GWD 8的阅读--专利 - ChaseDream

Q7 to Q10:
The system of patentgranting,
which confers
temporary monopolies for
Line the exploitation of new tech-
(5) nologies, was originally
established as an incentive
to the pursuit of risky new
ideas. Yet studies of the
most patent-conscious
(10) business of all—the semiconductor
industry—suggest
that firms do not necessarily
become more innovative as
they increase their patenting
(15) activity. Ziedonis and Hall,
for example, found that
investment in research and
development (a reasonable
proxy for innovation) did
(20) not substantially increase
between 1982 and 1992,
the industry’s most feverish
period of patenting. Instead,
semiconductor firms simply
(25) squeezed more patents out
of existing research and
development expenditures.
Moreover, Ziedonis and
Hall found that as patenting
(30) activity at semiconductor
firms increased in the
7
1980’s, the consensus
among industry employees
was that the average quality
(35) of their firms’ patents
declined. Though patent
quality is a difficult notion
to measure, the number of
times a patent is cited in
(40) the technical literature is
a reasonable yardstick, and
citations per semiconductor
patent did decline during
the 1980’s. This decline in
(45) quality may be related to
changes in the way semiconductor
firms managed
their patenting process:
rather than patenting to win
(50) exclusive rights to a valuable
new technology, patents
were filed more for strategic
purposes, to be used as
bargaining chips to ward
(55) off infringement suites or
as a means to block
competitors’ products.

The passage makes which of the following claims about patent quality in the semiconductor industry?

C. It changed between 1982 and 1992 in ways that were linked to changes in research and development expenditures.

The system of patentgranting,
which confers                                              介绍一系统
temporary monopolies for
the exploitation of new tech-
(5) nologies, was originally
established as an incentive
to the pursuit of risky new
ideas. Yet studies of the
most patent-conscious                                  调查发现patent不重要了
(10) business of all—the semiconductor
industry—suggest
that firms do not necessarily
become more innovative as
they increase their patenting
(15) activity. Ziedonis and Hall,
for example, found that                                    举例
investment in research and
development (a reasonable
proxy for innovation) did
(20) not substantially increase between 1982 and 1992,    (数量减少)
the industry’s most feverish
period of patenting. Instead,
semiconductor firms simply
(25) squeezed more patents out
of existing research and
development expenditures.
Moreover, Ziedonis and
Hall found that as patenting
(30) activity at semiconductor
firms increased in the
1980’s, the consensus
among industry employees was that the average quality    (质量降低)
(35) of their firms’ patents
declined. Though patent
quality is a difficult notion
to measure, the number of                         质量虽难计,用使用率可衡量
times a patent is cited in
(40) the technical literature is
a reasonable yardstick, and
citations per semiconductor patent did decline during    使用率降低了
the 1980’s. This decline in
(45) quality may be related to                      阐述原因
changes in the way semiconductor          …patents成为战略目的
firms managed                                  避免侵害的筹码和竞争的手段
their patenting process:
rather than patenting to win
(50) exclusive rights to a valuable
new technology, patents
were filed more for strategic
purposes, to be used as
bargaining chips to ward
(55) off infringement suites or
as a means to block
competitors’ products.

B说,专利的质量独立于所授专利的数目,文中没有提到(没提到的不能选).文中只说专利的质量可由使用率衡量.

问文章关于专利的质量 .明显decline during the 1980’s

B说,专利的质量独立于所授专利的数目,文中没有提到(没提到的不能选).文中只说专利的质量可由使用率衡量.

有一点疑问:选项是说'It was higher in the early 1980’s than it was a decade later.'

我们能从文中得知82-92年质量较以前下降了,但A选项是说80年代初的质量比十年后的质量高 (1).首先,'in the early 1980'是个太模糊的概念,我们不知道它只是refers to 82年以前还是80-85年都算in the early 1980,如果包含82年及以后,那么A就和文章就矛盾了,因为文章的意思是从82年开始就已经decline了,但是我们不能给出题的作者定义80年代初的概念.....事实上,讲到专利质量下降的时候,文章并没有提是不是和前面的'82-92'是同一个时期,只是讲1980's)

(2)那儿'a decade later'就问题,a decade later至少要包含10年的期限吧,这么说,就是说泛指90年及以后,可是,文章并没有说90年代后专利的质量一直都保持很差的水平啊

除非作者对A选项两个时间的定义是这样

1)in the early 1980’s --->80&81年;(2)a decade later--->仅仅局限于91&92年.

Which of the following, if true, would most clearly serve to weaken the author’ s claim about what constitutes a reasonable yardstick for measuring patent quality?

E. Low-quality patents tend to be discussed in the technical literature as frequently

请问答案为什么不是D？这是作者明确提出的一个CLAIM啊。A错，因为除了时间上的原因外，QUALITY DECLINE的结论是CONSENSUS得出的结论，而非作者本人的结论（也不是声明）。

A虽然说看起来似乎没问题，可是这个a decade later似乎有点问题——文中说的都是82－92年中间的事情，不应该牵涉到那以后或者之前。

我觉得C反倒有理由。C：It changed between 1982 and 1992 in ways that were linked to changes in research and development expenditures.

原文：Yet studies of the most patent-conscious (10) business of all—the semi- conductor industry—suggest that firms do not necessarily become more innovative as they increase their patenting

(15) activity. Ziedonis and Hall, for example, found that investment in research and development (a reasonable proxy for innovation) did

(20) not substantially increase between 1982 and 1992, the industry’s most feverish period of patenting. Instead, semiconductor firms simply

(25) squeezed more patents out of existing research and development expenditures. （说明expenditure for R&D有了变化，因为研发的投入少了，公司从这部分开支中拨了部分出来to squeeze out more patent，导致数量虽然增加了。但是质量下降了。）

当然如果这么说，B也可以说得过去，可是说道largely independent，这之间的相互关系有点迷糊了，文中似乎没有说过patent的数量和质量本来是interdependent的。

以下是引用vanessav在2006-6-15 0:46:00的发言：

这一题没有一个大家公认最适合的答案么，

A虽然说看起来似乎没问题，可是这个a decade later似乎有点问题——文中说的都是82－92年中间的事情，不应该牵涉到那以后或者之前。

我觉得C反倒有理由。C：It changed between 1982 and 1992 in ways that were linked to changes in research and development expenditures.

原文：Yet studies of the most patent-conscious (10) business of all—the semi- conductor industry—suggest that firms do not necessarily become more innovative as they increase their patenting

(15) activity. Ziedonis and Hall, for example, found that investment in research and development (a reasonable proxy for innovation) did

(20) not substantially increase between 1982 and 1992, the industry’s most feverish period of patenting. Instead, semiconductor firms simply

这题还是open to discussion

Moreover, Ziedonis and Hall found that as patenting (30) activity at semiconductor firms increased in the 7 1980’s, the consensus among industry employees was that the average quality (35) of their firms’ patents declined. Though patent quality is a difficult notion to measure, the number of times a patent is cited in (40) the technical literature is a reasonable yardstick, and citations per semiconductor patent did decline during the 1980’s. This decline in (45) quality may be related to changes in the way semiconductor firms managed their patenting process:

黄线部分反向指代前面提过的东东 citation是衡量patent quality的yardstick 那么the number of citation declined , and hence the patent quality declined...文章中很清楚地给出来time--during the 1980's 所以A

The passage suggests which of the following about patenting in the semiconductor industry during the period from 1982 to 1992 ?

A. The declining number of citations per semiconductor patent in the technical literature undermines
the notion that patenting activity increased during this period. 原文说的质量的notion,不是专利行动

B. A decline in patent quality forced firms to change the way they managed the patenting process. 同意改写

C. Increased efficiencies allowed firms to derive more patents from existing research and development expenditures. 没提到

D. Firms’ emphasis on filing patents for strategic purposes may have contributed to a decline in patent quality.

E. Firms’ attempts to derive more patents from existing research and development expenditures may have contributed to a decline in infringement suites. 减少了专利，也不是为了降低侵权诉讼