4.这道题不是我考到的，只是刚刚去找题是看到了寂静原题，把它贴出来:
Of patients over 65 years old who survived coronary bypass surgery—a procedure widely
prescribed for people with heart disease—only 75 percent benefited from the surgery. Thus it
appears that for one in four such patients, the doctors who advised them to undergo this
surgery, with its attendant risks and expense, were more interested in an opportunity to
practice their skills and in their fee than in helping the patient.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the argument?
A. Many of the patients who receive coronary bypass surgery are less than 55 years old.
B. Possible benefits of coronary bypass surgery include both relief from troubling symptoms
and prolongation of life.
C. Most of the patients in the survey decided to undergo coronary bypass surgery because they
were advised that the surgery would reduce their risk of future heart attacks.
D. The patients over 65 years old who did not benefit from the coronary bypass surgery were
as fully informed as those who did benefit from the surgery as to the risks of the surgery prior
to undergoing it.
E. The patients who underwent coronary bypass surgery but who did not benefit from it were
medically indistinguishable, prior to their surgery, from the patients who did benefit.
1. 由问题问法得知，本题为评估类题目。
2. 找到前提和结论：
本题的结论句前有一个信号词“Thus”，所以我们可以确定本题的结论为原文最后一句：“the
doctors who advised them to undergo this surgery, with its attendant risks and expense,
were more interested in an opportunity to practice their skills and in their fee than in
helping the patient.”
3. 判断推理模式：
通过前提和结论之间的关系，我们能发现，这是一个典型的现象解释。即前提先给出一个既
定的现象：“在65岁以上做心脏搭桥手术的人种，只有75%的人是从这个手术中获益的”，
结论中给出了一个可能的解释：“对于4个病人中的1个人来说，医生劝他做手术是为了锻炼
技术和得到手术费”所以该题目是果因推理模式。
4. 找到答案方向：
果因推理模式有2个CQ：
CQ1：说明结果问题
CQ2：因果联系问题
在果因推理模式中，和相关因果模式近似，我们需要抓住“果”，要么是找到另外一个原因
去解释现有的果（CQ2：独立第三因素），要么就是即说到因，也说到果，凡是只提及一个
的，肯定不是正确答案。（这里需要注意，选项中有可能提及的比较隐晦，要注意看懂选项
的意思）。
选项分析：
A. 很多接受心脏塔桥手术的人小于55岁。需要我们提到的“果”是65岁以上的老人中有1/4的
人不能获益，而非做手术的人的性质。所以该选项不能评估果因推理。
B. 心脏塔桥手术中可能获得的益处包括减轻症状和延长生命。该选项描述的是冠状动脉搭桥手
术的收益是什么，其没有提到有人不能从中获益的问题，所以不能成为答案。
C. 许多人决定做心脏搭桥手术的原因是因为他们被告知该手术可以减少日后患上心脏病的风
险。该选项描述的是为何大家要做心脏搭桥手术，而不是为什么有人不成功，所以该选项不
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能成为答案。
D. 那些65岁以上做了手术但是没有获得收益的人同那些获得收益的人一样，都了解过了这种手
术的风险。无论那些没有收益的人是否了解到了手术的风险，都不能解决为何他们本身不能
获益。所以该选项不能评估整个推理。
E. Correct. 那些做了搭桥手术也不能获益的人在医学上是看不出来的。该选项割裂了“因”和
“果”之间的关系，即如果不能预测是否可以获益，医生就根本不知作者: 岸止听澜 时间: 2015-1-14 14:51
谢谢楼主！祝楼主下次数学能拿高分，有点小可惜了。作者: 一个喂马任 时间: 2015-1-14 20:45
谢谢分享 楼主加油作者: lgtop 时间: 2015-1-15 00:39
感谢楼主分享！继续加油！