ChaseDream

标题: eleven成长日记 never enough [打印本页]

作者: elleven806 时间: 2014-7-10 17:11
标题: eleven成长日记 never enough
考G之路开始哒 ~~

作者: elleven806 时间: 2014-7-11 15:33
7.11 设定任务：
Day1, fighting!
1. 不能不背单词100
2. SC MANHATTAN 一章 check
3. OG SC check
4. 阅读小分队
5. CR
6.写作一篇欣赏

完成任务：
1. SC Modifiers& extra.
eg.3. Although a surge in retail sales have raised hopesthat there is a recovery finally under way, many economists say that without a large amount of spending the recovery might not last.

(A) have raised hopes that there is a recovery finally

(B) raised hopes for there being a recovery finally

(D) has raised hopes that a recovery is finally

(E) raised hopes for a recovery finally

there be+抽象名词错误；表示状态的形容词，一般以主系表形式表现出来，表达状态 主系表结构，也可以用来表示，A处于一种什么状态

finally应该修饰一个动词，不能作形容词修饰 recovery

2. OG原话：perhaps和maybe是可以互换的，但是perhaps更加正式一点，；

作者: elleven806 时间: 2014-7-12 16:27
7.12 设定任务：
Day2'
1. 单词100
2. SC MANHATTAN check
3. OG SC check
4. 阅读小分队
5. CR
6.写作一篇欣赏

完成任务：
1.MANHATTAN pronoun

作者: elleven806 时间: 2014-7-13 14:46
7.13 设定任务：
Day3, 前两天效率简直为零。。。赶快找回状态啊！~

1. 不能不背单词100
2. OG SC check
3. 阅读小分队
4. CR
5.写作一篇欣赏

完成任务：
1 SC

固定搭配 increase in sth

固定搭配the method is to do sth.

when从句和if从句不同：when从句强调一个时间点，而if从句更强调一个条件。【when从句挺遭鄙视的】特别的，如果主句包含can这样表“永恒”的词，不要用when从句

Helping Verb不能随便替换 (即may, will, must, should, can等词不要随意替换，它们各自传达了不同的obligation (MANHATTAN: these helping verbs should not be used interchageably)

unaccompanied is not wrong but not acconmanied more effectively expresses the intended negation.

用by来接动作的发出者，用through/because of接方式或方法

优先选择一个that从句而不是介词短语的先行词: hypothesis, idea, hope, expectation, suggestion, belief, discovery, evidence, indication, and report ==> that是同位语！

25. Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood, are now drawing solid conclusions about how the human brain grows and how babies acquire language.

(A) Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood, are

(B) Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood over the past twenty years, and are

(C) Neuroscientists amassing a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood over the past twenty years, and are

(D) Neuroscientists have amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood,

(E) Neuroscientists have amassed, over the past twenty years, a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood,

having done短语中所表达的内容发生在主句动作之前

2.which跳跃修饰
在前有“核心词+介词、分词等修饰结构”或者插入语的情况下，which可以跳跃修饰前面的核心词，但是如果有其他更优选项，最好不要跳跃指代

3.Estimate的用法一般是estimate to be +年代，时间。除非说明在哪里estimate的时候，后面estimate+at+地点，否则一般不接at

作者: elleven806 时间: 2014-7-15 16:26
7.15 昨天偷懒啦~

1. 不能不背单词100
2. OG SC check 60%
3. 阅读小分队
4. CR
5.写作一篇欣赏

完成任务：

1.分号的作用等同于句号，后面需要完整的主谓结构

phenomena是phenomenon的复数

冒号的用法(Colon): 冒号前一定要是完整的句子；冒号后面可以是并列项，也可以是用于解释第一个句子的完整的句子。此外，被解释的项目应紧邻冒号，这也有时候给了被动句可乘之机。==> The rate of a reaction is affected by 3 factors: A,B, and C

2.because , because of, due to :

because of sth. doing (because of doing)肯定是不如because从句的。而且because of后面这个东西应该是直接原因。

Due to 在gmat中不放句首？？？ in that:不同于because，in that更强调“二者不同的地方在哪里”，而because则强调的是一个事物的原因是什么。

3. Ability of sb to do quarters地区，住处
4.these 和 this 不能裸奔

35. By 1940, the pilot Jacqueline Cochran held seventeen official national and international speed records, and she earned them at a time when aviation was still so new for many of the planes she flew to be of dangerously experimental design.

(A) and she earned them at a time when aviation was still so new for many of the planes she flew to be

(B) earning them at a time that aviation was still so new for many of the planes she flew to be

(D) earned at a time in which aviation was still so new such that many of the planes she flew were

(E) earned at a time when aviation was still so new that many of the planes she flew were

5.seem的用法 1）.seem to do 2） .it seems that 3 ）.it seems as if +从句 seem like是错误用法！！！
6.although的省略：although的省略一般只置于句首，或插在【主句主语和谓语之间】，来修饰主语。如果变为【主句,although】从句的形式，although从句就不要省略的好。
7.so …as to 一般不倒装，只用在简单的主系表结构中
8.so.. that.. 用法：
so…that后面不加情态动词表示结果，后面加情态动词表目的。 So 加情态动词表结果

so…that不能修饰介词短语与名词，只能修饰动作。

so…that用来说明做某事的目的，所以其前面应该是“做某事”，而不能是介词短语

40. The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) had long been expected to announce a reduction in output to bolster sagging oil prices, but officials of the organization just recently announced that the group will pare daily production by 1.5 million barrels by the beginning of next year, but only if nonOPEC nations, including Norway, Mexico, and Russia, were to trim output by a total of 500,000 barrels a day.

(A) A.year, but only if non-OPEC nations, including Norway, Mexico, and Russia, were to trim output

(B) B.year, but only if the output of non-OPEC nations, which includes Norway, Mexico, and Russia, is trimmed

(D) D.year only if non-OPEC nations, which includes Norway, Mexico, and Russia, were trimming output

(E) E.year only if non-OPEC nations, including Norway, Mexico, and Russia, trim output

9.to do:

总结：to do应是个规避的考点，太乱。但to do应有以下几个注意点：

A)to do如果要做句尾名词的形容词，不可置于句尾并用逗号把其与主句隔开

B)to do在句首，有暗指将来的意思，要考虑使用虚拟语气。 C)to do的平行结构，后几项的to可同省同留。 D)在句中，若有可以达到相同意思的主谓结构，(且句子较为复杂时)优先主谓结构，舍弃to do或介宾结构==> 因为后两者需要判断逻辑主语。

补充：to do可以做名词性成分，所以它可以做主语，宾语等。而in order to只能做状语，不能做主语。

10.there be +抽象名词错
11.出现people和population的时候，代词最好指代people，而非抽象population

43. Laos has a land area about the same as Great Britain but only four million in population, where many are members of hill tribes ensconced in the virtually inaccessible mountain valleys of the north.
(A) about the same as Great Britain but only four million in population, where many
(B) of about the same size as Great Britain is, but in Laos there is a population of only four million , and many
(C) that is about the same size as Great Britain’s land area, but in Laos with a population of only four million people, many of them
(D) comparable to the size of Great Britain, but only four million in population, and many
(E) comparable to that of Great Britain but a population of only four million people, many of whom

12.between..x...and..y..(with是不正确的搭配！！！）

特殊结构the rivalry between x and y or the construction the rivals x and y. 都是正确的

作者: elleven806 时间: 2014-7-17 15:19
7.17

1. 不能不背单词100     check
2. OG SC    54%       check
3. 阅读小分队
4. CR                         check
5.写作一篇欣赏

完成任务：
1.pronounce sb/sth sth/adj

2.定语从句中，不要再出现被修饰对象或指代该词的代词

3require：

总结：1. Require的固定搭配：(几个正确表达的优先级是一样的)

(1) Require sb./sth. to do sth. (不定式只能用主动形式) à Require sb. doing…错误

(2) Require (of sb.) that + 原v 需要某人做某事 (要求,命令[(+of)][O2][+that])

(3) N. is required (of sb./sth.) to do sth. 某物对某人做某事来说是必须的

或N. required of sb./sth. to do. （其中required是过去分词）

(4) require doing (require主动表被动含义)：如A require making known to B. A需要被B知道

*: GMAT中出现过的错误表达：

Require of sb. to do （require of sb.后应该加that，只有require sb.和sth. is required of sb.后面才是加to do的）

Require sb. that （require 若和that搭配，则跟sb.之间要有of）

require sb. to be done （需要某人被做…逻辑错误）.

Require sb. doing…错误

require sth. Of doing

4.无生命的从属关系一般用X of Y

5.Then, as a result ,in turn 都是表示前后两项平行的标志，看见要敏感，马上找平行！
6.形式主/宾语it: 无名词指代对象，用于指代to do结构或that从句 ===>只能用于指代这两种结构，什么being…,for doing…都不能被it指代！
7.-ed在句尾，哪怕是逗号隔开，也是修饰其前面紧邻的名词，做形容词结构，永远！

作者: elleven806 时间: 2014-7-18 16:55
7.18

1. 不能不背单词100
2. OG SC          50%
3. 阅读小分队
4. CR
5.写作一篇欣赏

完成任务：

1.that

that引导从句可以放句首，但一般不提倡。That引导的从句，一般用形式主语来代替

{从句+谓语动词+从句} 这种错误结构； that引导的主语从句，一般用形式主语it来替代

2.similar to后面不能加句子
3.(1) 惯用句式是：A is to B what C is to D. 意为“A对B而言正如C对D一样”例如：

Air is to us What water is to fish. 空气对于我们犹如水对于鱼。(介词to表示两者的关系)

(2) 也有“A is for B what C is for D.”句式。例如：

Poultry is for the cook what canvas is for the paint. 厨师离不了家禽正如画家离不开画布一样。（介词for表示“供…使用”）

(3) what 引导的从句也可以放在句首,其句式是: What C is to D, that A is to B.(= A is to B what C is to D.)

在这一结构中，喻体在前，主体在后，相当于“just as...,so...”结构,意思也是“A对B而言正如C对D一样”

4.in that太陈旧和过于正式了；festival's month 很挫的所有格结构，需改为month of the festival5.保留介词结构(除非介词是of，有时允许变化)，一些结构，最好不要省略介词结构==>location, places, time, period, quantity or other measurements ，increase(也不要用物主格来描述这些词:比如The bee's population…. Orz)

for跟because差不多，但意义稍弱一点，for引导状语从句一般前面加逗号。

一般的介词只能接疑问词引导的宾语从句，不能接that引导的宾语从句。

但是 but that= except that；in that= because(还是有不同) 这三个介词+that从句属于例外，约定俗成的用法。-----from 白勇语法

5.able to be done；capable of being DONE；unable to be done都是不合理的
6.such A as B的结构，=A such as B
not only…but also

重新摘录一下prep提到过的用法

首先Not only…..but (also)表示的关系是递进, 其中also可以省略……….But/but also表示的是转折.

not only ...but also表示并列，不能表示转折，不要有先入为主的感觉认为not only...but also必须一起出现。单独出现but also是可能的

1) 在正常语序中: not only … but also 应连接两个相对称的并列成分。

在正常语序中: 短语本身不可以加入其它成份，比如变成：not only...but it also...是错误的（因为破坏了平衡）。

在倒装语序中短语本身可以加入其它成份。目前未经证实

2) not only … but also 连接两个主语时，谓语动词要和与其最近的主语保持人称和数的一致。

3) not only … 在倒装语序中but also 不能用在否定句中。

4) not only … but also 连接两个分句，并且 not only 位于句首时，第一个分句中的主语和谓语要部分倒装。

65. Digging in sediments in northern China, evidence has been gathered by scientists suggesting that complex life-forms emerged much earlier than they had previously thought

(A) evidence has been gathered by scientists suggesting that complex life-forms emerged much earlier than they had

(B) evidence gathered by scientists suggests a much earlier emergence of complex life-forms than had been

(D) scientists have gathered evidence that suggests a much earlier emergence of complex life-forms than that which was

(E) scientists have gathered evidence which suggests a much earlier emergence of complex life-forms than that

69. Affording strategic proximity to the Strait of Gibraltar, Morocco was also of interest to the French throughout the first half of the twentieth century because they assumed that if they did not hold it, their grip on Algeria was always insecure.

(A) if they did not hold it, their grip on Algeria was always insecure

(B) without it their grip on Algeria would never be secure

(D) without that, they could never be secure about their grip on Algeria

(E) never would their grip on Algeria be secure if they did not hold it

宾语位置的代词弱指代，不定指向谁。所以宾语位置的指代:

A)最好一定要保证前面只有一个可以指代的对象。，修改方法 AB it 改为， A it B ,或者重复名词

B)it 不要指代一个特别繁杂的介宾结构中的一个名词

C)it 不要离指代对象太远，还得跳过句子去找

此外，不要让these, those, this, that在宾语位置裸奔。

补充：XDF上课时老师说---without it 引导的含蓄条件句可以代替IF引导的条件句, 而且在选项中优先选.

作者: elleven806 时间: 2014-7-19 08:42
7.19
1.单词100             check
2.OG SC    53%    check
3.CR                   check

完成任务：

70. The first trenches that were cut into a 500-70. The first trenches that were cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, have yielded strong evidence for centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East that were arising simultaneously with but independently of the more celebrated city-states of southern Mesopotamia, in what is now southern Iraq.

A).that were cut into a 500acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, have yielded strong evidence for centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East that were arising simultaneously with but

B.)that were cut into a 500acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, yields strong evidence that centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East were arising simultaneously with but also

C).having been cut into a 500acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, have yielded strong evidence that centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East were arising simultaneously but

D).cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, yields strong evidence of centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East arising simultaneously but also

E).cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, have yielded strong evidence that centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East arose simultaneously with but

evidience 后面的修饰语太多，表达不清，应该改为用同位语从句来清楚地表达意思，evidence后面要跟同位语从句来说明evidence的具体内容

1.Evidence Prefer a that clause to a prepositional phrase:

hypothesis, idea, hope,expectation,suggestion, belief, discovery, evidence, indication, and report ==> that是同位语！

2.evidence后面要跟同位语从句来说明evidence的具体内容，而evidence for后面是要跟某个theory或idea来表达evidence支持该theory或idea的。如"evidence FOR evolution"是指支持进化论的证据。

4.having done

A) having done和having been done都不是动名词结构，因此不能充当名词成分！所以SC中，如果这两个结构做主语、宾语等，必错！

B) having done和having been done做后置定语，必错！

having done做后置定语，一般都要改成相应的定语从句

having been done做后置定语，一般都要改成相应的done做过去分词，或者改成定语从句

C) having done和having been done用于“with独立主格”中必错！

指with+ sb./sth+ having done/having been done这种情况

71. Along the major rivers that traverse the deserts of northeast Africa, the Middle East, and northwest India, the combination of a reliable supply of water and good growing conditions both encouraged farming traditions that, in places, endure inat least 6,000 years.

(A) good growing conditions both encouraged farming traditions that, in places, endure in

(B) good growing conditions encouraged farming traditions that have, in places, endured for

(D) of good growing conditions both encouraged farming traditions that have, in places, endured

(E) of good growing conditions encouraged farming traditions that have, in places, been enduring for

72. His studies of ice-polished rocks in his Alpine homeland, far outside the range of present-day glaciers, led Louis Agassiz in 1837 to propose the concept of an agein which great ice sheets had existed in now currently temperate areas.

(A) in which great ice sheets had existed in now currently temperate areas

(B) in which great ice sheets existed in what are now temperate areas

(D) when great ice sheets had existed in current temperate areas

(E) when great ice sheets existed in areas now that are temperate

疑问1.关于when/where和in which

一般的，in which比where精确，因为where可以是on which / under which等，但是in which 对句子表述更清晰，但不要用这个原则绝对化，关注是否还有其他错误。

这是XDF老师给的几个固定搭配：The year that A time when A period when An age in which
对于when和in which的区别：A time when=a time at which（不是 in which）

A period when=a period during which（不是 in which）
An age in which

when可以=on which和at which，=in which还是少，为了意思的精确，还是in which较好

5. to do A and (to) do B : to touch…. and thereby (to) activate 辅助识别平行项的几个插入词：then, as a result, in turn, thereby 这些词表示平起平坐
6.A means to do sth.= method for/of doing sth

识别平行，要根据逻辑来，形式上平行并不意味着逻辑意思合理；谓语平行，be动词相同可以省略

76. Combining enormous physical strength with higher intelligence, the Neanderthals appear as equipped for facing any obstacle the environment could put in their path, but their relatively sudden disappearance during the Paleolithic era indicates that an inability to adapt to some environmental change led to their extinction.

(A) appear as equipped for facing any obstacle the environment could put in their path,

(B) appear to have been equipped to face any obstacle the environment could put in their path,

(D) appeared as equipped to face any obstacle the environment could put in their paths,

(E) appeared to have been equipped for facing any obstacle the environment could put in their path,

思路：

A: appear to do/be是固定搭配，看起来像；equipped to do 是正确的， equipped for doing不符合习惯；

Appear as = show up as 揭露，露出 appear to do/appear to have been看起来像

句子结构Neanderthals appear…….，but their disappearance indicates……这样比较清晰

N似乎有能力，，，，他们的消失表明

77. A 1972 agreement between Canada and the United States reduced the amount of phosphates that municipalities had been allowed to dump into the Great Lakes.

(A) reduced the amount of phosphates that municipalities had been allowed to dump

(B) reduced the phosphate amount that municipalities had been dumping

(D) reduced the amount of phosphates that municipalities are allowed to dump

(E) reduces the amount of phosphates allowed for dumping by municipalities

THE only way for sb to do sth is to do ….平型结构相同的动词形式在一个句子中扮演这相同的功能

81.Fossils of the arm of a sloth found in Puerto Rico in 1991, and dated at 34 million years old, made it the earliest known mammal of the Greater Antilles Islands.

A sloth found in Puerto Rico in 1991, and dated at 34 million years old, made it the earliest known mammal of

B sloth, that they found in Puerto Rico in 1991, has been dated at 34 million years old, thus making it the earliest mammal known on

C.sloth that was found in Puerto Rico in 1991, was dated at 34 million years old, making this the earliest known mammal of

D.sloth, found in Puerto Rico in 1991, have been dated at 34 million years old, making the sloth the earliest known mammal on

E.sloth which, found in Puerto Rico in 1991, was dated at 34 million years old, made the sloth the earliest known mammal of

注：在选定觉得相对正确的语法结构后，不要忘记重读句子，看主谓是否能对上~~注意语义正确性~！！
   例如A. fossils make sloth....语义错！
         D.fossils have been dated...对！
         E.fossils was? dated at... 主谓不一致错！

6.宾语位置的代词弱指代，不定指向谁。所以宾语位置的指代:

A)最好一定要保证前面只有一个可以指代的对象。

B)不要指代一个特别繁杂的介宾结构中的一个名词

C)不要离指代对象太远，还得跳过句子去找

此外，不要让these, those, this, that在宾语位置裸奔。

7.总结：有三种结构在句首时，需要考虑逻辑主语是否合适：

【V-ing, SVO】【介词+ V-ing, SVO】【To do, SVO】 -ed ,SVO

三者都是状语，所以任何一者在句尾或句首，都不能和定语从句/同位语互换

A) that从句，若是两个不同主语的that从句修饰同一对象，两个从句that应补出，且在繁杂时，第二个that从句前应有逗号。

B)但如果是一个相同主语的情况时，可以省略主语，仅是谓宾的平行。此种情况与情况A的平行对象，在逻辑层次上并不相同，需揣测。

C) Concrete Noun自己平行, Action Noun可和Complex Gerunds平行，Simple Gerunds不可和前面任何平行。

作者: elleven806 时间: 2014-7-20 16:45

7.20

1.单词100
2.OG SC 30% 啊啊越来越低了正确率，泪。。
3CR

完成任务：

总结：

1.当出现比较的时候，一定要去感觉是谁跟谁在比，是两个词在比，还是两个句子在比，也就是两个状态。

2.Like做对比时的位置:

1. X, like Y, V+O;

2. Like Y, X+V+O;

3. X+V+O, like Y. 所有对比的对象都是X。

3.下面三种形式无区别（后两种强烈语气，不可以随意删掉so）前后都要用句子，不能只用短语。

Just as … , so … Just as you sow, so you will reap 主从句要尽量形式对称

Just as … , as … Just as you sow, as you will reap 主从句要尽量形式对称

Just as … , so too … 主句要部分倒装(so too后是主句) Just as you sow, so too will you reap

2.not just …but also…应该用平行结构 ,必须是but also 不能隔开
3.同位语:

A)修饰前方紧邻名词，一般不会出现跳跃结构【a phenomenon这样抽象的同位语指

代整句句意除外】，但可以指代前方紧邻的整个名词短语

B)a phenomenon这样的同位语，优于which这个破介词，尤其当指代前面整句话时

C)同位语双方一定要是可以同位的结构

补充：同位语的数可以和被修饰的东西数不一致，但主句谓语仍要和主句主语一致，

不和同位语一致。

4.the same…as…习语，as不能少

89. Salt deposits and moisture threaten to destroy the Mohenjo-Daro excavation in Pakistan, the site of an ancient civilizationthat flourished at the same time as the civilizations in the Nile Delta and the river valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates.

(A) that flourished at the same time as the civilizations

(B) that had flourished at the same time as had the civilizations

(D) flourishing at the same time as those did

(E) flourishing at the same time as those were

1.it是完全指代，包括前面名词的修饰词都一同在被指代；

2. that,those是核心词指代，代表一个"new copy",需要补充一些限定修饰成分来区别其是怎么不同于前面提到的那个东西的。此外，如果是一个东西的单数和new copies比较，一定要重复核心词，而非用those替代，因为those并无指代对象。

更多关于one, it, that，见PREP Q241

1.句尾定语和状语不可随意改变，常见错误有：把句尾名词的定语从句变成【, V-ing】形式或【with独立主格】形式。这两种变化都是错误的！定语和状语作用是不同的

2.after having done something是不可能对的

1) after已表示the sequence of events. 没有必要用having done来表示前后，having done 表示发生在主句动词之前

2) 可是after someone/something has/have done something是acceptable; 如果变成after someone/something did something也可以. 但这个结构只是为了强调是【影响】，而不是为了强调其与后发生的事情的先后顺序。

3: 状语从句的省略：

第一点，状语从句的主语一定要是主句的主语，即状语从句动作的逻辑主语是主句主语。

第二点，状语从句中的working verb一定是be动词，但不要求主句的working verb也是be动词。所以，状从省略可看为状从中省略了主语和be动词，且同省同留。

形式：

(1)正确形式: 表示时间/条件/转折/让步的连词(when/while/if/unless/although/even though/even if) + 形容词短语/-ing短语/-ed短语(逻辑主语等于句子主语) (所以when a child/ when children是错的； if + n.也是错的)

(2)错误形式:表示时间/条件/转折的连词 + 介词短语/名词短语 (although just inside the orbit of Jupiter是错的)(OG10-69)

(3)特殊情况

nce可以加介词短语/名词短语; whatever可以加名词短语

4.时态提示词：区分一般过去时和现在完成时的时态词：

A)一般过去时：ago, in the past, previously, in XXX, originally, initially

B)现在完成时：ever since, in/within/during+ the last/past +XXX

注意，since不能加时间段，只能是具体时间

总结：Helping Verbs=> do,be,have

A)如果用Helping Verbs替代主句Working Verb,被Helping Verb替代的词，一定在前句中出现过。==>即be动词对be动词, do对实意动词, have对完成时

B)有时, Helping Verb是用来替代主句中某个被强调的动词的(不是Working Verb)，此时，被替代的动词形式应该与Helping Verb一致。

C)在比较结构(或对比结构)中，时态发生变化了，后句be动词绝对不能省略。 ==>反向考点：be动词省略了，意味着前后时态一致。

现在完成时表目前已完成的动作，强调对现在的影响。时间是算到你说话的时候为止，而且现在完成时有一些标志性的时间状语：

1．for+时间段；I have learned English for ten years．

2．常见的副词：lately；recently, just，up to now, till now, so far, these days， in the past few years／months／weeks／days

3．注意：for+时间段；since+时间点 They have lived in Beijing for five years． They have lived in Beijing since l995．

4．This is the first time that I have watched stars through a telescope．第几次做某事，后面跟现在完成时。

总结：

关于同位语用法中的the和逗号（如B选项中的TM, the jazz pianist and composer）--摘自Manhattan：

1. 如果把职位、称号放在人名前面，如果没有冠词，或者有定冠词，就不用逗号（本题的情况）。

example:
Jazz pianist and composer Thelonious Monk ... --> correct

注意：

(1) .但有要注意：当职位、称号前是定冠词时，如果是第一次提到某人，是不必用逗号的

example:
The author Ernest Hemingway was known for his drunken and violent escapades.
--> here we are introducing hemingway, so we don't use a comma.

(2) if you have already introduced two or more people, but you are using "THE (description) to single out one of them, then you DO use a comma.

example：

Among her friends were an author and a painter; the author, Ernest Hemingway, went on to become an icon of American literature.
--> we've already introduced "the author"; this time we use a comma to single him out.

如果你已经引用了两个或多个人，但是你正在使用the 去挑选出他们中的一个，这是需要使用一个逗号。

2. 如果前面有不定冠词，就要用逗号。

example

A jazz pianist and composer, Thelonious Monk ... --> correct

3. 如果前面不是职位、称号，而是一个形容词，那就要用逗号。

example:
Creative and original, Thelonious Monk ... --> correct

92. Thelonious Monk, who was a jazz pianist and composer, produced a body of work both rooted in the stride-piano tradition of Willie (The Lion) Smith and Duke Ellington, yet in many ways he stood apart from the mainstream jazz repertory.

(A) Thelonious Monk, who was a jazz pianist and composer, produced a body of work both rooted

(B) Thelonious Monk, the jazz pianist and composer, produced a body of work that was rooted both

(D) Jazz pianist and composer Thelonious Monk produced a body of work that was rooted

(E) Jazz pianist and composer Thelonious Monk produced a body of work rooted both

try to do 表目的 try doing 尝试

Be referred to 被提及 be referred as 被称为

比较句中 more要有所修饰， more adj than 尽量不要去变动more的位置

有difference from和difference/distinction between A and B没有distinction from

ie/ lay做动词时用法说明

lie为不及物动词；lay为及物动词。

lie : 1.lie - lied - lied 撒谎

2.lie - lay - lain 躺着；平放，展现

lay : lay - laid - laid 产卵，下蛋；放，搁

1.看到although, even though, while等词的时候，也要有反应。此时，也是对比，要努力搞清什么和什么对比：【是横向两个事物，纵向不同情况？亦或是整体和个体，或两个看似矛盾的事情？】总之，要抓到矛盾点。

2状语从句连用会很awkward，尤其是两个状语从句都省略了句子主语的情况下。

比较

1.碰见比较的题，如果是同一个时期，或者同一个集体里面的不同成员作比较，要记得用other排几。

2.than后面有ａｎｙ　，就要考虑是否需要ｏｔｈｅｒ，一般情况下都是需要的。此处ａｎｙ加强语气，ｏｔｈｅｒ排己。

作者: elleven806 时间: 2014-7-23 12:08
7.23

1.being是可以充当主语的，只是在某些其他情况下being是个不好的形式.；正如doing sth.做主语一样，无需强调doing动作的发出者是什么主句主语或逻辑主语

a course of action是泛指，后面应该用One指代更为合适

Be committed to 致力于

2.pronoun:

they, their, it,them,都是完整指代，即指代包含了被指对象的所有修饰成分

**注意仅仅是修饰词，如：

In Japan elderly people are treated with far greater respect than they are in most Western countries.如果前面的elderly people没有其他修饰，后面时可以用they来指代的。

2) one和that，those是核心词指代。

3) that , one , it 的区别

that , one , it 的区别--aeoluseros:

I. it／one ／that三者均可用作代词, 指代前面提到的名词。一般说来, it指代同名同物; one与that则指代同名异物。

I have lost my umbrella; I'm looking for it. （该句中it就是指前面的my umbrella）

I have lost my umbrella; I think I must buy one. （one在该句中表泛指, 因为my umbrella已经丢了）

The umbrella you bought is cheaper than that I bought. （替代词that在该句中特指“the umbrella I bought”, 以区别“the umbrella you bought”）

II. one与that虽可用来指代同名异物, 但one为泛指, 相当于a／an＋名词; that为特指, 相当于the ＋名词。所以one所指代的名词的修饰语一般为 a／an ／some ／any; that所指代的名词的修饰语往往是the ／this ／that。

III. one只能代替可数名词单数, 代替可数名词复数时用ones; that既可以代替不可数名词也可以代替可数名词单数, 代替可数名词复数时用 those。

IV. one既可代替事物, 也可代替人, that只能代替事物而不能代替人

VI. it可以替代句中的不定式或从句等, 充当形式主语或形式宾语。one与that均无此用法。

100. Heavy commitment by an executive to a course of action, especially if it has worked well in the past, makes it likely to miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpret them when they do appear.

(A) Heavy commitment by an executive to a course of action, especially if it has worked well in the past, makes it likely to miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpret them when they do appear.

(B) An executive who is heavily committed to a course of action, especially one that worked well in the past, makes missing signs of incipient trouble or misinterpreting ones likely when they do appear.

(C) An executive who is heavily committed to a course of action is likely to miss or misinterpret signs of incipient trouble when they do appear, especially if it has worked well in the past.

(D) Executives’ being heavily committed to a course of action, especially if it has worked well in the past, makes them likely to miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpreting them when they do appear.

(E) Being heavily committed to a course of action, especially one that has worked well in the past, is likely to make an executive miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpret them when they do appear.

3.ACCESS to sth 固定搭配

less 是修饰不可数名词的，不能修饰可数的limitations

whose既可以指代人也可以指代物

4.having done
A) having done和having been done都不是动名词结构，因此不能充当名词成分！

所以SC中，如果这两个结构做主语、宾语等，必错！

B) having done和having been done做后置定语（限定型），必错！

having done做后置定语，一般都要改成相应的定语从句

having been done做后置定语，一般都要改成相应的done做过去分词，或者改成定语从句

C) having done和having been done用于“with独立主格”中必错！

指with+ sb./sth+ having done/having been done这种情况

D)having done可以做非限定性修饰，不能做限定性修饰。

E) having done短语中所表达的内容发生在主句动作之前

F) When having done 结构一定错错，因为不应该有 when。详见prep1 Q188

5.修饰语+修饰语+主句错，因为修饰对象很容易混乱；

1.主谓要比较靠近，但不能一味为了主谓靠近，就把各种introductory elements扔在句首，要找到平衡。<但是，把状语放于句首，再加一个与状语紧密关系的从句，这又是允许的>

2.代词的指代顺序一般是主语核心词、宾语、表语、修饰语中的名词

3.夹心修饰：【，V-ing，】以及【,介词短语,】这两种结构，不知中间结构修饰前句还是后句，故夹心修饰。

4. 多个代词多个鬼，尤其是在无语义贡献的时候。在连接两个句子层次的时候，从句来的要比代词更有效。

可以避免歧义，it一般不指代介词短语中的名词，优先指代主语，如果主语是人或者复数不能指代，则指代宾语. which之所以要跳过介词结构是因为：其原本应该紧邻所修饰的核心名词，但是因为which的内容太长，而介词、分词等修饰结构又很短，所以把which结构后置了。

3..conceive的固定搭配

(cannot) conceive of (doing) something

conceive that （不用虚拟语气）

conceive of something/somebody as something

conceive what/why/how etc

conceive sth. (such as idea)

107. While it costs about the same to run nuclear plants as other types of power plants, it is the fixed costs that stem from building nuclear plants that makes it more expensive for them to generate electricity.

(A) While it costs about the same to run nuclear plants as other types of power plants, it is the fixed costs that stem from building nuclear plants that makes it more expensive for them to generate electricity.

(B) While the cost of running nuclear plants is about the same as for other types of power plants, the fixed costs that stem from building nuclear plants make the electricity they generate more expensive.

(C) Even though it costs about the same to run nuclear plants as for other types of power plants, it is the fixed costs that stem from building nuclear plants that makes the electricity they generate more expensive.

(D) It costs about the same to run nuclear plants as for other types of power plants, whereas the electricity they generate is more expensive, stemming from the fixed costs of building nuclear plants.

(E) The cost of running nuclear plants is about the same as other types of power plants, but the electricity they generate is made more expensive because of the fixed costs stemming from building nuclear plants.

aid in doing

111. A mutual fund having billions of dollars in assets will typically invest that money in hundreds of companies, rarely holding more than one percent of the shares of any particular corporation.

(A) companies, rarely holding more than one percent

(B) companies, and it is rare to hold at least one percent or more

(D) companies, so that they rarely hold more than one percent

(E) companies; rarely do they hold one percent or more

作者: elleven806 时间: 2014-7-24 10:44

7.24

1.单词100          check
2.OG SC 60%    check
3CR                   check

完成内容：

1.Take turns to do/doing还是to do与doing的区别

……to do指开始着手进行尚未开始的事情

……doing指正在做已经开始的事情

2.except in/by/to：除了
3.总结：

1.excepting多用于否定意义的句子：The use of excepting is considered by many people to be acceptable only after not, only, always, or without.

Eg:

Everyone helped, not excepting John

We must all obey the law, not [without] excepting the king.

1. but:常可与 except互换，强调"不在其中"。

例： Everyone attended the meeting but Mary.大家都出席了这次会议，但玛丽不在其列。

2. besides:强调"除此之外，还包括"。

例： She can speak French and Japanese besides English.除英语外，她还会讲法语和日语。

3.apart from:其含义主要依据上下文而定，有时可与except换用，有时可代替besides.

例： Apart from the coat, the hat doesn't suit me.除了外套，这帽子也不适合我戴。

120. The World Wildlife Fund has declared that global warming, a phenomenon most scientists agree to be caused by human beings in burning fossil fuels, will create havoc among migratory birds by altering the environment in ways harmful to their habitats.

(A) a phenomenon most scientists agree to be caused by human beings in burning fossil fuels,

(B) a phenomenon most scientists agree that is caused by fossil fuels burned by human beings,

(D) which most scientists agree on as a phenomenon caused by human beings who burn fossil fuels,

(E) which most scientists agree to be a phenomenon caused by fossil fuels burned by human beings,

总结：摘自prep 08 :

C:一个普遍的误读是：说most scientists agree 是插入语，虽然是没加逗号！（此解释绝对是误人子弟！！！）
今天我翻遍章振邦的《新编英语语法》（CD上有下载），在1193—1395页赫然发现一个语法词条——嵌入式关系分句，详解如下：
“有一种关系分句（即定语从句），它既是先行项的后置修饰语（即定语），同时又是另外一个分句结构的宾语（即宾语从句）”此分句结构就被嵌入在定语从句中，即嵌入式关系分句。
该书举例：

In his breast-pocket he had a patch of scarlet, which i suppose was the paper cap serving as a handkerchief.
注意两点：

1）从句which was the paper cap serving as a handkerchief 首先是 patch of scarlet的定语从句。

2）从句which（patch of scarlet） was the paper cap serving as a handkerchief 也是i suppose 的宾语从句，即I suppose （that）the patch of scarlet was the paper cap serving as a handkerchief 。

综上所述，当一个定语从句同时是另一个主谓结构的宾语从句是，就可以写为嵌入式关系分句

词的平行的主要原则：

Concrete Noun（具体名词）自己平行, Action Noun可和Complex Gerunds平行，Simple Gerunds不可和前面任何平行。

Be capable of doing /capability of sb to do /capability of doing

1.claim的用法（摘自朗文当代词典4th）

Claim that

Claim to do(be)

Claim sb/sth As sth

can, able to, capable of doing的区分：

先说用法：can可以跟人，可以跟物，表达的是一种主观，"能或不能"；be able to一定程度上是可以和can互换的，看时态和用法；

be capable of doing表示"客观的能/可以"，就是客观上"可不可以"，并不是主观上"能不能",主语可以是人可以是物。其其他用法：the ability of sb. to do sth. capability of sb. to do/ of doing

错误用法：ability+ of doing/ ability +for sb to do/ability+ for doing的说法。

总结：摘自prep08

一、倍数表达法

1、twice的用法：

twice as many…as; twice as much…as;

twice + n.(可以是代词，比如that); twice + what从句;

*：一个大家常误会的句子：

The farm has more than twice as many cows as it has pigs.: 农场有多于猪两倍多的牛的数量（农场牛的数量比猪的两倍还要多）。（很多人会误读为猪比牛多。）

解读方法：可以类比一下A has B twice as many as C这个比较句型也可以写为A has twice as many B as C. 所以句子的核心是A has B，即：The farm has cows.

详细解读：twice as …as中前一个as是副词，more than twice as修饰many；而as it has pigs中的as自然是个连词，所以后面跟的是一个adverbial clause（状语从句/副词从句），而as…as句型比较特殊，后面的as要与前面as所修饰的内容相呼应，所以as it has pigs应该与前面as所修饰的对象many相呼应，即as it has pigs也是修饰了many。不管怎么说as it has pigs都不是核心成分。这样翻译过来就是农场有牛，相当于两倍多的猪。故，牛多猪少。

2、用动词表达倍数：

double/triple/quadruple/quintuple/sextuple ----》这些动词可以做形容词(double还能做adv, predeterminer)

sth. double sth.; sth. is doubled; sth. double(adj.);

(2)as much as twice the apples(much与apples矛盾)（要改为twice as many apples as; sth. double sth.）

*：这几个动词可以用主动也可以用被动，但是不能和as搭配;（差不多记住这句话就可以）

3、…times(或数字) as + 形容词或副词+as;

4、sb. be + 百分数 + more likely (to do sth.) than to do sth.(前面的to do 能省，后面的不能省)

如：at least fifty percent less likely than those who are sedentary to die of a heart attack

5、表达倍数用“… times + more +adj.+than（略有歧义），… time as +adj.+as”都正确

6、三类表示倍数的形容词为：twofold, threefold, fourfold, tenfold等。以twofold为例，其意思为two times as much or as many of something。该类词为形容词，多用于构成形容词＋名词的词组，如：a threefold increase in revenue，少用于比较两个事物之间的倍数关系。

二、章振邦语法中介绍的倍数表达法：

i. x times(twice) + the + n. (twice还能做determiner)

ii. x times adj. (比较形式) than

iii. x times as adj. as 注意里面的adj.要和前面的名词匹配

A do x times as adj. … x as B do

iv. x times + what 分句 (名词性从句相当于名词)

v. x-fold

vi. double, triple, quadruple, quintuple, sextuple

补充：persuade用法

~sb. to do sth

~sb. into doing sth

~sb. of sth

~sb that

作者: elleven806 时间: 2014-7-25 10:56

7.24

1.单词100
2.OG SC 50%
3.CR

完成任务：

while前后句子之结构要求并列相对, 在比较成分前后都是句子的情况下

1. 比较：

(1) whereas = while（while前后句子之结构要求并列相对）

(2) whereas连接的平行比较只要求对比的核心逻辑上有对称关系，不要求对称位置必须是对称名词

*：但是如果whereas后面接介词短语，那么主句的开头也必须需要是介词短语(whereas后出现介词短语或者状语都会非常对称)，如果whereas后接单纯主谓宾（或主系表），主句也要尽量用单纯的主谓宾（或主系表）来对应，

(3) 标准书面语中，like/unlike后只加名词(不一定具体名词)表比较，不能加不定式短语,分词短语(prep 1-54 unlike cooking with speices错),句子或介短。（后面接这些东西的时候unlike要改为whereas等等）。

(4) like/unlike是严格的硬梆梆比较，比较对象必须严格对等，中间不能插入任何成分比如介词短语

date to 后面是ago，而date at 后面是old。

作者: elleven806 时间: 2014-8-7 09:30

8.7

1.单词100           check
2.OG SC
   第一组 80%  !!! （4—20，35 mins)
   第二组 40%    （12—20，32mins)
3.CR

1. need sth. for sth.  need sth to do

2. 句子完整结构 (结合前面提到的run-on)

1) S+V1+O1 and V2+O2.是很常见的结构. and之后的主语是S, 可是被省了.

2) S+V1+O1, and pronoun(指代S)+V2+O2. 也是很常见的结构.

一般在and之后用pronoun指代S作主语是因为and跟S的距离太远.

3) S+V1+O1 and pronoun(指代S)+V2+O2. 被OG10列为run-onsentence，但如果这两个主谓宾的并列是同在一个分句里（而这个分句又与句子的其他成分并列），则这样的结构也是允许的。

4) 对于S+V1+O1, and V2+O2.结构，and前并不经常补出逗号，通常and前补出逗号是因为前面是插入语一定需要逗号，或者是为了让句子结构更为清晰，比如前面是定语从句，防止第二个谓语动词V2与定语从句中的动词并列；又比如本题的C选项加了逗号，the yellowjacket’s stinger is comparatively smooth, and can therefore be pulled out andused：used和pulled自己独自成为平行，两者组成的小团体又和前面的is平行，如果都连着写，那么会给读者一个is和used平行的印象（虽然我们并不一定会那么读，但是加了逗号更为清晰了）。

**: 要提醒的一点是，GMAT中逗号不会作为判断一个选项正确与否的唯一考点。

1. 搭配：

(1) Aim, goal, intention,objective, function, way, method, purpose + be + to do当然最常用的还是method of doing/fordoing

(2) Use, cite, function,regard, think/conceive of, view, act + as

(3) Consider, deem, make,call, find, elect+宾语+宾补

Unlike the shortflights of the shuttle and earlier spacecraft, which carried sufficient powerin fuel cells and batteries, a permanently orbiting space station will haveto generate its own electricity.

A. the short flights of the shuttle and earlier spacecraft, which carriedsufficient power in fuel cells and batteries,

B. the shuttle and earlier spacecraft, with sufficient enough power in fuelcells and batteries for their short flights,

C. the short flights of the shuttle and earlier spacecraft, which enabledthem to carry sufficient enough power in fuel cells and batteries,

D. the shuttle and earlierspacecraft, which were capable of carrying sufficient power in fuel cells andbatteries for their short flights, (D)

E. the flights of the shuttle and earlier spacecraft, whose shortnessallowed them to carry sufficient power in fuel cells and batteries,

Not one of the potentialinvestors is expected to make an offer to buy First Interstate Bank until amerger agreement is signed that includes a provision for penalties if the dealwere not to be concluded.

A. is expected to make an offer to buy First Interstate Bank until a mergeragreement is signed that includes a provision for penalties if the deal were

B. is expected to make an offer for buying First Interstate Bank until theysign a merger agreement including a provision for penalties if the deal was

C. is expected to make an offer to buy First Interstate Bank until a mergeragreement be signed by them with a provision for penalties if the deal were

D. are expected to make anoffer for buying First Interstate Bank until it signs a merger agreement with aprovision for penalties included if the deal was (A)

E. are expected to be making an offer to buy First Interstate Bank untilthey sign a merger agreement including a provision for penalties if the dealwere

prep.+one’s+doing往往是不简洁的，要多加留意

作者: elleven806 时间: 2014-8-8 09:37
8.8

Turningaway from literary realism to write romantic stories about the peasant life andlandscape of northern Sweden, in 1909 Selma Lagerlöf was the novelist whobecame the first woman and was also the first Swedish writer to win theNobel Prize for Literature.

A.Turning away from literary realism to write romantic stories about the peasantlife and landscape of northern Sweden, in 1909 Selma Lagerlöf was the novelist who became the first woman and was also the first Swedish writer to win

B. She turned away from literary realism and wrote romantic stories about the peasantlife and landscape of northern Sweden, and novelist Selma Lagerlöf in 1909 becamethe first woman as well as the first Swedish writer that won She无指代，and novelist Selma使得两个分句分裂成两个人的事

C. SelmaLagerlöf was a novelist who turned away from literary realism to write romanticstories about the peasant life and landscape of northern Sweden, and in 1909she became the first woman in addition to the first Swedish writer winning

D. Anovelist who turned away from literary realism to write romantic stories aboutthe peasant life and landscape of northern Sweden, Selma Lagerlöf became in1909 the first woman and also the first Swedish writer to win

E. As anovelist, Selma Lagerlöf turned away from literary realism and wrote romantic stories about the peasant life and landscape of northern Sweden, in 1909 becoming the first woman and also the first Swedish writer that won

1.there are表示的是自然存在，不能用于concerns之前

1. 时间状语通常位于句首或句尾，即便无法位于句首或句尾，也应该尽量靠向两边，不过注意一点：放句尾要小心，因为很可能前面就是个名词，然后就变定语了。

2. prep.+ n.的位置非常容易引起歧义，因为它既可以做定语也可以做状语，不管在句中还是句尾，只要是在名词后面都要特别小心。

3. 另外还见过S1 V1 that S2 V2 at thesame time引起歧义的：如果atthe same time逻辑上要修饰V1，而距离上却离V2更近，所以产生了修饰V2的歧义（或者有时被形容为既可以修饰V1，也可以修饰V2）。

238. (GWD-4-4)

A new hair-growth drugis being sold for three times the price, per milligram, as the drug'smaker charges for another product with the same active ingredient.

A. as

B. than

C. that

D. of what (C)

E. at which

239. (GWD-12-Q3)

Were it not for thefusion-powered heat and radiation that rush from its core, instead its ownweight would cause a star to collapse.

A. instead its own weight would cause a star to collapse

B. instead a star would have collapsed under its own weight

C. a star would have to be collapsing under its own weight

D. a star would collapseunder its own weight (D)

E. its own weight would have caused a star’s collapse

1. 虚拟语气：

虚拟条件句的四种形式：

But for N, S +should/would/cold/might + V / (have Vpp.) 若不是N, S应该….

= If it were not / (hadnot been) for N

= Were it not for N / (Had it not been for N)

= Without N（介词只有without可表虚拟语气

242. (GWD-1-Q38)

Retail sales rose 8/10of 1 percent in August, intensifying expectations that personal spending inthe July-September quarter more than doubled that of the 1.4 percent growthrate in personal spending for the previous quarter.

A. that personal spending in the July-September quarter more than doubledthat of

B. that personal spending in the July-September quarter would more thandouble

C. of personal spending in the July-September quarter, that it more thandoubled

D. of personal spending inthe July-September quarter more than doubling that of (B)

E. of personal spending in the July-September quarter, that it would morethan double that of

especially强调严重性，specially强调特殊性

especially是表示程度

specially表示特殊

1. "an overwhelming proportion of ..."是一个数量表达，逻辑上本身虽然是单数，但是语法上却视为复数，，因为它所代表的women是复数的，还有很多类似的表达比如percentages,proportions, fractions等。

Researchers agreed thatthe study of new treatments for heart attack patients was extremely importantbut more research was needed to determine that balloon angioplasty precededwith ultrasound was or was not any better for heart attack patients thanthe balloon procedure by itself.

A. more research was needed to determine that balloon angioplasty precededwith ultrasound was or was not any better for heart attack patients than

B. more research was needed for determining whether or not balloonangioplasty preceded by ultrasound is any better for heart attack patients thanis

C. that more research was needed to determine whether balloon angioplastypreceded by ultrasound is any better for heart attack patients than

D. that more research wasneeded to determine that balloon angioplasty preceded with ultrasound was anybetter for heart attack patients than (C)

E. that more research was needed for determining that balloon angioplastypreceded by ultrasound is or is not any better for heart attack patients thanis

1. whether or not的使用：

在引导宾从的时候只能够用whether，而不能加or not，否则累赘；

在引导状从的时候必须加上ornot，即whether or not。

1. 一般的介词只能接疑问词引导的宾语从句，不能接that引导的宾语从句。但是but that=except that；in that=because(还是有不同) 这三个介词+that从句属于例外，约定俗成的用法。-----from 白勇语法

2. whether表示列举时候的用法：whetherA, B, or C.

1. estimate的固定用法：

estimate (that)（不需加原V）

estimate + N + to beN(adj) (prep 2-51)

estimate + N + at/to be+数量词

*：Manhattan中认为估价的话要用to be，

比如RIGHT: She ESTIMATES the cost TO BE ten dollars.

WRONG: She ESTIMATES the cost ATten dollars.

如：40 to 44 million years是时间概念，要用estimated to be 40 to 44million years old.

1. conclude的固定搭配：

(1) conclude by doingsth./ conclude with sth.：以……结束，借此后面接的是结束的方式、行为

file:///C:/Users/APPLE/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.pngShe concluded by saying she was proud to be from Salford.

file:///C:/Users/APPLE/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.pngEach chapter concludes with a short summary.

(2) conclude to ：达成……而结束

*:conclude可以做及物动词也可以做不及物动词

be known to have done sth的问题：当be known 和 do sth的发生的时间一致时，用be known to do sth；而do sth发生在be known之前时，则要用be known to have donesth。

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