to 20% of the laughter episodes we witnessed followed anything joke-like. Even the most humorous of the 1,200 comments that preceded laughter weren't necessarily howlers: "You don't have to drink, just buy us drinks!" and "Was that before or after I took my clothes off?." being two of my favorites. This suggests that the critical stimulus for laughter is another person, not a joke.<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P><br /><P><FONT size=3><FONT face="宋体, MS Song">Students in my classes confirmed the social nature of laughter by recording the circumstances of their laughter in diaries. After excluding the vicarious social effects of media (television, radio, books, etc.), its social nature was striking: Laughter was 30 times more frequent in social than solitary situations. The students were much more likely to talk to themselves or even smile when alone than to laugh. However happy we may feel, laughter is a signal we send to others and it virtually disappears when we lack an audience.<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P><br /><P><FONT size=3><FONT face="宋体, MS Song">Laughter is also extremely difficult to control consciously. Try asking a friend to laugh, for example. Most will announce, "I can't laugh on command," or some similar statement. Your friends' observations are accurate -- their efforts to laugh on command will be forced or futile. It will take them many seconds to produce a laugh, if they can do it at all. This suggests that we cannot deliberately activate the brain's mechanisms for affective expression. Playfulness, being in a group, and positive emotional tone mark the social settings of most laughs.<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P><br /><P><FONT size=3><FONT face="宋体, MS Song">Giggly girls, explained<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P><br /><P><FONT size=3><FONT face="宋体, MS Song">Linguist Deborah Tannen described gender differences in speech in her best-selling book, You Just Don't Understand (Ballantine, 1991). The gender differences in laughter may be even greater. In our 1,200 case studies, my fellow researchers and I found that while both sexes laugh a lot, females laugh more. In cross-gender conversations, females laughed 126% more than their male counterparts, meaning that women tend to do the most laughing while males tend to do the most laugh-getting. Men seem to be the main instigators of humor across cultures, which begins in early childhood. Think back to your high school class clown -- most likely he was a male. The gender pattern of everyday laughter also suggests why there are more male than female comedians. (Rodney Dangerfield likely gets more respect than he claims.)<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P><br /><P><FONT size=3><FONT face="宋体, MS Song">Given the differences in male and female laugh patterns, is laughter a factor in meeting, matching and mating? I sought an answer in the human marketplace of newspaper personal ads. In 3,745 ads placed on April 28, 1996 in eight papers from the Baltimore Sun to the San Diego Union-Tribune, females were 62% more likely to mention laughter in their ads, and women were more likely to seek out a "sense of humor" while men were more likely to offer it. Clearly, women seek men who make them laugh, and men are eager to comply with this request. When Karl Grammar and Irenaus Eibl-Eibesfeldt studied spontaneous conversations between mixed-sex pairs of young German adults meeting for the first time, they noted that the more a woman laughed aloud during these encounters, the greater her self-reported interest in the man she was talking to. In the same vein, men were more interested in women who laughed heartily in their presence. The personal ads and the German study complement an observation from my field studies: The laughter of the female, not the male, is the critical index of a healthy relationship. Guys can laugh or not, but what matters is that women get their yuks in.<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P><br /><P><FONT size=3><FONT face="宋体, MS Song">In many societies world wide -- ranging from the Tamil of Southern India to the Tzeltal of Mexico -- laughter is self-effacing behavior, and the women in my study may have used it as an unconscious vocal display of compliance or solidarity with a more socially dominant group member. I suspect, however, that the gender patterns of laughter are fluid and shift subconsciously with social circumstance. For example, the workplace giggles of a young female executive will probably diminish as she ascends the corporate ladder, but she will remain a barrel of laughs when cavorting with old chums. Consider your own workplace. Have you ever encountered a strong leader with a giggle? Someone who laughs a lot, and unconditionally, may be a good team player, but they'll seldom be a president.<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P><br /><P><FONT size=3><FONT face="宋体, MS Song">The laughter virus<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P><br /><P><FONT size=3><FONT face="宋体, MS Song">As anyone who has ever laughed at the sight of someone doubled over can attest, laughter is contagious. Since our laughter is under minimal conscious control, it is spontaneous and relatively uncensored. Contagious laughter is a compelling display of Homo sapiens, a social mammal. It strips away our veneer of culture and challenges the hypothesis that we are in full control of our behavior. From these synchronized vocal outbursts come insights into the neurological roots of human social behavior and speech.<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P><br /><P><FONT size=3><FONT face="宋体, MS Song">Consider the extraordinary 1962 outbreak of contagious laughter in a girls' boarding school in <st1:country-region><st1:place>Tanzania</st1:place></st1:country-region>. The first symptoms appeared on January 30, when three girls got the giggles and couldn't stop laughing. The symptoms quickly spread to 95 students, forcing the school to close on March 18. The girls sent home from the school were vectors for the further spread of the epidemic. Related outbreaks occurred in other schools in <st1:place>Central Africa</st1:place> and spread like wildfire, ceasing two-and-a-half years later and afflicting nearly 1,000 people.<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P><br /><P><FONT size=3><FONT face="宋体, MS Song">Before dismissing the African outbreak as an anomaly, consider our own technologically triggered mini-epidemics produced ,by television laugh tracks. Laugh tracks have accompanied most television sitcoms since <st1:date Year="1950" Day="9" Month="9">September 9, 1950</st1:date>. At <st1:time Minute="0" Hour="7">7:00</st1:time> that evening, "The Hank McCune Show" used the first laugh track to compensate for being filmed without a live audience. The rest is history. Canned laughter may sound artificial, but it makes TV viewers laugh as if they were part o live theater audience.<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P><br /><P><FONT size=3><FONT face="宋体, MS Song">The irresistibility of others' laughter has its roots in the neurological mechanism of laugh detection. The fact that laughter is contagious raises the intriguing possibility that humans have an auditory laugh detector -- a neural circuit in the brain that responds exclusively to laughter. (Contagious yawning may involve a similar process in the visual domain.) Once triggered, the laugh detector activates a laugh generator, a neural circuit that causes us in turn to produce laughter.<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P><br /><P><FONT size=3><FONT face="宋体, MS Song">Furthermore, laughter is not randomly scattered through speech. A speaker may say "You are going where?...ha-ha," but rarely, "You are going...ha-ha...where?" This is evidence of "the punctuation effect" -- the tendency to laugh almost exclusively at phrase breaks in speech. This pattern requires that speech has priority over laughter.<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P><br /><P><FONT size=3><FONT face="宋体, MS Song">The occurrence of speaker laughter at the end of phrases suggests that a neurologically based process governs the placement of laughter in speech, and that different brain regions are involved in the expression of cognitively oriented speech and the more emotion-laden vocalization of laughter. During conversation, speech trumps -- that is, it inhibits -- laughter.<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P><br /><P><FONT size=3><FONT face="宋体, MS Song">Mediocre medicine<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P><br /><P><FONT size=3><FONT face="宋体, MS Song">Authorities from the Bible to Reader's Digest remind us that "laughter is the best medicine." Print and broadcast reporters produce upbeat, often frothy stories like "A Laugh a Day Keeps the Doctor Away." A best-selling Norman Cousins book and a popular Robin Williams film Patch Adams amplified this message. But left unsaid in such reports is a jarring truth: Laughter did not evolve to make us feel good or improve our health. Certainly, laughter unites people, and social support has been shown in studies to improve mental and physical health. Indeed, the presumed health benefits of laughter may be coincidental consequences of its primary goal: bringing people together.<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P><br /><P><FONT size=3><FONT face="宋体, MS Song">Laughter is an energetic activity that raises our heart rate and blood pressure, but these physiological effects are incompletely documented and their medicinal benefits are even less certain. Lennart Levi, of the Karolinska Institute in <st1:City><st1:place>Stockholm</st1:place></st1:City>, reported that comedy activates the body's "fight or flight" system, increasing catecholamine levels in urine, a measure of activation and stress. Lee Berk, DHSc, of the Loma Linda School of Medicine, countered with a widely cited study that reported that laughter reduced catecholamines and other hormonal measures of sympathetic activation. This reduction in stress and associated hormones is the mechanism through which laughter is presumed to enhance immune function. Unfortunately, Berk's studies show at best a biological response to comedy. His reports included only five experimental subjects, never stated whether those subjects actually laughed, and were presented in only three brief abstracts.<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P><br /><P><FONT size=3><FONT face="宋体, MS Song">Does a sense of humor or a lighthearted personality add years to your life? Not necessarily. A large-scale study by Howard Friedman, Ph.D., professor of psychology at the <st1:place><st1:PlaceType>University</st1:PlaceType> of <st1:PlaceName>California</st1:PlaceName></st1:place> at <st1:City><st1:place>Riverside</st1:place></st1:City>, found optimism and sense of humor in childhood to be inversely related to longevity. This may be because people with untempered optimism indulge in risk-taking, thinking, "I'll be okay."<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P><br /><P><FONT size=3><FONT face="宋体, MS Song">Pain reduction is one of laughter's promising applications. Rosemary Cogan, Ph.D., a professor of psychology at <st1:place><st1:PlaceName>Texas</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceName>Tech</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType>University</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>, found that subjects who laughed at a Lily Tomlin video or underwent a relaxation procedure tolerated more discomfort than other subjects. Humor may help temper intense pain. James Rotton, Ph.D., of <st1:place><st1:PlaceName>Florida</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceName>International</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType>University</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>, reported that orthopedic surgery patients who watched comedic videos requested fewer aspirin and tranquilizers than the group that viewed dramas. Humor may also help us cope with stress. In a study by Michelle Newman, Ph.D., an assistant professor of psychology at <st1:place><st1:PlaceName>Penn</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType>State</st1:PlaceType> <st1:PlaceType>University</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>, subjects viewed a film about three grisly accidents and had to narrate it either in a humorous or serious style. Those who used the humorous tone had the lowest negative affect and tension.<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P><br /><P><FONT size=3><FONT face="宋体, MS Song">A problem with these studies is that none of them separate the effects of laughter from those of humor. None allow for the possibility that presumed effects of laughter or humor may come from the playful settings associated with these behaviors. And none evaluate the uniqueness of laughter by contrasting it with other vocalizations like shouting.<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P><br /><DIV><br /><P><FONT size=3><FONT face="宋体, MS Song">Rigorous proof that we can reduce stress and pain through laughter remains an unrealized but reasonable prospect. While we wait for definitive evidence, it can't hurt -- and it's certainly enjoyable -- to laugh. So, a guy walks into a bar...<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P></DIV><br /><P><FONT face=Verdana color=#602020 size=5>ABSTRACT</FONT></P><br /><P><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman">Earthfill and rockfill dams with clay core have some problems such as voluminous material in cores. Therefore, they need a long time for construction, and during constructing this type of core moisture and compactibility must be controlled. Besides, clay is sensitive to climate. Other phenomena that may occur in clay core dams are piping and hydraulic fracture.<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P><br /><P><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman">Due to these problems and for constructing more economical earth dams an alternative approach is developed by substituting clay core with asphaltic concrete core or asphaltic lining. They are mainly used in areas where natural impermeable materials of sufficient quality or quantity are not available.<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P><br /><P><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman">This research considers presents the advantages of using asphalt in lining dams and in asphaltic concrete core dams. To show the ability of asphalt in dam industry, a comparison is dpne between an asphaltic concrete core dam and an asphaltic lining dam with a clay core dam is done. This comparsion includes seepage and stability analyses. These analyses have been performed by commercially available seepage analysis is done by Ansys software and the stability anlysis by Plaxis software.<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P><br /><P><FONT face=Verdana>Keywords:</FONT><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Asphaltic concrete core, Asphaltic lining, stability, seepage<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P><br /><P><FONT face=Verdana color=#602020 size=5>INTRODUCTION</FONT></P><br /><P><FONT size=3><FONT face="宋体, MS Song">Bituminous core and bituminous lining are excelent waterproofing materials and well established in hydraulic engineering for many decades. Bituminous facings are used to waterproof the upstream faces of dams or embankments, or the bottoms of resevoirs which consist of materials of inadequate water-tightness (gravel or sandygravel soils, morainic or alluval soils and rockfill), as an alternative to waterproofing by means of natural materials (clay, silty clay, etc.) where natural impermeable materials of sufficient quality or quantity are not available[2].<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P><br /><P><FONT size=3><FONT face="宋体, MS Song">Using natural materials, the watertightness is generally provided by in impervious core, while with bituminous materials (exept for a few recent applications) it is usally provided by a continuous watertight revetment on upstream face. The characteristics of these facings are manifold and are strictly related to the properties of the structure on which thay are applied, namely: Bituminouse materials generally satisfy these requirements rather well, even if some of them may seem to conflict.<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P><br /><P><FONT size=3><FONT face="宋体, MS Song">Different types of structures encountered, variety of ambient conditions, different evaluations of requirements, variety of bituminous material available and different construction techniques have resulted in considerable differences in the features and in the design of the alternatives used for bituminous facings. It is also sometimes difficult to find out whether considerable differences in bituminous facing depended on an actual and rational interpretation of technical requirements or mainly on the sensitivity and the artistic inspiration of the designer [2].<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P><br /><P><FONT size=3><FONT face="宋体, MS Song">Since clay core dams have been used for many years the efficiency of this type of dam is well documented. Therefore, in this research asphaltic concrete core dam and asphaltic facing dam are compared with clay core dam. To validate the result Maejaran dam which an asphaltic concrete core dam (located in the north of <st1:country-region><st1:place>Iran</st1:place></st1:country-region> in close to Ramsar city) is replaced to an asphaltic lining dam and a clay core dam. The dimensions of the dams are the same to each other. Cross section of each dams are present in Figures 1, 2 and 3.<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P><br /><DIV align=center><br /><TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="99%" border=0><br /><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><P><B>邏輯</B><B><o:p></o:p></B></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><P><B>logic</B><B><o:p></o:p></B></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><P><v:shape><v:imagedata></v:imagedata></v:shape><o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><P><v:shape><v:imagedata></v:imagedata></v:shape><o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><P><v:shape><v:imagedata></v:imagedata></v:shape><o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%" border=0><br /><br /><TR><br /><TD width="20%"><br /><P>知識分類：<o:p></o:p></P></TD><br /><TD><br /><P><a href="http://203.64.158.220/ebintra/SubCatSearch.asp?Query=2&upClass=008" target="_blank" ><FONT color=#136b9c>人類社會篇</FONT></A>＞<a href="http://203.64.158.220/ebintra/SubCatSearch.asp?Query=2&upClass=008&keyWord=701&subkeyword=哲學觀念與流派%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20" target="_blank" ><FONT color=#136b9c>哲學觀念與流派 </FONT></A><o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR></TABLE><br /><P><o:p><FONT color=#136b9c></FONT></o:p></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><P><v:shape><v:imagedata><FONT color=#136b9c></FONT></v:imagedata></v:shape><o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><P>閱讀人氣： 5 次<o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><P><v:shape><v:imagedata></v:imagedata></v:shape></P><br /><FORM><br /><P><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></o:p></P></FORM></TD></TR><br /><TR><br /><TD><br /><P>閱讀語言： <SELECT> <OPTION value=chi>中<OPTION value=eng>英<OPTION value=ce selected>中英</OPTION></SELECT><INPUT><INPUT></P><br /><P><br /><SCRIPT language=JavaScript><br> <!--<br> function showbigimages(ImgPath){<br> //alert(ImgPath);<br> //window.open("ShowImages.asp?ImagesName=" + ImgPath ,"放大圖片","scrollbars =yes,toolbar=no,status=no,menubar=no,resizeable=no,width=795,height=575,top=0,left=0;");<br> window.open("ShowImages.asp?ImagesName=" + ImgPath ,"放大圖片","scrollbars=yes,toolbar=no,status=no,menubar=no,resizable=yes");<br> }<br> function ShowExp(){<br> window.open("ShowExp.htm","延伸閱讀分類說明","scrollbars =no,toolbar=no,status=no,menubar=no,resizeable=no,width=500,height=400,top=100,left=100;"); <br> }<br> --><br> <br></script>{codeend}<br><o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR><TR ><TD ><P ><v:shape><v:imagedata></v:imagedata></v:shape><o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR><TR ><TD ><P ><v:shape><v:imagedata></v:imagedata></v:shape><o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR><TR ><TD ><DIV align=center><TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%" border=0><TR ><TD vAlign=top width="50%"><P >關於推論與論證之研究。在邏輯中，一個論證的組成是，一組為真的陳述（前提）是使得進一步陳述（論證的結論）為真的充分條件。邏輯可分為演繹邏輯、歸納邏輯以及所謂非形式謬誤的研究（參閱<a href="http://203.64.158.220/ebintra/Content.asp?ContentID=6783" target="_blank" ><FONT color=#136b9c>deduction</FONT></A>、<a href="http://203.64.158.220/ebintra/Content.asp?ContentID=11733" target="_blank" ><FONT color=#136b9c>induction</FONT></A>、<a href="http://203.64.158.220/ebintra/Content.asp?ContentID=8561" target="_blank" ><FONT color=#136b9c>fallacy, formal and informal</FONT></A>）。現代形式邏輯以命題與演繹論證為主題，並從這些命題與演繹論證的內容抽離出它們所包含的邏輯形式。邏輯學家使用符號來表示那些邏輯形式，便於推論，也便於驗證有效性。邏輯常項包括（一）命題連結詞，如「非」（@8(logicNon.jpg），「且」（@8(logicAnd.jpg），「或」（@8(logicOr.jpg），「若－則」（(），（二）存在量詞與全稱量詞「(@8(logicSome.jpgx)」（可讀作「對於至少有一個體，稱為x，……為真」）以及「(@8(logicAll.jpgx)」（「對於每一個體，稱為x，……為真」）。再加上（三）等同概念（以=表示）與（四）一些屬於邏輯的謂詞。單單上述（一）的邏輯常項之研究，稱作<a href="http://203.64.158.220/ebintra/Content.asp?ContentID=25586" target="_blank" ><FONT color=#136b9c>命題演算</FONT></A>（propositional calculus）。涉及上述（一）、（二）與（四）者，屬一階<a href="http://203.64.158.220/ebintra/Content.asp?ContentID=25584" target="_blank" ><FONT color=#136b9c>謂詞演算</FONT></A>（first-order predicate calculus）領域。若強調上述（三），則加入「不等同」之詞。邏輯是哲學與數學領域的重要基礎。亦請參閱<a href="http://203.64.158.220/ebintra/Content.asp?ContentID=24195" target="_blank" ><FONT color=#136b9c>deontic logic</FONT></A>、<a href="http://203.64.158.220/ebintra/Content.asp?ContentID=25570" target="_blank" ><FONT color=#136b9c>modal logic</FONT></A>。 <v:shape><v:imagedata></v:imagedata></v:shape><o:p></o:p></P></TD><TD vAlign=top width="50%"><P >Study of inference and argument. In logic, an argument consists of a set of statements (the premises) whose truth is claimed to be sufficient for the truth of a further statement (the conclusion of the argument). Logic may be divided into deductive logic, inductive logic, and the study of what are often called informal fallacies (see deduction, induction, fallacy). Modern formal logic takes as its main subject matter propositions and deductive arguments, and it abstracts from their content the logical forms they embody. The logician uses a symbolic notation to express these logical forms and to facilitate inference and tests of validity. The logical constants include (1) such propositional connectives as "not" (symbolized as ¬), "and" (symbolized as ∧), "or" (symbolized as ∨), and "if-then" (symbolized as ⊃), and (2) the existential and universal quantifiers "(∃x)" (which may be read: "For at least one individual, call it x, it is true that") and "(∀x)" ("For each individual, call it x, it is true that"). Furthermore, (3) the concept of identity (expressed by =) and (4) some notion of predication belong to logic. When the logical constants in (1) alone are studied, the field is called propositional calculus. When (1), (2), and (4) are considered, the field is first-order predicate calculus. If the absence of (3) is stressed, the epithet "without identity" is added. Logic is fundamental to the fields of philosophy and mathematics. See also deontic logic, modal logic. <v:shape><v:imagedata></v:imagedata></v:shape><o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR></TABLE></DIV><P ><o:p></o:p></P></TD></TR></TABLE></DIV><P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3> </FONT></o:p></P><DIV align=center><P ><o:p></o:p></P><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3> </FONT></o:p></DIV><br></script>
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