V1
最开始说产品卖不掉会对retailer和manufacturer有影响.一般有两种措施解决之,一种是return products to manufacturer,一种是打折处理.第一种措施被认为improve the channel between manufacturer and retailer,实则不然.因为这种措施是建立在两个假设上的.接下来的两段就分别证明了这两个假设为什么有问题.
If aproduct has a finite selling season and uncertain demand, retail overstock is apossibility. Anticipating how such surplus will devalue, the retailer may stockless of the item than the manufacturer would like, if any at all. Asillustrated by P&G, manufacturer return policies and markdown money are twocommon strategies used by manufacturers to combat this tendency. Both work bydecreasing the retailer's net cost of overstock.
Return policies are often observed when demand is unpredictable and/or the riskof obsolescence is high, as extensively documented by Padmanabhan and Png(1995) and Kandel (1996). Markdown money also has a rich tradition amongproducts facing such environments, including fashion apparel (Ryan 1998; Monget1998), cosmetics and fragrances (Parks 1996), toys (Leccese 1993), specialtyproducts (Gallagher 1999), certain food categories and over-the-countermedications (Tenser 1997). However, nothing in our discussion thus far suggestsif, when, or why either method might be preferable to the other.
The academic literature is silent on these questions. Return policies arecertainly relatively well-studied (Pasternack 1985; Kandel 1996; Padmanabhanand Png 1997; Emmons and Gilbert 1998; Donohue 2000; Webster and Weng 2000), aswill be discussed in greater detail in the next section. Theseworks advocate return policies as a way to improve the efficiency of thechannel to the participants' mutual benefit. However, this conclusion relies ontwo assumptions that mask the differences between the practices in question:
(1) the physical return of product does not incur additional cost, and
(2) the channel members are equally effective at liquidating overstock (2).
The first assumption is problematic in that the handling, logistics,and administrative overhead associated with moving product back up the channelmay be substantial. For instance, P&G Cosmetics has calculated that eachhandling of an item (because of damage, discontinuation, or simple return)costs 34 cents, a nontrivial fraction of typical profit margins for suchproducts (Born 1997). And Hal Upbin, CEO of Kellwood Co. (a manufacturer ofready-to-wear apparel) notes, "We don't take anything back; the cost ofhandling would be absurd (Infotracs 1997)."
With respect to the second assumption, the reality is that recovering valuefrom surplus product is a substantive professional competency, and differentparties likely have different aptitude and tolerance for this (Hungerford1999). The retailer obviously has the most immediate option, i.e., to sell tothe same customer base at a discount. Indeed, access to markets and comparativeadvantage in merchandising are among the underlying reasons a retail channelwould be used in the first place, and these factors should persist at theclearance phase. However, if the residual value comes from recovering andreusing the raw materials, the manufacturer could have an advantage. Also, byconsolidating the returns from multiple retailers a manufacturer might be ableto assemble an assortment商品分类 that becomes economically viable forresale to a discount specialist (e.g., T. J. Maxx in the apparel industry).Additional aging of the product and potential damage during the processing ofreturns should be considered, of course. Similar points are raised, but notformally pursued, by Kandel (1996) and Padmanabhan and Png (1997).作者: yehan1992 时间: 2014-9-27 00:17
还有宇宙膨胀这个~
※ 主题思路:
理论:宇宙是向外扩张的;
实验:2 个实验证明宇宙是扩张的观点;射线的 rate 测试出距离;
最后补充结论:
但是东西逃逸不出去后,就又回到了奇点,回到了 Big Bang;
某种射线的规律16
※ 段落大意:
第一段:宇宙是变化的,不是固定不变;
是讲在 1920 年,发现了一个理论,好像是 galaxies 是不断变大的,举了个例子,就像是蛋糕里面的面粉
发酵一样。然后又说道这个发现就证明了著名的 Copernicus theory 关于 galaxies 是 static 是错误的;
第二段:实验证明宇宙是变化的观点;
两位 仁兄 S 和 M 通过实验发现了 red shift,然后 spectral line,怎么怎么的,没怎么看懂;
第三段:1930 年后的同样方法证明观点;
是讲在 1930 年后,又发现了 Huber Law,什么 velocity equal to 什么的,证明 galaxies locomotion 是
uniform 的
第三段讲 1930s 科学家又拿这方法研究了偏远一点的 galaxy 好像也是这么个结论,中间提到发现远离
rate 好像等于什么*distance,第四段暂时想不起来了。。。。
※ 题目:
1)作者提到 Copernicus theory 的目的是什么:
宇宙是向外扩张的;
2)作者提到 spectral line 是为了证明什么
射线 rate 和距离的关系;
※ 维基补充材料:
红移:
In 1929 Edwin Hubble, working at the Carnegie Observatories in Pasadena, California, measured
the redshifts of a number of distant galaxies. He also measured their relative distances by
measuring the apparent brightness of a class of variable stars called Cepheids in each galaxy.
When he plotted redshift against relative distance, he found that the redshift of distant galaxies
increased as a linear function of their distance. The only explanation for this observation is that
the universe was expanding.
In physics (especially astrophysics), redshift happens when light seen coming from an object that
is moving away is proportionally increased in wavelength, or shifted to the red end of the
spectrum. More generally, where an observer detects electromagnetic radiation outside the visible
spectrum, "redder" amounts to a technical shorthand for "increase in electromagnetic
wavelength" — which also implies lower frequency and photon energy in accord with, respectively,
the wave and quantum theories of light.
红移在物理学和天文学领域,指物体的电磁辐射由于某种原因波长增加的现象,在可见光波段,表现为光
谱的谱线朝红端移动了一段距离,即波长变长、频率降低。红移的现象目前多用于天体的移动及规律的预
测上。
Meanwhile, other physicists and mathematicians working on Einstein's theory of gravity 17
discovered the equations had some solutions that described an expanding universe. In these
solutions, the light coming from distant objects would be redshifted as it traveled through the
expanding universe. The redshift would increase with increasing distance to the object.
Once scientists understood that the universe was expanding, they immediately realized that it
would have been smaller in the past. At some point in the past, the entire universe would have
been a single point. This point, later called the big bang, was the beginning of the universe as we
understand it today.
The expanding universe is finite in both time and space. The reason that the universe did not
collapse, as Newton's and Einstein's equations said it might, is that it had been expanding from
the moment of its creation. The universe is in a constant state of change. The expanding universe,
a new idea based on modern physics, laid to rest the paradoxes that troubled astronomers from
ancient times until the early 20th Century.作者: eva19931101 时间: 2014-9-27 00:18