ChaseDream

标题: GRE历年真题解析（连载） [打印本页]

作者: 灌冰 时间: 2014-7-2 14:18
标题: GRE历年真题解析（连载）
[attach]145534[/attach]
第一：我用的这套gre历年真题是陈琦团队整理的，如有不妥，请告知我，随时撤下。
第二：按照这套真题的顺序，由简入难，从最简单的level 1开始，我将努力分析每篇阅读，并及时发上来，但是其中有些文章肯定会有分析错误，所以请大家帮我提出来，大家一起讨论，这才是我发这个贴的主要目的。
第三：分析当中涉及一些概念:TW主题词，TS主题句，KW论点，aw-为负评价（可看做论点），aw+正评价（可看做论点），a\b\c\d\e\f\g….都为说明性内容或者论据。
7月27日，level 1 的33篇文章已全部分析完，现在讲完整的pdf版放上来，pdf的内容稍有不同，是我重新又修正过的，所有解析以pdf为准！

[attach]146688[/attach]

1.       The molecules of carbon dioxide
   The molecules of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere affect the heat balance of the Earth by acting as a one-way screen. Although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths, where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated, to pass through, they absorb some of the longer-wavelength, infrared emissions radiated from the Earth’s surface, radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space. For the Earth to maintain a constant average temperature, such emissions from the planet must balance incoming solar radiation. If there were no carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, heat would escape from the Earth much more easily. The surface temperature would be so much lower that the oceans might be a solid mass of ice.
   Today, however, the potential problem is too much carbon dioxide. The burning of fossil fuels and the clearing of forests have increased atmospheric carbon dioxide by about 15 percent in the last hundred years, and we continue to add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Could the increase in carbon dioxide cause a global rise in average temperature, and could such a rise have serious consequences for human society? Mathematical models that allow us to calculate the rise in temperature as a function of the increase indicate that the answer is probably yes.
   Under present conditions a temperature of-18℃ can be observed at an altitude of 5 to 6 kilometers above the Earth. Below this altitude (called the radiating level), the temperature increases by about 6℃ per kilometer approaching the Earth’s surface, where the average temperature is about 15℃. An increase in the amount of carbon dioxide means that there are more molecules of carbon dioxide to absorb infrared radiation. As the capacity of the atmosphere to absorb infrared radiation increases, the radiating level and the temperature of the surface must rise.
   One mathematical model predicts that doubling the atmospheric carbon dioxide would raise the global mean surface temperature by 2.5℃. This model assumes that the atmosphere’s relative humidity remains constant and the temperature decreases with altitude at a rate of 6.5℃ per kilometer. The assumption of constant relative humidity is important, because water vapor in the atmosphere is another efficient absorber of radiation at infrared wavelengths. Because warm air can hold more moisture than cool air, the relative humidity will be constant only if the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere increases as the temperature rises. Therefore, more infrared radiation would be absorbed and reradiated back to the Earth’s surface. The resultant warming at the surface could be expected to melt snow and ice, reducing the Earth’s reflectivity. More solar radiation would then be absorbed, leading to a further increase in temperature.
第一段：
1句：TW’  提出本文的主题词（carbon dioxide）
2句：TW’ 的说明性内容a
3句：TW’ 说明性内容 b
4句：TW’ 说明性内容 c
5句：TW’ 说明性内容 d
第二段：
1句：提出问题，及本文真正的主题句TS （problem is too much carbon dioxide）
2句：TS 说明性内容a
3句：TS’,  与TS对应，不同的形式，一样的意思。
4句：KW论点（the answer is probably yes）(简单说就是carbon dioxide导致global rise in temperature导致serious consequences)
第三段：
1句：KW的说明性内容说（论据）a1
2句：KW的说明性内容a2
3句：KW的说明性内容a3(carbon dioxide导致吸收更多的radiation)
4句：KW的说明性内容a4(radiation 导致 rise of temperature )
第四段：
1句：KW的说明性内容b,同时也是第四段的论点kw1
2句：KW1的说明性内容（论据）a1
3句：KW1的说明性内容a2
4句：KW1的说明性内容a3
5句：KW1的说明性内容a4
总结：
本文为现象解释型。
第一段介绍背景信息（carbon dioxide如何影响heat balance）；
第二段首句提出本文论题，主题句TS(carbon dioxide太多是个问题 )，最后一句提出作者论点KW（carbon dioxide导致temperature升高会进而导致serious consequences）；
第三段对论点KW提出论据，做出详细解释。到第三段最后一句话实际上都还没用点出serious consequences是什么，单单是temperature升高不能算是一个问题。
第四段实际还是继续对第二段末句KW的论述，作用也是作为论据。但该段第一句可以看做该段的论点，也就是既是KW的论据b，也是第四段的论点KW1。而且KW1其实才是KW提到的serious consequence。第四段从第2句到最后一句，讲的是一个连锁反应机制，解释了kw1从发生到最后的serious consequnence的发生过程。

B 17.       The primary purpose of the passage is to（主题题）
(A) warn of the dangers of continued burning of fossil fuels（fossil fuels 只是论据中提到的一个点，不能以点概面）
(B) discuss the significance of increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere（不是很懂问什么选这个）
(C) explain how a constant temperature is maintained on the Earth’s surface(第一段的内容，只是全文的一部分，不能以点概面)
(D) describe the ways in which various atmospheric and climatic conditions contribute to the Earth’s weather（重点不在这，虽然有提到不同的方式导致气候变化）
(E) demonstrate the usefulness of mathematical models in predicting long-range climatic change（用意不在展示usefulness，方向搞错了。）
B 18.       According to the passage, the greatest part of the solar energy that reaches the Earth is（细节题）
(A) concentrated in the infrared spectrum
(B) concentrated at visible wavelengths（由第一段第二句得出）
(C) absorbed by carbon dioxide molecules
(D) absorbed by atmospheric water vapor
(E) reflected back to space by snow and ice
A 19.       According to the passage, atmospheric carbon dioxide performs all of the following functions EXCEPT:（细节题）
(A) absorbing radiation at visible wavelengths（由第一段第二句可知visible wavelengths 是pass through.）
(B) absorbing infrared radiation
(C) absorbing outgoing radiation from the Earth
(D) helping to retain heat near the Earth’s surface
(E) helping to maintain a constant average temperature on the Earth’s surface
E 20.       Which of the following best describes the author’s attitude toward the increasing amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and its consequences?（态度题）
(A) Incredulous(没有表示出怀疑)
(B) Completely detached（过于绝对）
(C) Interested but skeptical（没有怀疑）
(D) Angry yet resigned（没有愤怒）
(E) Objective yet concerned
B 21.       It can be concluded from information contained in the passage that the average temperature at an altitude of 1 kilometer above the Earth is about（推断题）
(A) 15℃
(B) 9℃（由第三段第二句可知，地面温度为15，由地面往上走每一公里温度降6）
(C) 2.5℃
(D) -12℃
(E) -18℃
D 22.       It can be inferred from the passage that the construction of the mathematical model mentioned in the passage involved the formulation of which of the following?（推断题，这道题我不会。。。）
(A) An assumption that the amount of carbon dioxide added to the atmosphere would in reality steadily increase
(B) An assumption that human activities are the only agencies by which carbon dioxide is added to the atmosphere
(C) Assumptions about the social and political consequences of any curtailment of the use of fossil fuels
(D) Assumptions about the physical conditions that are likely to prevail during the period for which the model was made
(E) Assumptions about the differential behavior of carbon dioxide molecules at the various levels of temperature calculated in the model
D 23.       According to the passage, which of the following is true of the last hundred years?（细节题）
(A) Fossil fuels were burned for the first time.
(B) Greater amounts of land were cleared than at any time before.
(C) The average temperature at the Earth’s surface has become 2℃ cooler.
(D) The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased measurably.（第二段第二句明确指出15%）
(E) The amount of farmland worldwide has doubled.

2.       All of Francoise Duparc’s
   All of Francoise Duparc’s surviving paintings blend portraiture and genre. Her subjects appear to be acquaintances whom she has asked to pose; she has captured both their self-consciousness and the spontaneity of their everyday activities, the depiction of which characterizes genre painting. But genre painting, especially when it portrayed members of the humblest classes, was never popular in eighteenth-century France. The Le Nain brothers and Georges de La Tour, who also chose such themes, were largely ignored. Their present high standing is due to a different, more democratic political climate and to different aesthetic values: we no longer require artists to provide ideal images of humanity for our moral edification but rather regard such idealization as a falsification of the truth. Duparc gives no improving message and discreetly refrains from judging her subjects. In brief, her works neither elevate nor instruct. This restraint largely explains her lack of popular success during her lifetime, even if her talent did not go completely unrecognized by her eighteenth-century French contemporaries.
1句：提出本文的TW：本文重点讲述Francoise Duparc绘画以及画里的portraiture 和 genre。
2句：TS的说明性内容a：self-consciousness and the spontaneity逻辑等价于genre。
3句：提出KW：genre painting were never popular in 18th century.
4句:  KW的论据a：‘Le Nain brothers and Georges de La Tour were largely ignored’其中ignore 对应前面的never popular.
5句：KW论据a’：‘Their present high standing’ 其中present 和18th century 对应，从反面来论述；这句话主要讲述了现代genre painting 的high standing 的原因，是因为different politic climate and aesthetic values，分号后面做具体说明，no longer 逻辑对应different，ideal images 对应such idealization.
6句：KW论据b：no improving message 逻辑对应ideal images，judging her subjects 逻辑对应moral education.
7句： KW论据b’：此句与上句意思基本一样，elevate对应improving message对应ideal images, instruct 对应moral education.
8句：KW’逻辑对应KW，重述论点。
总结：
本文为评述型文章。首句提出讨论的对象。第二句做具体说明。第三句提出论点。此后各句为逻辑并列关系，都未论点KW服务。

C 24.       According to the passage, modern viewers are not likely to value which of the following qualities in a painting?（推理题）
(A) The technical elements of the painting
(B) The spontaneity of the painting
(C) The moral lesson imparted by the painting（由第5句得出，we no longer require …. moral edification）
(D) The degree to which the painting realistically depicts its subject
(E) The degree to which the artist’s personality is revealed in the painting
A 25.       If the history of Duparc’s artistic reputation were to follow that of the Le Nain brothers and Georges de La Tour, present-day assessments of her work would be likely to contain which of the following?(推理题)
(A) An evaluation that accords high status to her work(由第5句得出：their present high standing..)
(B) Acknowledgement of her technical expertise but dismissal of her subject matter as trivial
(C) Agreement with assessments made in her own time but acknowledgements of the exceptional quality of a few of her paintings
(D) Placement of her among the foremost artists of her century
(E) A reclassification of her work as portraiture rather than genre painting
D 26.       It can be inferred from the passage that the term “genre painting” would most likely apply to which of the following?（推理题）
(A) A painting depicting a glorious moment of victory following a battle
(B) A painting illustrating a narrative from the Bible
(C) A portrayal of a mythological Greek goddess
(D) A portrayal of a servant engaged in his work(这道题我在D和E之间拿不准，正确答案是D)
(E) A formal portrait of an eighteenth-century king
A 27.       The argument of the passage best supports which of the following contentions concerning judgments of artistic work?
(A) Aesthetic judgments can be influenced by the political beliefs of those making the judgment.（由第五句得出political climate,说明受政治的影响）
(B) Judgments of the value of an artist’s work made by his or her contemporaries must be discounted before a true judgment can be made.
(C) Modern aesthetic taste is once again moving in the direction of regarding idealistic painting as the most desirable form of painting.
(D) In order to be highly regarded, an artist cannot be solely identified with one particular kind of painting.
(E) Spontaneity is the most valuable quality a portrait painter can have.

（2014.7.2更新如下）

3. PauleMarshall’s Brown Girl,

Paule Marshall’s Brown Girl, Brownstones(1959) was a landmark in the depiction of female characters in Black Americanliterature. Marshall avoided the oppressed and tragic heroine in conflict withWhite society that had been typical of the protest novels of the earlytwentieth century. Like her immediate predecessors, Zora Neale Hurston andGwendolyn Brooks, she focused her novel on an ordinary Black woman’s search foridentity within the context of a Black community. But Marshall extended theanalysis of Black female characters begun by Hurston and Brooks by depictingher heroine’s development in terms of the relationship between her BarbadianAmerican parents, and by exploring how male and female roles were defined bytheir immigrant culture, which in turn was influenced by the materialism ofWhite America. By placing characters within a wider cultural context, Marshallattacked racial and sexual stereotypes and paved the way for explorations ofrace, class, and gender in the novels of the 1970’s.

1句：本文主题句TS兼论点KW：‘Brownstoneswas a landmark’。

2句：论据a：与White society对比，‘avoid’逻辑对应’landmark’.‘oppressedand tragic heroine’逻辑对应’protest novels’。

3句：论据b: 与predecessors对比，都是‘within the contextof a Black community’。

4句：论据b’: 依然是与predecessors对比，由but看出这次是比较不同，Marshall‘extended the analysis’, 此句内部前后有个逻辑对应关系，‘extend’分别与’depicting’和’exploring’逻辑对应。

5句：论据c : ‘attack’与’pave theway ’都分别与TS/KW中的landmark 逻辑对应。

总结：

本文是评述型文章，比较简单，逻辑结构相对清楚，通篇只有作者一个人的观点。由第一句提出论点，后面几句分别提出论据来支持论点，其中包含了两个大类的对比，分别是于White society和predecessors的对比。

C 24. Thepassage is primarily concerned with(主题题)

(A) comparing the works of three BlackAmerican authors（确实提到了，但是这样说就以点概面了。）

(B) describing common themes in BlackAmerican literature（确实提到了，但是这样说就以点概面了。）

(D) providing insights about Black Americanliterature in the early twentieth century（范围扩大了，只是PauleMarshall）

(E) providing historical information aboutthe writing of Black American novels in the second half the twentieth century（范围扩大了，只是PauleMarshall）

C 25. Accordingto the passage, Hurston, Brooks, and Marshall are alike in that they（细节题）

(A) did not examine the effects of Whiteculture on their characters’ lives

(B) were heavily influenced by the protestnovels of the early twentieth century

(D) wrote primarily about the difficultiestheir characters encountered in White culture

(E) wrote exclusively about femalecharacters and the experiences of women

D 26. Theauthor’s description of the way in which Marshall depicts her heroine’sdevelopment is most probably intended to（推断题）

(A) continue the discussion of similaritiesin the works of Brooks, Hurston, and Marshall

(B) describe the specific racial and sexualstereotypes that Marshall attacked

(D) show how Marshall extends the portrayalof character initiated by her predecessors（可由第4句得出答案，第4句内部实际上有个小的论证，论点就是extend the analysis，论据是depicting her heroine’s development 和 exploring how…来论述如何extend）

(E) compare themes in Marshall’s early workwith themes in her later novels

E 27. Itcan be inferred that the author of the passage would describe Brown Girl,Brownstones as being(推断题)

(A) completely different from novelswritten before 1959（过于绝对，文章看不出这点，）

(B) highly influenced by novels written inthe early twentieth century（文章没提到）

(D) important in the late 1950’s but datedtoday（在今天是否dated 文章未提到）

(E) an important influence on novelswritten in the 1970’s（由最后一句可知pave the way…就是影响的方式）

4. BeforeLaura Gilpin (1891-1979),

Before Laura Gilpin (1891-1979), few women in the history of photographyhad so devoted themselves to chronicling the landscape. Other women hadphotographed the land, but none can be regarded as a landscape photographerwith a sustained body of work documenting the physical terrain. Anne Brigmanoften photographed woodlands and coastal areas, but they were generallysettings for her artfully placed subjects. Dorothea Lange’s landscapes werealways conceived of as counterparts to her portraits of rural women.

At the same time that Gilpin’s interest in landscape work distinguishedher from most other women photographers, her approach to landscape photographyset her apart from men photographers who, like Gilpin, documented the westernUnited States. Western American landscape photography grew out of a male tradition,pioneered by photographers attached to government and commercial survey teamsthat went west in the 1860’s and 1870’s. These explorer-photographersdocumented the West that their employers wanted to see: an exotic and majesticland shaped by awesome natural forces, unpopulated and ready for Americansettlement. The next generation of male photographers, represented by AnselAdams and Eliot Porter, often worked with conservationist groups rather thangovernment agencies or commercial companies, but they nonetheless preserved the“heroic” style and maintained the role of respectful outsider peering in withreverence at a fragile natural world.

For Gilpin, by contrast, the landscape was neither an empty vistaawaiting human settlement nor a jewel-like scene resisting human ntrusion, buta peopled landscape with a rich history and tradition of its own, anenvironment that shaped and molded the lives of its inhabitants. Herphotographs of the Rio Grande, for example, consistently depict the river interms of its significance to human culture: as a source of irrigation water, asource of food for livestock, and a provider of town sites. Also instructive isGilpin’s general avoidance of extreme close-ups of her natural subjects: forher, emblematic details could never suggest the intricacies of theinterrelationship between people and nature that made the landscape acompelling subject. While it is dangerous to draw conclusions about a“feminine” way of seeing from the work of one woman, it can nonetheless be arguedthat Gilpin’s unique approach to landscape photography was analogous to thework of many women writers who, far more than their male counterparts,described the landscape in terms of its potential to sustain human life.

Gilpinnever spoke of herself as a photographer with a feminine perspective: sheeschewed any discussion of gender as it related to her work and maintainedlittle interest in interpretations that relied on the concept of a “woman’seye.” Thus it is ironic that her photographic evocation of a historicallandscape should so clearly present a distinctively feminine approach tolandscape photography.

第一段：

1句：提出本段的论点KW（Before LauraGilpin , few women… had so devoted to...）;同时也提出全文的主题词（Laura Gilpin和photography）。

2句：与第一句并列为本段论点KW（none can beregarded as a landscape photographer.）

3句：论据a（artfullyplaced subjects 与physical terrian逻辑对应）

4句：论据b（counterpartto portraits of rural women与physical terrian逻辑对应）

第二段：

1句：提出本段论点KW（…approach …set herapart from men photographers…）

2句：论据a,说明westernamerican landscape 起源于male, 特点就是attached to government and commercial survey team.

3句：论据a’,继续说明malelandscape photography 的特点，即：…their employers wanted to see…unpopulated andready for settlement.

4句：论据b, 继续用说明malelandscape photography，重新举例，next genertation…preserved the heroic style.

第三段：

1句：提出本段论点kw， by contrast表示与上一段的对比（…neither…awaitinghuman settlement nor…resisting human intrusion… but a peopledlandscape …an environment that shaped and molded the lives…）

2句：论据a, ‘irrigationwater, a source of food, town sites’都与上一句中的shaped andmolded the lives逻辑对应。

3句：论据b, ‘also’ 表示与上一句并列， ‘details could neversuggest…’从反面支持论点。

4句：提出新论点KW （Gilpin’s uniqueapproach …analogous to…. women writers）

第四段：

1句：反面论据a, 讲Gilpin一直避免 feminine。

2句：论据b, 提出Gilpinclearly present feminine ,尽管有些ironic.

总结：

本文为评述型文章。本篇文章没有主题句。第一段讲Gilpin与其他女性摄影家的区别；第二段提出Gilpin与男性摄影家的区别，然后重点讲了男性的特点；第三段实际上是服务第二段的论点的论据，只不过单把其第一句拿出来作为本段的论点，该论点实际是第二段论点的子论点，第二段最后一句话提出新的，也是本文实际上的第三个论点。总的来说，第一度、第二、三段、第四段是并列关系，都是从不同角度来评述Gilpin。

D 21. Whichof the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?（主题题）

(A) Gilpin’s landscapephotographs more accurately documented the Southwest than did the photographsof explorers and conservationists.（没有谈到这种比较）

(B) Gilpin’s style of landscapephotography substantially influenced the heroic style practiced by her malecounterparts.（没有讲到）

(C) The labeling of Gilpin’s style oflandscape photography as feminine ignores important ties between it and theheroic style.（没有讲到）

(D) Gilpin’s work exemplifies an arguablyfeminine style of landscape photography that contrasts with the style used byher male predecessors.

(E) Gilpin’s style was stronglyinfluenced by the work of women writers who described the landscape in terms ofits relationship to people.（只是说类似，没有说谁影响谁）

C 22. Itcan be inferred from the passage that the teams （government andcommercial survey teams）mentioned in line 19 were most interested in which of the followingaspects of the land in the western United States?（推断题）

(A) Its fragility in the face of increasedhuman intrusion

(B) Its role in shaping the lives ofindigenous peoples

(D) Its importance as an environment forrare plants and animals

(E) Its unusual vulnerability to extremenatural forces

A 23. Theauthor of the passage claims that which of the following is the primary reasonwhy Gilpin generally avoided extreme close-ups of natural subjects?(细节题)

(A) Gilpin believed that pictures ofnatural details could not depict the interrelationship between the land andhumans.（由第三段第三句可知‘details could never suggest the intricacies of the interrelationship’）

(B) Gilpin considered close-up photographyto be too closely associated with her predecessors.

(D) Gilpin associated close-up techniqueswith photography used for commercial purposes.

(E) Gilpin feared that pictures of smalldetails would suggest an indifference to the fragility of the land as a whole.

C 24. Thepassage suggests that a photographer who practiced the heroic style would bemost likely to emphasize which of the following in a photographic seriesfocusing on the Rio Grande?（推断题）

(A) Indigenous people and their ancientcustoms relating to the river

(B) The exploits of navigators andexplorers

(C) Unpopulated, pristine parts of theriver and its surroundings（由第二段最后一句话可知‘they nevertheless preserved the heroic style’重点在preserve,即上一代摄影家的特点，也就是第二段第三句提到的内容）

(D) Existing commercial ventures thatrelied heavily on the river

(E) The dams and other monumentalengineering structures built on the river

A 25. Itcan be inferred from the passage that the first two generations of landscapephotographers in the western United States had which of the following incommon?

(A) They photographed the land as an entitythat had little interaction with human culture.（由第二段第三句可知，unpopulated;由第三段第一句可知，bycontrast说明Gilpin的特点与the first two generations不同，而Gilpin的特点是‘anenvironment that shaped and molded the lives’）

(B) They advanced the philosophy thatphotographers should resist alliances with political or commercial groups.

(D) They photographed the land as a placeready for increased settlement.

(E) They photographed only those locationswhere humans had settled.

C 26. Basedon the description of her works in the passage, which of the following wouldmost likely be a subject for a photograph taken by Gilpin?（推断题）

(A) A vista of a canyon still untouched byhuman culture

(B) A portrait of a visitor to the Westagainst a desert backdrop

(C) A view of historic Native Americandwellings carved into the side of a natural cliff（由第三段第一句可知‘landscapewith a rich history and tradition…. an environment that shaped and molded the lives…’提到了历史，提到了环境对人生活的影响）

(D) A picture of artifacts from the Westbeing transported to the eastern United States for retail sale

(E) An abstract pattern created by theshadows of clouds on the desert

B 27. Theauthor of the passage mentions women writers in the third paragraph most likelyin order to（推断题）

(A) counter a widely held criticism of herargument

(B) bolster her argument that Gilpin’s style canbe characterized as a feminine style（不是很明白为什么选这个，因为提到‘womenwriters’的这个句子本身就是论点，但其他几个也明显不对，）

(D) clarify the interrelationship betweenhuman culture and the land that Gilpin was attempting to capture

(E) offer an analogy between photographicclose-ups and literary descriptions of small details

（7月4日更新如下）

5 The social sciences are less

The social sciences are less likely than other intellectual enterprisesto get credit for their accomplishments. Arguably, this is so because thetheories and conceptual constructs of the social sciences are especiallyaccessible: human intelligence apprehends truths about human affairs withparticular facility. And the discoveries of the social sciences, once isolatedand labeled, are quickly absorbed into conventional wisdom, whereupon they losetheir distinctiveness as scientific advances.

This underappreciation of the social sciences contrasts oddly with whatmany see as their overutilization. Game theory is pressed into service instudies of shifting international alliances. Evaluation research is called uponto demonstrate successes or failures of social programs. Models from economicsand demography become the definitive tools for examining the financial base ofsocial security. Yet this rush into practical applications is itself quiteunderstandable: public policy must continually be made, and policymakersrightly feel that even tentative findings and untested theories are betterguides to decision-making than no findings and no theories at all.

第一段：

1：提出本文的主题句TS，同时也是第一段的论点TW： The socialsciences are less likely.. to get credit.

2: 论据a: 论述为什么lesslikely to get credit. 原因就是especially accessible.

3:论据a’：继续论述为什么less likely toget credit，第二个原因就是， absorbed into conventional wisdom和 …lose distinctiveness…

第二段：

1: 提出本文第二个论点KW： Thisunderappreciation..contrasts oddly with … overutilization.

2-4：都是论据，举例说明KW。

5：提出文本第三个论点KW,同时也是对第二个论点的评价（评价一般我都看着是一个论点），’this rush ’逻辑对应overutilization. 作者的对这种overutilization的态度就是 understandable. 这句后冒号后面的内容就相当于论据，简单论述了第三个论点。

总结：

本文为评述型文章。没有主题句。第一段首句提出全文的主题句，然后整篇都围绕social sciences are less likely to get credit 展开讨论。

D 17. Theauthor is primarily concerned with（主题题）

(A) advocating a more modest view, and lesswidespread utilization, of the social sciences（以点概面，而且关于utilization这部分并没有涉及到比较）

(B) analyzing the mechanisms fortranslating discoveries into applications in the social sciences（以点概面，文中只是在第一段最后一句稍微点了一下）

(D) explaining a peculiar dilemma that thesocial sciences are in（结合一二段的论点可知道有两个dilemma:less likely to get credit和contrast oddly withoverutilization）

(E) maintaining a strict separation betweenpure and applied social science(本文没涉及到)

B 18. Whichof the following is a social science discipline that the author mentions asbeing possibly overutilized?（细节题）

(A) Conventional theories of social change

(B) Game theory（对照第二段细节即可选出）

(D) Economic theories of internationalalliances

(E) Systems analysis

A 19. Itcan be inferred from the passage that, when speaking of the “overutilization” (line 11)of the social sciences, the author is referring to the（推断题）

(A) premature practical application ofsocial science advances（由第二段第五句开始的’this rush’可以推出premature）

(B) habitual reliance on the socialsciences even where common sense would serve equally well

(C) practice of bringing a greater varietyof social science disciplines to bear on a problem than the nature of theproblem warrants

(D) use of social science constructs bypeople who do not fully understand them

(E) tendency on the part of socialscientists to recast everyday truths in social science jargon

E 20. Theauthor confronts the claim that the social sciences are being overutilizedwith(推断题)

(A) proof that overextensions of socialscience results are self-correcting

(B) evidence that some public policy ismade without any recourse to social science findings or theories

(D) the argument that overutilization is byand large the exception rather than the rule

(E) the observation that this practicerepresents the lesser of two evils under existing circumstances（由第二段最后一句话可知..better..than..nofindings..）

6. Ina recent study, David Cressy

In a recent study, David Cressy examines two central questionsconcerning English immigration to New England in the 1630’s: what kinds ofpeople immigrated and why? Using contemporary literary evidence, shippinglists, and customs records, Cressy finds that most adult immigrants wereskilled in farming or crafts, were literate, and were organized in families.Each of these characteristics sharply distinguishes the 21,000 people who leftfor New England in the 1630’s from most of the approximately 377,000 Englishpeople who had immigrating to America by 1700.

With respect to their reasons for immigrating, Cressy does not deny thefrequently noted fact that some of the immigrants of the 1630’s, most notablythe organizers and clergy, advanced religious explanations for departure, buthe finds that such explanations usually assumed primacy only in retrospect.When he moves beyond the principal actors, he finds that religious explanationswere less frequently offered and he concludes that most people immigratedbecause they were recruited by promises of material improvement.

第一段：

1句：TS 提出本文主题句。’twocentral questions: who and why’

2句：提出论点kw1, ’ immigrantswere skilled in farming or crafts, were literate, and were organized infamilies’解决who的问题。

3句：a 论据(说明性语句)。‘…distinguishesthe 21,000 people who left in the 1630’s from most of the377,000 English people who left at1700.’同样解决的是who的问题。

第二段：

1句：提出老观点（religious）的否定评价aw- 。 ‘such explanationsusually assumed primacy（首位） only in retrospect’such explanation=religious explanations.

2句：论点kw2, ‘most people… wererecruited by … material improvement.’解决why 的问题。

总结：

本文为问题解决型文章，需要解决的问题就是who and why, 其中在第二个观点提出的时候，之前先否定了一个老观点（religious explanation）整体结构：TW-KW1-AW-KW2

A 24. Inthe passage, the author is primarily concerned with

(A) summarizingthe findings of an investigation

（文中多处提到Cressy finds that…）

(B) analyzing a method of argument

(D) hypothesizing about a set ofcircumstances

(E) establishing categories

B 25. Accordingto the passage, Cressy would agree with which of the following statements aboutthe organizers among the English immigrants to New England in the 1630’s?

I. Mostof them were clergy.(由第一段第二句可知大部分是literate)

II. Someof them offered a religious explanation for their immigration.(由第二段第一句可知)

III. Theydid not offer any reasons for their immigration until some time after they hadimmigrated.（没有提到这个前后顺序的问题）

IV. Theywere more likely than the average immigrant to be motivated bymaterialconsiderations.（在material considerations没有讲到average 和非average之间的区别）

(A) I only

(B) II only

(D) I, III, and IV only

(E) II, III, and IV only

D 26. Accordingto the passage, Cressy has made which of the following claims about whatmotivated English immigrants to go to New England in the 1630’s?

(A) They were motivated by religiousconsiderations alone. （主要应该是material）

(B) They were motivated by economicconsiderations alone. （most是matertial，说明也有不是因为material原因的，alone 错）

(D) They were motivated more often byeconomic than by religious considerations.（见第二段最后一句）

(E) They were motivated more often byreligious than by economic considerations. （说反了）

E 27. Thepassage suggests that the majority of those English people who had immigratedto America by the late seventeenth century were

(A) clergy

(B) young children

(D) skilled in crafts

(E) illiterate(结合第一段第一句mostwere literate, 和第二句 distinguish …in the 1630’s from…by 1700)

7. The1960’s witnessed two profound

The 1960’s witnessed two profound social movements: the civil rightsmovement and the movement protesting the war in Vietnam. Although theyoverlapped in time, they were largely distinct. For a brief moment in 1967, however,it appeared that the two movements might unite under the leadership of MartinLuther King, Jr.

King’s role in the antiwar movement appears to require littleexplanation, since he was the foremost advocate of nonviolence of his time. ButKing’s stance on the Vietnam War cannot be explained in terms of pacifismalone. After all, he was something of a latecomer to the antiwar movement, eventhough by 1965 he was convinced that the role of the United States in the warwas indefensible. Why then the two years that passed before he translated hisprivate misgivings into public dissent? Perhaps he believed that he could notcriticize American foreign policy without endangering the support for civilrights that he had won from the federal government.

第一段：

1：提出全文的主题词也就是论题TW: twosocial movements(分别是civil rights和antiwar.)

2: 提出本文第一个论点 KW’: they are distinct.

3:提出本文的主题句TS或论点KW： twomovements might unite.

第二段：

1：为论据a1: king’s role inantiwar requires little explanation.

2 : 子论点kw: king’s stance can’t beexplained by pacifism alone.

3: 子论点的论据a: heis a late comer in antiwar.

4: 过渡句。

5：子论点论据b: 说明king 无法协调supporfor civil rights 和 antiwar, 本段1-3句都是在说king在antiwar方面的情况，最后一句才把antiwar和civil rights 联系起来，呼应了第一段最后论点KW,阐明这两点如何在king身上united。v

总结：

本文为论点说明型文章。第一段介绍背景提出论点，第二段具体论述两个运动（civil rights\ antiwar）如何united.

E 17. Accordingto the passage, the delay referred to in lines 12-15 is perhaps attributable towhich of the following?(推断题)

(A) King’s ambivalence concerning the roleof the United States in the war in Vietnam

(B) King’s attempts to consolidate supportfor his leadership within the civil rights movement

(D) King’s desire to draw support for thecivil rights movement from the leadership of the antiwar movement

(E) King’s reluctance tojeopardize federal support for the civil rights movement（其实全文最后二句话就是回答这个问题的，最后一句讲述了king在两者之间的矛盾，这矛盾也就是导致two years’ delay 的原因）

D 18. Theauthor supports the claim that “King’s stance on the Vietnam War cannot be explained in terms of pacifismalone” (lines 10-12) by implying which of the following?（细节题）

(A) There is little evidence that King wasever a student of pacifist doctrine.

(B) King, despite pacifist sympathies, wasnot convinced that the policy of the federal government in Vietnam was wrong.

(D) Had King’s actions been basedon pacifism alone, he would have joined the antiwar movement earlier than heactually did. （由第二段的第2、3句可得出，第2句指出不能单靠和平主义解释，第3句指出，他毕竟晚了两年才参加反战，暗指如果仅仅是因为和平主义的话，他从一开始就应该参加反战。）

(E) Opponents of United States foreignpolicy within the federal government convinced King of their need for support.

E 19. Whichof the following can be inferred from the passage about the movement opposingthe war in Vietnam?（推断题）

(A) It preceded the civil rights movement.（没讲到先后顺序）

(B) It began in 1965.（提到1965不是指运动的开始时间）

(D) It drew support from most civil rightsleaders.（没提到）

(E) It was well underway by 1967.（由第一段最后一句可得出）

A 20. Whichof the following best describes the passage?（主题题）

(A) It discusses an apparent inconsistencyand suggests a reason for it.

(B) It outlines a sequence of historicalevents.（没有讲历史事件发生的先后顺序）

(D) It evaluates an explanation and finallyaccepts that explanation.（无稽之谈）

(E) It contrasts two views of an issue.（讲到关于两个事件的两种看法，但不存在比较）

8.National character is not formally

Nationalcharacter is not formally considered by social scientists in discussingeconomic and social development today. They believe that people differ and thatthese differences should be taken into account somehow, but they have as yetdiscovered no way to include such variables in their formal models of economicand social development. The difficulty lies in the nature of the data thatsupposedly define different national characters. Anthropologists and others areon much firmer ground when they attempt to describe the cultural norms for asmall homogeneous tribe or village than when they undertake the formidable taskof discovering the norms that exist in a complex modern nation-state composedof many disparate groups. The situation is further complicated by the nature ofjudgments about character, since such judgments are overly dependent onimpressions and since, furthermore, impressions are usually stated inqualitative terms, it is impossible to make a reliable comparison between thenational characters of two countries.

1：提出全文的主题词TW: 整篇文章围绕‘Nationalcharacter’展开讨论。

2：TW的说明性内容a: ‘differencesshould be taken …but no way to …’

3: 论点一KW1：第一个困难是‘natureof the data’。

4：论据a .

5:论点二KW2和论据b: 第二个困难是‘thenature of judgments’.论据是the judgments are dependent on impressions ,impressions are statedin qualitative terms which makes it is impossible to make a reliablecomparison.

总结：

本文为现象解释型。第一句提出现象，第二句做详细说明，第三句提出一个原因，第四句提出论据，第五句提出另一个原因并作出说明。

C 17. Theauthor’s main point in the passage is that national character（主旨题）

(A) is too elusive to merit attention byanthropologists and other social scientists（已经引起anthropologists的重视）

(B) is of greater interest to socialscientists today than it has been in the past（没有时间上的对比）

(C) is still too difficult to describe withthe precision required by many social scientists（全文最后一句话‘it isimpossible to make a reliable comparison’）

(D) has become increasingly irrelevantbecause of the complexity of modern life（并没有提到）

(E) can be described more accurately byanthropologists than by other social scientists（没有提到这种比较）

D 18. Giventhe information in the passage, which of the following is NOT true of modernnation-states?（细节题）

(A) They are complex.

(B) They are heterogeneous.（与homogeneoustribe成对比）

(D) They lack cultural norms.（由第4句话可以得出）

(E) They differ from one another in termsof national character.（由‘disparate groups ’得出）

B 19. Itcan be inferred from the passage that the social scientists mentioned in lines1-7 would agree with which of the following statements?

I. Itis extremely difficult to create models that account for both economic andsocial development.（我个人认为这是对的，但答案显示错）

II. Modelsof economic and social development would be improved by the inclusion ofadequate descriptions of national character.（由‘differences shouldbe taken into account somehow’得出）

III. Itis important to supplement formal models of economic and social developmentwith qualitative impressions of national character.（没提到）

(A) I only

(B) II only

(D) I and III only

(E) II and III only

A 20. Whichof the following best describes the organization of the passage?

(A) A problem is presented and reasons forits existence are supplied.

(B) A controversial view is presented andevidence for its validity is supplied.（哪里来的controversial）

(D) A recent development is described andthen analyzed.(这个问题不是recent 才出现的)

(E) A dispute is summarized and one sidedefended.（没有争论，从头到尾都是作者一人的观点）

9.Comparing designs in music with(读不懂，求解。。。。)

Comparingdesigns in music with visual designs raises interesting questions. We arefamiliar with the easy transfers of terms denoting qualities from one field toanother. The basic problem can be put this way: can music sound the way adesign looks? The elements of music are not the same as those of painting. Theymay be analogous, but to be analogous is not to be identical. Is it possible,then, for the same broad characteristics to emerge from different perceptualconditions?

Twofacts about the relation between broad characteristics of a work and theirperceptual conditions must be kept distinct. First, the global characteristicsof a visual or auditory complex are determined by the discernible parts andtheir relationships. Thus, any notable change in the parts or theirrelationships produces a change in some of the global characteristics. Second,a change in the parts or their relationships may leave other globalcharacteristics unchanged.

24. Inthe first paragraph, the author is primarily concerned with establishing thefact that

(A) comparisons are not equations

(B) auditory phenomena are not visualphenomena

(D) careless perceptions result fromcareless thought

(E) questions concerning perception arepsychological

25. Inthe passage, the author is primarily concerned with

(A) distinguishing mutually exclusivecategories

(B) clarifying an apparent contradiction

(D) analyzing a problem

(E) comparing opinions

26. Thesecond paragraph is primarily concerned with establishing the idea that

(A) different global characteristics of awork result from the same discernible parts

(B) the parts of a work of art influencethe total perception of the work

(D) changes in the parts of a work remainisolated from the work as a whole

(E) the visual complexes in a work of artinfluence the work’s auditory complexes

27. Whichof the following statements is most likely be a continuation of the passage?

(A) The search for broad similarities thusbegins by understanding and distinguishing these two facts.

(B) The search for musical-visual analogiesthus depends on the complexity of the works being compared.

(D) Thus music and painting exist inmutually exclusive worlds.

(E) Thus music and painting are toocomplicated to be evaluated in terms of analogies.

10.From the 1900’s through the 1950’s

Fromthe 1900’s through the 1950’s waitresses in the United States developed a formof unionism based on the unions’ defining the skills that their occupationincluded and enforcing standards for the performance of those skills. This“occupational unionism” differed substantially from the “worksite unionism” prevalent amongfactory workers. Rather than unionizing the workforces of particular employers,waitress locals sought to control their occupation throughout a city.Occupational unionism operated through union hiring halls, which provided freeplacement services to employers who agreed to hire their personnel only throughthe union. Hiring halls offered union waitresses collective employmentsecurity, not individual job security—a basic protection offered by worksiteunions. That is, when a waitress lost her job, the local did not intervene withher employer but placed her elsewhere; and when jobs were scarce, the workhours available were distributed fairly among all members rather than beingassigned according to seniority.

1：提出全文的TW：unionism

2：说明性内容a

ccupational unionism differed from theworksite unionism

3: a’ : 如何differ, ‘unionizingthe workforces of particular employers’对应worksite unionism；‘worksiteunionism‘对应occupational unionism。

4：说明性内容b 1:讲述occupationalunionism如何运作。

5：b2。

6：b2’

总结：

我不是很清楚这个文章属于什么类型。。。

反正应该就是一个说明文，没有论点，只有第一句提出话题，然后后面几句就展开介绍。

E 17. Theprimary purpose of the passage is to（主题题）

(A) analyze a current trend in relation tothe past

(B) discuss a particular solution to alongstanding problem

(D) apply a generalization to an unusualsituation

(E) describe an approach by contrasting itwith another approach（对比两种不同的unionism）

D 18. Whichof the following statements best summarizes a distinction mentioned in thepassage between waitress unions and factory workers’ unions?（细节题）

(A) Waitress unions were more successfulthan factory workers’ unions in that they were able to unionize whole cities.(没有说谁更成功)

(B) Waitress unions had an impact on onlycertain local areas, whereas the impact of factory workers’ unions wasnational.（没有谈到impact）

(C) Waitress union members held primarilypart-time positions, whereas factory workers’ unions placed theirmembers in full-time jobs.(没有谈到part-time 或者 full-time)

(D) Waitress unions emphasized theoccupation of workers, whereas factory workers’ unions emphasizedthe worksite at which workers were employed.(就是第3句的意思)

(E) Waitress unions defined the skills oftheir trade, whereas the skills of factory trades were determined by employers’ groups.（前半句争取，后半句没有提到）

B 19. Accordingto the passage, which of the following was characteristic of the form of unionthat United States waitresses developed in the first half of the twentiethcentury?（细节题）

(A) The union represented a wide variety ofrestaurant and hotel service occupations.

(B) The union defined the skills requiredof waitresses and disciplined its members to meet certain standards.（由第1句得出）

(D) The union negotiated the enforcement ofoccupational standards with each employer whose workforce joined the union.

(E) The union ensured that a worker couldnot be laid off arbitrarily by an employer.

C 20. Theauthor of the passage mentions “particular employers” (line 8) primarily in order to（作用题）

(A) suggest that occupational unions foundsome employers difficult to satisfy

(B) indicate that the occupational unionsserved some employers but not others

(D) accentuate the hostility of someemployers toward occupational unionism

(E) point out a weakness of worksiteunionism

11.Although scientists observe that

Althoughscientists observe that an organism’s behavior falls into rhythmic patterns, theydisagree about how these patterns are affected when the organism is transportedto a new environment. One experimenter, Brown, brought oysters from Connecticutwaters to Illinois waters. She noted that the oysters initially opened theirshells widest when it was high tide in Connecticut, but that after fourteendays their rhythms had adapted to the tide schedule in Illinois. Although shecould not posit an unequivocal causal relationship between behavior andenvironmental change, Brown concluded that a change in tide schedule is one ofseveral possible exogenous influences (those outside the organism) on theoysters’ rhythms. Another experimenter, Hamner, however, discovered thathamsters from California maintain their original rhythms even at the SouthPole. He concluded that endogenous influences (those inside the organism) seemto affect an organism’s rhythmic behavior.

1：提出全文的论点kw，此论点不是作者的论点，而是科学家的论点：they disagree about how these patterns are affected by a newenvironment.

2-3: 论据a1\a2: theirrhythms had adapted to the tide schedule in Illinois. 受到新环境影响。

4：论据a3: 分析原因，环境变化是产生变化的外因之一。

5：论据b1: however 表示与上一个案例相反的观察，但此句并没有具体讲哪里不同，看下句。

6：论据b2:总结原因，是内因在起作用。（上个案例在讲外因的作用）

总结：

本文为论点说明型，观点为科学家的，不是作者自己的。随后2-4句举例作为论据，讲述外因对植物的影响。5句讲另一个例子，讲内因对植物的影响。一个内因一个外因，正好对应论点‘they disagree about how these patterns are affected by a newenvironment.’

A 17. Allof the following could be considered examples of exogenous influences on anorganism EXCEPT the influence of the（简单的不用说，找非外因的造成的变化）

(A) level of a hormone on a field mouse’sreadiness for mating

(B) temperature of a region on a bear’shibernation

(D) humidity of an area on a cat’s sheddingof its fur

(E) proximity of an owl on a lizard’ssearching for food

B 18. Whichof the following statements best describes the conclusion drawn by Brown (lines14-17)（推断题）

(A) A change in tide schedule is theprimary influence on an oyster’s rhythms.（没有讲重要性primary）

(B) A change in tide schedule may be animportant exogenous influence on an oyster’s rhythms.(文中并没有讲到important,但确实讲到了exogenous会有影响，而且这里用的是maybe 也是可以接受的)

(D) Endogenous influences have no effect onan oyster’s rhythms.（Brown的例子没讲到Endogenous的作用）

(E) Endogenous influences are the onlyinfluences on an oyster’s rhythms.（同上）

C 19. Thepassage suggests that Brown’s study was similar to Hamner’s in which of the followingways?（太简单，拒绝分析）

I. Bothexperimenters discovered that a new environment had a significant effect on anorganism’s behavior rhythms.

II. Bothexperimenters observed an organism’s behavioral rhythms after the organism hadbeen transported to a new environment.

III. Bothexperimenters knew an organism’s rhythmic patterns in its original environment.

(A) I only

(B) II only

(D) II and III only

(E) I, II, and III

C 20. Whichof the following, if true, would most weaken Brown’s conclusion?（推断题）

(A) The oyster gradually closed theirshells after high tide in Illinois had passed.

(B) The oysters’ behavioral rhythmsmaintained their adaptation to the tide schedule in Illinois throughout thirtydays of observation.

(C) Sixteen days after they were moved toIllinois, the oysters opened their shells widest when it was high tide inConnecticut.（Brown’s conclusion的内容是外因是原因之一，要消弱就找两种情况，一个外因是唯一原因，或者，外因不是原因，这个选项就说明16天之后，oysters虽然在Illinois但规律还在和在Connecticut一样，外部环境变化没造成影响，外因没起到作用）

(D) A scientist who brought Marylandoysters to Maine found that the oysters opened their shells widest when it washigh tide in Maine.

(E) In an experiment similar to Brown’s, ascientist was able to establish a clear causal relationship betweenenvironmental change and behavioral rhythms.

12.Visual recognition involves

Visualrecognition involves storing and retrieving memories. Neural activity,triggered by the eye, forms an image in the brain’s memory system thatconstitutes an internal representation of the viewed object. When an object isencountered again, it is matched with its internal representation and therebyrecognized. Controversy surrounds the question of whether recognition is aparallel, one-step process or a serial, step-by-step one. Psychologists of theGestalt school maintain that objects are recognized as wholes in a parallelprocedure: the internal representation is matched with the retinal image in asingle operation. Other psychologists have proposed that internalrepresentation features are matched serially with an object’s features.Although some experiments show that, as an object becomes familiar, itsinternal representation becomes more holistic and the recognition processcorrespondingly more parallel, the weight of evidence seems to support the serialhypothesis, at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar.

1句：提出全文TW：visualrecognition.

2句：说明性内容a: 讲述基本原理

3句：说明性内容b: 举范例

4句：提出论点kw: ‘whetherrecognition is a parallel, one-step process or a serial’.

5句: 论据a: Gestaltschool 的观点认为整个过程是同时进行的，’a parallel procedure’.

6句：另一派观点：整个过程是按步骤依次发生的，’matched serially’。

7句：提出作者的观点：作者更倾向于整个过程按步骤发生,’ the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis’.

总结：

本文为问题解决型。开篇第一句，首先判断该句类型为事实陈述，提出了全文的论题：visual recognition；第二句，也在讲述一个事实，进一步介绍visual recognition具体发生的机制，与第一句关系并非转折，也没有提出新的观点或者论点，这句可看成与上一句为总分关系；第三句，举了个范例，与第二句未并列关系，无转折，也无新观点。第四句由controversy可以看出，该句提出了一个问题，该问题也可看成论点，即，整个认知的过程是同时一步完成还是按顺序发生的；更加确定该文章为问题解决型，同时预测后文将对该问题提出不同的解释，因为如果只有一个解释，那么对于学术论文来说，在论证效力上就会显的很弱；第五句，提出了一派的观点，与上一句为总分关系；第六句，提出另一派观点，与上一句成并列关系，都与论点成总分关系；第七句，作者提出自己的观点。

D 17. Theauthor is primarily concerned with（主题题）

(A) explaining how the brain receivesimages

(B) synthesizing hypotheses of visualrecognition

(D) discussing visual recognition and somehypotheses proposed to explain it（先提出一个现象，然后指出存在的问题，随后又提出不同的解释。）

(E) reporting on recent experiments dealingwith memory systems and their relationship to neural activity

D 18. Accordingto the passage, Gestalt psychologists make which of the following suppositionsabout visual recognition?（细节题：由Gestalt psychologists迅速回原位定位，归纳出Gestalt psychologists的观点就是，认知过程一步完成，对应第三条，然后再仔细看原文第五句，发现另一个细节‘objects are recognized as wholes’，对应第二条，意思是认知对象是被整体认知的。）

I. Aretinal image is in exactly the same forms as its internal representation.

II. Anobject is recognized as a whole without any need for analysis into componentparts.

III. Thematching of an object with its internal representation occurs in only one step.

(A) II only

(B) III only

(D) II and III only

(E) I, II, and III

B 19. Itcan be inferred from the passage that the matching process in visualrecognition is（推断题）

(A) not a neural activity(第二句就讲到了neuralactivity)

(B) not possible when an object is viewed forthe very first time（由最后一句话‘the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis, atleast for objects that are not notably simple and familiar.’可知：当第一次看到一个物体的时候，显然不会familiar,所以整个过程是serial.）

(D) only possible when a retinal image isreceived in the brain as a unitary whole（首先，出现only的选项一般都错，第二，原文说到了 as a whole 或者serially都是可能的，只不过作者更偏向于serial.）

(E) now fully understood as a combinationof the serial and parallel processes(由最后一句话‘the weight ofevidence seems to support the serial hypothesis, at least for objects that arenot notably simple and familiar.’当中的seems to 和 at least,可以看出作者并不是非常肯定。)

C 20. Interms of its tone and form, the passage can best be characterized as(态度题)

(A) a biased exposition

(B) a speculative study

(D) an indignant denial

(E) a dogmatic explanation

13.A mysterious phenomenon is the

Amysterious phenomenon is the ability of over-water migrants to travel oncourse. Birds, bees, and other species can keep track of time without anysensory cues from the outside world, and such “biological clocks” clearlycontribute to their “compass sense.” For example, they can use the position ofthe Sun or stars, along with the time of day, to find north. But compass sensealone cannot explain how birds navigate the ocean: after a flock traveling eastis blown far south by a storm, it will assume the proper northeasterly courseto compensate. Perhaps, some scientists thought, migrants determine theirgeographic position on Earth by celestial navigation, almost as humannavigators use stars and planets, but this would demand of the animals afantastic map sense. Researchers now know that some species have a magneticsense, which might allow migrants to determine their geographic location bydetecting variations in the strength of the Earth’s magnetic field.

1句：提出全文的主题词TW。

2句：提出论点1 , kw1 :分析原因是因为这些动物有“compasssense.”

3句：论据a :举例来支持上面的kw1 .

4句：提出对kw1的否定评价aw-，即“compasssense”无法解释‘how birds navigate the ocean’

5句：提出观点2（论点2）kw2 :celestial navigation；但是在第5句后的后半部分，作者又提出了否定评价aw-: ‘a fantastic map sense’，fantastic 有极好的，好到不切实际的，意思，所以，这里作者对动物用意‘a fantastic map sense’表示怀疑；

6句：提出全文第3个观点（论点3）kw3: 最终原因是magneticsense。

总结：

本文为现象解释型文章。看到首句，首先判断首句在陈述一个现象，并不是主题句ts，也没有提出论点kw, 而仅仅是提出本文论述的一个对象、一个事实；第二句，前半段看到没有出现转折，只是根据第一句话的现象，提出具体的例子，后半句总结出现这种现象的原因，即提出全文第一个论点kw1，compass sense；第三句提出论据；第四句，针对观点1，提出疑问；第五句，提出另一种理论来解释，即celestial navigation，但是后半句又给予了否定；第六句，给出本文第3种解释，magnetic sense。

B 17. Themain idea of the passage is that（主题题）

(A) migration over land requires a simplerexplanation than migration over water does（全文没有涉及到这方面的比较）

(B) the means by which animals migrate overwater are complex and only partly understood（由第一句可知全文讨论的是over-watermigrants，第二，全面没有一个定论的观点，前面的观点都被否定，最后一个观点也是magnetic sense might allow migrants to determine their geographiclocation，注意此处的‘might’）

(D) knowledge of geographic location isessential to migrants with little or no compass sense（全文没有涉及到migrantswith little or no compass sense的讨论，更没有谈到geographic location的重要性）

(E) explanations of how animals migratetend to replace, rather than build on, one another（这一条的正确性我拿不准，但可定的是这不是本文的main idea）

A 18. Itcan be inferred from the passage that if the flock of birds described in line 4were navigating by compass sense alone, they would, after the storm, fly

(A) east(由第四句可知，本来朝东飞，由题干知调整飞行的依据只有compass,因此，被吹离以后，只会依然朝东飞。)

(B) north

(D) south

(E) southeast

B 19.In maintaining that migrating animalswould need “a fantastic map sense” (line 17) to determine their geographicposition by celestial navigation, the author intends to express

(A) admiration for the ability of themigrants

(B) skepticism about celestial navigationas an explanation（fantastic有不切实际的意思，所以应该是贬义）

(D) interest in a new method of accountingfor over-water migration

(E) surprise that animals apparentlynavigate in much the same way that human beings do

A 20.Of the following descriptions ofmigrating animals, which most strongly suggests that the animals are dependingon magnetic cues to orient themselves?

(A) Pigeons can properly readjust theircourse even when flying long distances through exceedingly dense fogs.（既然在浓雾当中，那么所有的可视参照物都起不了作用，只有磁场可以发挥作用）

(B) Bison are able to reach theirdestination by passing through a landscape that has been partially altered by arecent fire.

(D) Swallows are able to return to a givenspot at the same time every year.

(E) Monarch butterflies coming fromdifferent parts of North America are able to arrive at the same location eachwinter.

14.Mycorrhizal fungi infect more

Mycorrhizal fungi infect more plants than do any other fungi and arenecessary for many plants to thrive, but they have escaped widespreadinvestigation until recently for two reasons. First, the symbiotic associationis so well-balanced that the roots of host plants show no damage even whendensely infected. Second, the fungi cannot as yet be cultivated in the absenceof a living root. Despite these difficulties, there has been important new workthat suggests that this symbiotic association can be harnessed to achieve moreeconomical use of costly superphosphate fertilizer and to permit betterexploitation of cheaper, less soluble rock phosphate. Mycorrhizal benefits arenot limited to improved phosphate uptake in host plants. In legumes,mycorrhizal inoculation has increased nitrogen fixation beyond levels achievedby adding phosphate fertilizer alone. Certain symbiotic associations alsoincrease the host plant’s resistance to harmful root fungi. Whether thisresistance results from exclusion of harmful fungi through competition forsites, from metabolic change involving antibiotic production, or from increasedvigor is undetermined.

1句：提出全文的主题TW（Mycorrhizalfungi）和第一个观点KW1（two reasons）.

2句：论据a: 很难察觉，show nodamage.

3句：论据b: 难以培育， cannotbe cultivated.

4句：提出本文第二个论点KW2：thissymbiotic association can be harnessed，其中this symbioticassociation与Mycorrhizal fungi infect是同意替换。

5句：提出本文第三个论点KW3： Mycorrhizalbenefits are not limited to improved phosphate uptake。

6句：KW3的论据a:increase nitrogen,对应Mycorrhizal benefits。

7句：KW3的论据 b:increase the resistance to harmful fungi。

8句：结论句，CS , 对导致上一句所表述的现象发生的原因表示不确定。

总结：

本文为说明文，首先判断首句的前半句为判断句，说明Mycorrhizal fungi的重要性，此处可以看做全文的TS，首句后半句提出全文第一个论点，说Mycorrhizal fungi一直未被发现是出于2个原因。第二句提出论据，说明原因一；第三句，提出论据，说明原因二。第四句，提出新观点，提出一项新研究，说明Mycorrhizal fungi的重要性。第五句，提出新观点，继续说明Mycorrhizal fungi 的重要性；第六句，论据。第七句，论据。第八句，总结句，表示上一句现象发生的原因并不确定。

B17. Which of the following mostaccurately describes the passage?（主题题）

(A) A description of a replicableexperiment（重点讲的不是一个实验）

(B) A summary report of new findings

(D) A refutation of an earlier hypothesis（没有否定什么）

(E) A confirmation of earlier research（首句讲了Mycorrhizalfungi最近才被发现，进入研究范围，所以不存在earlier reasearch）

E 18.The level of information in thepassage above is suited to the needs of all of the following people EXCEPT:

(A) a researcher whose job is to identifypotentially profitable areas for research and product development

(B) a state official whose positionrequires her to alert farmers about possible innovations in farming

(D) a biologist attempting to keep up withscientific developments in an area outside of his immediate area ofspecialization

(E) a botanist conducting experiments to determinethe relationship between degree of mycorrhizal infection and expected uptake ofphosphate(没有提到<貌似废话。。。>)

D 19.It can be inferred from the passagethat which of the following has been a factor influencing the extent to whichresearch on mycorrhizal fungi has progressed?

(A) Lack of funding for such research

(B) Lack of immediate application of suchresearch

(D) Difficulties surrounding laboratoryproduction of specimens for study（由第三句得出）

(E) Difficulties ensuing from the high costand scarcity of superphosphate fertilizers

A 20.The passage suggests which of thefollowing about the increased resistance to harmful root fungi that some plantsinfected with mycorrhizal fungi seem to exhibit?

(A) There are at least three hypothesesthat might account for the increase.（由最后一句话得出）

(B) An explanation lies in the fact thatmycorrhizal fungi increase more rapidly in number than harmful root fungi do.（没有提到谁更快）

(C) The plants that show increasedresistance also exhibit improved nitrogen fixation.（resistance 和 fixation都有提到，但之间有什么关系并没有讲到）

(D) Such increases may be independent ofmycorrhizal infection.（没有提到这个可能性）

(E) It is unlikely that a satisfactoryexplanation can be found to account for the increase。（文章没有表达出这个态度）

15.Currently, the paramount problem

Currently, the paramount problem in the field of biomaterials, the scienceof replacing diseased tissue with human-made implants, is control over theinterface, or surface, between implanted biomaterials and living tissues. Thephysical properties of most tissues can be matched by careful selection of rawmaterials: metals, ceramics, or several varieties of polymer materials. Eventhe requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic tohost tissue can be met by techniques derived from studying the reactions oftissue cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants. But achievingnecessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living andnon-living matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding ofcells to each other—an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly. Althoughrecent research has allowed us to stabilize the tissue-biomaterial interface bycontrolling either the chemical reactions or the microstructure of thebiomaterial, our fundamental understanding of how implant devices adhere totissues remains woefully incomplete.

1句：首先判断首句提出了一个问题，可推断为问题解决型文章，该问题为全文的TW。

2句：说明性内容a:讲述现在已经解决的问题。

3句：继续说明性内容b:讲述已经解决的问题。注意：2、3句为引出真正文章主题（现在面对的最重要的问题），之前的让步成分，可预计后面会有转折。

4句：出现转折，提出与首句对应的部分，即现在面对的问题。这句可看作论点句KW。

5句：前半部分出现让步，后面转账重现上句意思，该句可看做KW’，与上句表达的意思一致。

总结：

本文为现象解释型。首先判断首句类型为陈述句，讲述了一个问题，可看做全文的TW，此处可预计下面将具体讲述该问题，通常预计将会提出如何解决这个问题，当然另一种可能是展开介绍现存的问题，但不提出解决办法，但是，可以看到第2、3句并没有讲述什么还没解决的问题，而是介绍已经解决的问题，因此这两句可看做让步成分，预计后面将出现真正现在存在的问题，第4句就提出了这个问题，第五句，承接上一句，与上句是看做并列关系，前半句依然让步，后半句转折重现论点。

A 17.According to the passage, the majorproblem currently facing scientists in the field of biomaterials is(主题题)

(A) assessing and regulating the bondingbetween host tissue and implants（该选项对的很含蓄，并没有直接呈现文章中讲到的control over the interface或者molecules controlthe bonding of cells或者how implant devices adhere to tissues，但可以总结出主要问题就是interface，bonding,就是移植器官和受体本身接触面有关的问题，这个选项中的regulating the bonding间接的表达了这个意思，属于鸡阿姨考试中最常用的手段，同意替代！！下流无耻，绕着圈子说废话！）

(B) controlling the transfer of potentiallytoxic materials across the interface of tissue and implant

(D) deciding in what situations implantsare needed

(E) determining the importance ofshort-term implants to long-term stability of tissue-implant interfaces

C 18.The passage suggests which of the followingabout the recent research mentioned in lines 19-25?（推断题，由recentresearch 定位到最后一句）

(A) It has solved one set of problems buthas created another.（这个问题是本来就存在的）

(B) It has concentrated on secondaryconcerns but has ignored primary concerns.（没有提到ignore）

(C) It has improved practical applicationsof biomaterial technology without providing a complete theoretical explanationof that improvement.（第5句为让步转折结构，前部分讲述研究带来的帮助，后半句讲对于基本的原理并不完全清楚）

(D) It has thoroughly investigatedproperties of biomaterials but has paid little attention to relevantcharacteristics of human tissue.（没有讲到little attention）

(E) It has provided considerableinformation on short-term implant technology but little on long-term implanttechnology.(没有讲到longterm\shortterm的区别)

B 19.The author’s primarypurpose is to（主旨题，由上面的总结可知，本文提出了现在的问题，也提到了最近研究已经解决的问题，带来的好处，所以本文应该是一篇态度中立的讨论某项研究的文章）

(A) answer a theoretical question in thefield of biomaterials

(B) discuss the current state of technologyin the field of biomaterials

(D) predict an ethical crisis forbiomaterials researchers

(E) suggest some practical benefits ofbiomaterial implants

作者: 普渡哥 时间: 2014-7-2 23:36
谢谢楼主，加油！

作者: 灌冰 时间: 2014-7-3 09:46
谢谢渡哥加精，当年我也是看你的36套解析过来的，我会努力把这个帖子续下去的！

作者: 普渡哥 时间: 2014-7-3 10:38

灌冰发表于 2014-7-3 09:46
谢谢渡哥加精，当年我也是看你的36套解析过来的，我会努力把这个帖子续下去的！ ...

作者: 阿经 时间: 2014-7-3 11:12
请问你是每天更新一篇吗？谢谢。

作者: 灌冰 时间: 2014-7-3 12:20
每天一到两篇吧，其实没有定量，写好多发好多，只不过这东西写起来太慢了，我还上班，所以估计一天能写了一到两篇。

作者: 灌冰 时间: 2014-7-6 16:31
7月6日更新了，看看长长一篇，还是有点成就感的~

作者: 普渡哥 时间: 2014-7-6 23:37
支持

作者: 灌冰 时间: 2014-7-7 12:50

普渡哥发表于 2014-7-6 23:37
支持

我想如果写的是36套的解析可能受关注度会高些。。。

作者: 灌冰 时间: 2014-7-9 14:39
（7月9日更新）
16.Flatfish, such as the flounder,
Flatfish, such as the flounder, are among the few vertebrates that lack approximate bilateral symmetry (symmetry in which structures to the left and right of the body’s midline are mirror images). Most striking among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish is eye placement: before maturity one eye migrates, so that in an adult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head. While in most species with asymmetries virtually all adults share the same asymmetry, members of the starry flounder species can be either left-eyed (both eyes on the left side of head) or right-eyed. In the waters between the United States and Japan, the starry flounder populations vary from about 50 percent left-eyed off the United States West Coast, through about 70 percent left-eyed halfway between the United States and Japan, to nearly 100 percent left-eyed off the Japanese coast.
Biologists call this kind of gradual variation over a certain geographic range a “cline” and interpret clines as strong indications that the variation is adaptive, a response to environmental differences. For the starry flounder this interpretation implies that a geometric difference (between fish that are mirror images of one another) is adaptive, that left-eyedness in the Japanese starry flounder has been selected for, which provokes a perplexing questions: what is the selective advantage in having both eyes on one side rather than on the other?
The ease with which a fish can reverse the effect of the sidedness of its eye asymmetry simply by turning around has caused biologists to study internal anatomy, especially the optic nerves, for the answer. In all flatfish the optic nerves cross, so that the right optic nerve is joined to the brain’s left side and vice versa. This crossing introduces an asymmetry, as one optic nerve must cross above or below the other. G. H. Parker reasoned that if, for example, a flatfish’s left eye migrated when the right optic nerve was on top, there would be a twisting of nerves, which might be mechanically disadvantageous. For starry flounders, then, the left-eyed variety would be selected against, since in a starry flounder the left optic nerve is uppermost.
The problem with the above explanation is that the Japanese starry flounder population is almost exclusively left-eyed, a natural selection never promotes a purely less advantageous variation. As other explanations proved equally untenable, biologists concluded that there is no important adaptive difference between left-eyedness and right-eyedness, and that the two characteristics are genetically associated with some other adaptively significant characteristic. This situation is one commonly encountered by evolutionary biologists, who must often decide whether a characteristic is adaptive or selectively neutral. As for the left-eyed and right-eyed flatfish, their difference, however striking, appears to be an evolutionary red herring.
第一段：
1句：提出全文的TW：flatfish,lack of bilateral symmetry.
2句：提出全文的TS: most striking is eye placement.
3句：论据a: 具体介绍flatfish的eye placement,即两种情况：left-eyed or right-eyed.
4句：论据a’：论据a的延续，不同海域的不同情形。
第二段：
1句：针对上段的举例，发生在不同海域的不同情形，科学家给出了解读，即本文第二个论点KW1:  科学家认为这种现象表明这种变化，这种不同是对环境的适应性表现（‘the variation is adaptive，a response to environment.’）;
2句：前半句为KW1’，即对论点2 的另一种表述（a geometric difference is adaptive）；后半句对KW2进行了延伸，即提出: left-eyedness has been selected for，随后提出一个问题，即‘what is the selective advantage selective advantage’，此处可看做全文第三个论点KW2。
第三段：
1句：提出KW2下的一个子论点：KW2-1（这也是第三段的总论点）: biologists study internal anatomy;
2句：论据a1: ‘the optic nerves cross.’
3句：论据a2:’ crossing introduces an asymmetry’
4句：提出KW2下的子论点：KW2-2，同时也可看做是KW2-1下面的结论句CS:nerves would be twisted.
5句：子论点KW2-2’:left-eyed variety would be against.
第四段：
1句：对上一段的KW2-2,也就是CS提出否定评价AW-，指出矛盾之处，‘the Japanese starry flounder population is almost exclusively left-eyed’，
2句：否定评价之后，作者又提出新的观点，KW3：‘there is no important adaptive difference’。
3句：论据a。
4句：提出全文的总结句CS : ’their difference appears to be an evolutionary red herring (red herring: n.熏青鱼, 转移注意力的东西).’
总结：
本文为现象解释型。首先判断全文首句，即第一度第一句话，为描述事实的陈述句，因此可看做全文的TW，说明本文讨论的对象；第一段接下来提出了全文的TS，意思是“最引人注目的是flatfish的eye placement”，预示下文将就eye placement展开论述。果然第三、四句延续第二句的论点，举了一个例子，即发生在starry flounder身上的奇特现象。第二段，针对这个现象提出了解释，并进一步提出了一个问题。第三段，就这个问题做出解答。第四段，首先否定了上一段所做的解答，然后又提出了一种解释，作者对于这个解释不置可否，最后，作者提出了自己的判断，即总结全文的一句话。
  C 21. According to the passage, starry flounder differ from most other species of flatfish in that starry flounder（细节题）
(A) are not basically bilaterally symmetric
(B) do not become asymmetric until adulthood
(C) do not all share the same asymmetry（由第一段第3句话得出）
(D) have both eyes on the same side of the head
(E) tend to cluster in only certain geographic regions
D 22. The author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about left-eyedness and right-eyedness in the starry flounder?（推断题）
I. They are adaptive variations by the starry flounder to environmental differences.（第二段提出了adaptive variation,但是经过第三段的论证，作者在第四段给予了否认）
II. They do not seem to give obvious selective advantages to the starry flounder.（这就是第四段对于adaptive variation的否认）
III. They occur in different proportions in different locations.（第一段最后一句话所描述的现象）
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) I and III only
(D) II and III only
(E) I, II, and III
E 23.According to the passage, a possible disadvantage associated with eye migration in flatfish is that the optic nerves can（细节题）
(A) adhere to one another
(B) detach from the eyes
(C) cross
(D) stretch
(E) twist（第三段第四句提到了twist）
A 24.Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage as a whole?(判断全文结构题)
(A) A phenomenon is described and an interpretation presented and rejected.（第一段提出现象，第二、三段做出解释，最后一段给予否认）
(B) A generalization is made and supporting evidence is supplied and weighed.（一开始没有generalization ,只是对于客观事实的陈述）
(C) A contradiction is noted and a resolution is suggested and then modified.（没有contradiction,只是讲了一些不同的现象，但不存在对立关系）
(D) A series of observations is presented and explained in terms of the dominant theory.（不存在什么dominant）
(E) A hypothesis is introduced and corroborated in the light of new evidence.(没有提出假设，只是给出了一种解释，这种解释的说法是成立的，只是不适用于文中的现象，同时也不存在什么new evidence和old evidence之类的)
B 25.The passage supplies information for answering which of the following questions?（细节题）
(A) Why are Japanese starry flounder mostly left-eyed?（文章只针对eye placement这一现象发生的原因进行了讨论，但并未具体分析eye placement发生在左边或者右边的原因）
(B) Why should the eye-sidedness in starry flounder be considered selectively neutral?（这是全文的重点）
(C) Why have biologists recently become interested in whether a characteristic is adaptive or selectively neutral?（没有谈到科学家为什么会在最近对这个问题感兴趣，换句话说文章没有谈到以前和现在科学家态度的变化）
(D) How do the eyes in flatfish migrate?（没有谈到这一现象具体发生的步骤）
(E) How did Parker make his discoveries about the anatomy of optic nerves in flatfish?（没有提到）
D 26.Which of the following is most clearly similar to a cline as it is described in the second paragraph of the passage?（推断题）
(A) A vegetable market in which the various items are grouped according to place of origin
(B) A wheat field in which different varieties of wheat are planted to yield a crop that will bring the maximum profit
(C) A flower stall in which the various species of flowers are arranged according to their price
(D) A housing development in which the length of the front struts supporting the porch of each house increases as houses are built up the hill（由第二段第一句可知，cling被归结于response to environment, 而该选项中‘increase as houses are built up the hill’可看做针对环境变化而做出的改变。）
(E) A national park in which the ranger stations are placed so as to be inconspicuous, and yet as easily accessible as possible
E 27.Which of the following phrases from the passage best expresses the author’s conclusion about the meaning of the difference between left-eyed and right-eyed flatfish?（细节题）
(A) “Most striking” (line 4)
(B) “variation is adaptive” (line 19)
(C) “mechanically disadvantageous” (lines 3738)
(D) “adaptively significant” (lines 48-49)
(E) “evolutionary red herring” (line 54)（定位至全文最后一句话即可）
17.Until about five years ago,
Until about five years ago, the very idea that peptide hormones might be made anywhere in the brain besides the hypothalamus was astounding. Peptide hormones, scientists thought, were made by endocrine glands and the hypothalamus was thought to be the brains’ only endocrine gland. What is more, because peptide hormones cannot cross the blood-brain barrier, researchers believed that they never got to any part of the brain other than the hypothalamus, where they were simply produced and then released into the bloodstream.
   But these beliefs about peptide hormones were questioned as laboratory after laboratory found that antiserums to peptide hormones, when injected into the brain, bind in places other than the hypothalamus, indicating that either the hormones or substances that cross-react with the antiserums are present. The immunological method of detecting peptide hormones by means of antiserums, however, is imprecise. Cross-reactions are possible and this method cannot determine whether the substances detected by the antiserums really are the hormones, or merely close relatives. Furthermore, this method cannot be used to determine the location in the body where the detected substances are actually produced.
   New techniques of molecular biology, however, provide a way to answer these questions. It is possible to make specific complementary DNA’s (cDNA’s) that can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger RNA’s (mRNA’s) of the peptide hormones. If brain cells are making the hormones, the cells will contain these mRNA’s. If the products the brain cells make resemble the hormones but are not identical to them, then the cDNA’s should still bind to these mRNA’s, but should not bind as tightly as they would to mRNA’s for the true hormones. The cells containing these mRNA’s can then be isolated and their mRNA’s decoded to determine just what their protein products are and how closely the products resemble the true peptide hormones.
   The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNA probes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it can take years of tedious purifications to isolate peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them. Roberts, expressing the sentiment of many researchers, states: “I was trained as an endocrinologist. But it became clear to me that the field of endocrinology needed molecular biology input. The process of grinding out protein purifications is just too slow.”
If, as the initial tests with cDNA probes suggest, peptide hormones really are made in the brain in areas other than the hypothalamus, a theory must be developed that explains their function in the brain. Some have suggested that the hormones are all growth regulators, but Rosen’s work on rat brains indicates that this cannot be true. A number of other researchers propose that they might be used for intercellular communication in the brain.

第一段：
1句：提出老观点KW：指出‘peptide hormones might be made anywhere in the brain besides the hypothalamus’这种观点在许多年以前是令人非常吃惊的，由此句可推断下文将介绍当今的观点，并且很可能这个观点在现在是被很多人接受的了。
2句：提出老观点的论据a: ‘scientists thought’由thought可以看出是在讲以前的观点，其实就是换个说法把老观点又叙述了一遍。
3句：依然是老观点的论据b.
第二段：
1句：对老观点提出质疑，也可看做否定评价aw-，预测下面将提出新观点，即当今的观点是什么。
2句：对上句提出的否定评价（aw-）提出质疑，可看做aw-2，指出上句所提及的实验方法并不准确，这里预测作者接下来要么具体阐述该实验方法不准确的原因，要么就提出准确的实验方法。
（第二句的内容与由第一句所做的预测发展不符。。。但是不着急，这里看出来作者接下来将对评测老观点的实验方法进行论述，，同时我们依然要保持对新观点的期待，如果有新观点可以马上识别出来。）
3句：提出aw-2的论据，具体指出第二段首句所采用的实验方法到底哪里有什么问题（符合前面的预测）。
4句：与上一句并列，具体指出第二段首句所采用的方法到底哪里有什么问题。
第三段：
1句：提出新的准确的实验方法，可看做一个论点KW：提出一个可以解决老的鉴定方法中存在的问题的新鉴定方法。
2句：论据a:具体介绍新实验方法的内容。
3句：论据b：具体介绍新实验方法的内容。
4句：论据c: 具体介绍新实验方法的内容。
5句：论据d: 具体介绍新实验方法的内容。
第四段：
1句：对新实验方法提出肯定性评价aw+:faster，预测下面讲对这个特点展开论述。
2句：论据a:针对新方法faster这个特点提出具体例子。这个例子并没有从正面说新方法有多快速，而是列举老方法耗时久这个缺点，来从反面支持上句论点。
第五段：
1句：提出论点 KW：如果上面两段提出来的新实验方法产生的结果证明，该文首段首句提出来的老观点是错误的，即‘that peptide hormones might be made anywhere in the brain besides the hypothalamus’这一观点是正确的，那么科学家就应该可以解释peptide hormones在大脑中的作用。
2句：论据a:提出了一种解释，随后又给予否认。
3句：论据b:提出了另一种解释，但是谓语动词用的是’might be’表示不确定。
总结：
本文为现象解释型。首先看到首句为一个判断句，陈述的是老观点，第一反应全文应该为新老观点对比型文章，先提出老观点，介绍老观点，批判老观点，提出新观点，介绍新观点；但是！但是！文章后面并未提出新的观点（这与预测的不一样）。后面而是针对老观点中提及的现象的检测方法进行了论述，讨论的两种不同的检测方法，因此此文勉强可看做现象解释型（不是典型的现象解释型）。第二段提出了对老观点的质疑，提出了一种鉴定方法，并给与否定，第三、四段提出了另一种新的鉴定方法，在第五段里，并未提出检测结果，也就是并未明确提出对于这种现象新的观点，而是假设如果检测结果证实了新的观点，那么应该会有一个关于功能的解释，但是第五段的后两句也并未提出确定的解释，只是列举了两派的不同解释。因此统观全文，提出了老观点，给与质疑，然后讨论了两种不同的鉴定检验老观点的方法，但到最后都未给出老观点是否正确，新观点又是什么的准确说法。再简单的说就是，提出一个现象，并提出了一个检测办法，但并未给出检测的结果，并未提出这个现象的明确解释。
D 21.Which of the following titles best summarizes the passage?（主题题）
(A) Is Molecular Biology the Key to Understanding Intercellular Communication in the Brain?（提到了molecular biology的一种方法，但并未讲到molecular biology本身的重要性。）
(B) Molecular Biology: Can Researchers Exploit Its Techniques to Synthesize Peptide Hormones?（重点并不是molecular biology）
(C) The Advantages and Disadvantages of the Immunological Approach to Detecting Peptide Hormones（immunological approach只是全文的一部分）
(D) Peptide Hormones: How Scientists Are Attempting to Solve Problems of Their Detection and to Understand Their Function（因为整篇文章都围绕peptide hormones展开讨论，答案中必然要包含peptide hormones）
(E) Peptide Hormones: The Role Played by Messenger RNA’s in Their Detection(RNA只是全文的一部分)
C 22.The passage suggests that a substance detected in the brain by use of antiserums to peptide hormones may（细节题）
(A) have been stored in the brain for a long period of time
(B) play no role in the functioning of the brain
(C) have been produced in some part of the body other than the brain（定位到第二段3、4句）
(D) have escaped detection by molecular methods
(E) play an important role in the functioning of the hypothalamus
E 23.According to the passage, confirmation of the belief that peptide hormones are made in the brain in areas other than the hypothalamus would force scientists to（细节题）
(A) reject the theory that peptide hormones are made by endocrine glands
(B) revise their beliefs about the ability of antiserums to detect peptide hormones
(C) invent techniques that would allow them to locate accurately brain cells that produce peptide hormones
(D) search for techniques that would enable them to distinguish peptide hormones from their close relatives
(E) develop a theory that explains the role played by peptide hormones in the brain（最后一段第一句话）
B 24.Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as a drawback of the immunological method of detecting peptide hormones?（细节题，定位第二段第3、4句）
(A) It cannot be used to detect the presence of growth regulators in the brain.
(B) It cannot distinguish between the peptide hormones and substances that are very similar to them.
(C) It uses antiserums that are unable to cross the blood-brain barrier.
(D) It involves a purification process that requires extensive training in endocrinology.
(E) It involves injecting foreign substances directly into the bloodstream.
D 25.The passage implies that, in doing research on rat brains, Rosen discovered that（细节题，定位第5段第二句）
(A) peptide hormones are used for intercellular communication
(B) complementary DNA’s do not bind to cells producing peptide hormones
(C) products closely resembling peptide hormones are not identical to peptide hormones
(D) some peptide hormones do not function as growth regulators
(E) antiserums cross-react with substances that are not peptide hormones
A 26.Which of the following is a way in which the immunological method of detecting peptide hormones differs from the molecular method?(细节题)
(A) The immunological method uses substances that react with products of hormone-producing cells, whereas the molecular method uses substances that react with a specific component of the cells themselves.(前半句不是很懂)
(B) The immunological method has produced results consistent with long-held beliefs about peptide hormones, whereas the molecular method has produced results that upset these beliefs.
(C) The immunological method requires a great deal of expertise, whereas the molecular method has been used successfully by nonspecialists.
(D) The immunological method can only be used to test for the presence of peptide hormones within the hypothalamus, whereas the molecular method can be used throughout the brain.
(E) The immunological method uses probes that can only bind with peptide hormones, whereas the molecular method uses probes that bind with peptide hormones and substances similar to them.
E 27.The idea that the field of endocrinology can gain from developments in molecular biology is regarded by Roberts with（这道题不是很确定，细节题，定位到第四段第二句’too slow’，表明他对老方法的否定评价，从反面表达了对新观点的推崇。）
(A) incredulity
(B) derision
(C) indifference
(D) pride
(E) enthusiasm

作者: 普渡哥 时间: 2014-7-11 12:21
加油

作者: 灌冰 时间: 2014-7-11 14:24
（7月11日更新）
19.Typically the queen honeybee
Typically the queen honeybee is mother to all the bees in a hive; after mating with several male drones from other colonies, she lays fertilized eggs that develop into all-female worker bees and lays unfertilized eggs that become all-male drones. When a queen dies, workers often lay unfertilized eggs that hatch into drones. Yet workers rarely reproduce while a queen reigns.
According to natural selection theory, a worker would enhance her fitness—or ability to propagate her genes—by hatching her own eggs in addition to or in place of the queen’s. But a typical worker’s fitness would be diminished if other workers’ sons, who have less genetic material in common with the worker, supplanted the queen’s sons (the worker’s brothers). Researchers, testing the hypothesis that workers usually somehow block each other’s attempts to reproduce, put unfertilized eggs laid by workers and by the queen into a hive. Other workers quickly devoured the workers’ eggs while leaving the queen’s eggs alone.
第一段：
1句：说明性内容a。
2句：说明性内容b.
3句：提出主题词TW，预计下文将针对这个现象进行讲解。
第二段：
1句：说明性内容a.
2句：说明性内容b：工蜂的健康也可能减弱，这里diminish与第一句中的enhance相对应。
3句：提出KW：工蜂会阻止其他工蜂繁殖。
4句：提出论据a支持KW。
总结：
本文为说明文，没有总论点，主题句。第一段首先看到首句判断为事实陈述句，第二句仍然为陈述事实，可看做是对首句的补充说明，到第三句，仍为陈述句，可看做说明作用，但出现了转折，由于重点一般都在转折句，可预测，下文将以此句为重点展开说明。第二段，首句依然为陈述事实，注意到这么几个词‘worker’‘hatching eggs’与上一段末句的‘worker’‘reproduce’相对应，可以看做上段末句的具体讲述；第二、三、四句都的讨论范围都没有超出第一段末句的范围，都是在做具体解释说明。
D 17.The author refers to the experiment described in lines 16-19 in order to(定位到第二段researchers,由此句的插入语部分可得知该实验的作用)
(A) explain how worker bees are prevented from mating with drones
(B) explain how worker bees hatch and nurture the queen’s young
(C) demonstrate the universality of natural selection
(D) show that worker bees are capable of thwarting each other’s attempts to reproduce
(E) provide a model of daily life in a typical honeybee hive
A 18 The inner workings in a honeybee hive that regulate reproduction, as they are described in the passage, are most similar to which of the following types of human societies?（就是相互监督制约的环境）
(A) A totalitarian society in which citizens’ “policing” of each other’s actions helps to maintain the status quo.
(B) A pacifist state in which the individuals are strongly opposed to the use of violence or aggression to settle disputes.
(C) A democratic society in which the voice of the majority rules.
(D) A parliamentary society in which a few members, organized as a cabinet wield executive power.
(E) An anarchic state in which order and stable social structures are lacking.
B 19.The passage best supports which of the following inferences about the fitness of honeybees?（推断题）
(A) Reproduction diminishes any individual honeybee’s fitness.
(B) An individual worker’s fitness can be maintained without the individual herself reproducing.（因为工蜂自己繁殖对自己有利、对其他工蜂有害，所以在相互制约的情况下，都不繁殖自己的后代，工蜂的健康都不会因其他工蜂繁殖而受到损害，因此都得到了维护）
(C) A hierarchy of stronger and weaker individuals among the worker bees determines which individuals will reproduce when a queen dies.
(D) While a queen reigns, the fitness of the worker bees is increased and that of the drones is diminished.
(E) Fitness encourages worker bees to hatch honeybee eggs without regard for the relatedness of the young to the “parent.”
E 20.The passage suggests which of the following about the eggs laid by worker bees?
(A) One of the eggs hatches into the next queen.
(B) The eggs are invariably destroyed by other worker bees.
(C) Each worker tries to hide her eggs from the other worker bees.
(D) The eggs hatch only if the worker has mated with a drone from another hive.
(E) The eggs are less likely to be harmed by other workers if the queen is dead.（因为如果工蜂的后代排挤了蜂后的后代，其他工蜂会受损，所以当蜂后死了以后，就不存在了取代，而且文中也讲了‘When a queen dies, workers often lay unfertilized eggs that hatch into drones’）

作者: 灌冰 时间: 2014-7-12 21:33
（7月12日更新）
20.While it is true that living organisms
While it is true that living organisms are profoundly affected by their environment, it is equally important to remember that many organisms are also capable of altering their habitat significantly, sometimes limiting their own growth. The influence of the biological component of an ecosystem is often greater in fresh waters than that in marine or terrestrial systems, because of the small size of many freshwater bodies. Many of the important effects of organisms are related to their physiology, especially growth and respiration. By their growth many species can deplete essential nutrients within the system, thus limiting their own growth or that of other species. Lund has demonstrated that in Lake Windermere the alga Asterionella is unable to grow in conditions that it itself has created. Once a year, in the spring, this plant starts to grow rapidly in the lake, using up so much silica from the water that by late spring there is no longer enough to maintain its own growth. The population decreases dramatically as a result.
1句：看到while可知该句为让步转折句，while句中说，environment affect organism,可推测，后面的转折讲的是organism 对environment的影响。继续往后看，果真如此！！首句作者的态度很明显，可看做全文的主题句TS。还要注意影响可以是多方面的效果，有的是正面作用，有的是负面作用，但到在本句最后，同位语部分，有个limiting,表示的是负面作用，而且单独提出，可预测下面将着重讲这个方面。
2句：此句本质为作者主观的一个判断，为分论点KW1：说明该现象在淡水里比在海水或是陆地环境中表现的更明显。
3句：此句也为分论点 KW2：说明这个现象与生物体的physiology, growth，respiration这三点紧密相关。
4句：分论点KW3：呼应中心句TS，说明生物体对周边环境的影响，deplete 与首句的limiting相对应。
5句：KW3的论据a.
6句：a’:using up对应首句的的limiting.
7句：a’’.
总结：
本文为现象解释型。首句提出总的观点，2-4句提出子观点，支持中心句，但是没有提出论据支持，5句提出与首句呼应的子观点，同时后面并列举出论据表示支持。全文只有作者一人观点。
D 24. Which of the following is an example of the type of organism described in the first sentence?(推断题)
(A) A kind of ant that feeds on the sweet juice exuded by the twigs of a species of thorn tree that grows in dry areas.
(B) A kind of fish that, after growing to maturity in the ocean, returns to fresh water.
(C) A kind of flower that has markings distinctly perceptible in ultraviolet light to the species of bee that pollinates the flower.
(D) A kind of tree with seeds that germinate readily only in a sunny spot and then develop into mature trees that shade the area below them.（就是表现出生物对环境的影响）
(E) A kind of butterfly, itself nonpoisonous, with the same markings as a kind of butterfly that birds refuse to eat because it is poisonous.
E 25. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the followings is true about Asterionella plants in Lake Windermere?（细节题）
(A) They are not present except in early spring.
(B) They contribute silica to the waters as they grow.
(C) They are food for other organisms.
(D) They form a silica-rich layer on the lake bottom.
(E) Their growth peaks in the spring.（定位第六句，首先是在春季开始迅速发展，第二是在晚春资源就接近耗尽，由这两点可推断在春季早期中期发展到鼎盛。）
C 26. The passage indicates that organisms frequently have the strongest effects on their environment in（由第2句得答案）
(A) oceans, since oceans contain the largest organisms living on Earth
(B) oceans, since oceans provide habitats for many different kinds of species
(C) freshwater bodies, since such effects become pronounced in relatively small spaces
(D) freshwater lakes, since nutrients in freshwater lakes are present only in small amounts
(E) land areas, since there exist major influences of climate on the kinds of small organisms supported in land areas
B 27. The primary topic of the passage is the way in which（太简单，拒绝分析）
(A) organisms are affected by the amount of nutrients available
(B) organisms can change their own surroundings
(C) elements of freshwater habitats impede the growth of small organisms
(D) the reproduction of organisms is controlled by factors in the environment
(E) plant matter in a given locale can increase up to a limit

作者: 灌冰 时间: 2014-7-17 12:41
（7月17日更新）
21.As people age, their cells
1 As people age, their cells become less efficient and less able to replace damaged components. At the same time their tissues stiffen. For example, the lungs and the heart muscle expand less successfully, the blood vessels become increasingly rigid, and the ligaments and tendons tighten.
2 Few investigators would attribute such diverse effects to a single cause. Nevertheless, researchers have discovered that a process long known to discolor and toughen foods may also contribute to age-related impairment of both cells and tissues. That process is nonenzymatic glycosylation, whereby glucose becomes attached to proteins without the aid of enzymes. When enzymes attach glucose to proteins (enzymatic glycosylation), they do so at a specific site on a specific protein molecule for a specific purpose. In contrast, the nonenzymatic process adds glucose haphazardly to any of several sites along any available peptide chain within a protein molecule.
3 This nonenzymatic glycosylation of certain proteins has been understood by food chemists for decades, although few biologists recognized until recently that the same steps could take place in the body. Nonenzymatic glycosylation begins when an aldehyde group (CHO) of glucose and an amino group (NH2) of a protein are attracted to each other. The molecules combine, forming what is called a Schiff base within the protein. This combination is unstable and quickly rearranges itself into a stabler, but still reversible, substance known as an Amadori product.
4 If a given protein persists in the body for months or years, some of its Amadori products slowly dehydrate and rearrange themselves yet again, into new glucose-derived structures. These can combine with various kinds of molecules to form irreversible structures named advanced glycosylation end products (AGE’s). Most AGE’s are yellowish brown and fluorescent and have specific spectrographic properties. More important for the body, many are also able to cross-link adjacent proteins, particularly ones that give structure to tissues and organs. Although no one has yet satisfactorily described the origin of all such bridges between proteins, many investigators agree that extensive cross-linking of proteins probably contributes to the stiffening and loss of elasticity characteristic of aging tissues.
5 In an attempt to link this process with the development of cataracts (the browning and clouding of the lens of the eye as people age), researchers studied the effect of glucose on solutions of purified crystallin, the major protein in the lens of the eye. Glucose-free solutions remained clear, but solutions with glucose caused the proteins to form clusters, suggesting that the molecules had become cross-linked. The clusters diffracted light, making the solution opaque. The researchers also discovered that the pigmented cross-links in human cataracts have the brownish color and fluorescence characteristic of AGE’s. These data suggest that nonenzymatic glycosylation of lens crystallins may contribute to cataract formation.
第一段：
1句：提出全文的TW背景信息。
2句：由‘at the same time’可知与上一句并列，提出全文TW’，‘tissues stiffen’.
3句：举例，论据。
第二段：
1句：提出论点KW1:提出少数研究者对这一现象的解释，归于单一原因。
2句：对于KW1提出否定评价，质疑，同时提出新论点：AW-；发现原因并不单一，因为其他研究者发现一个发生在食物上的、早为人知的过程也会导致人体发生tissues stiffen。预测下面将介绍这个过程。
3句：论据a: 指出这个过程叫做nonenzymatic glycosylation（与该句后面的without the aid of enzymes相对应）
4句：论据b：反面对比论据，介绍enzymatic glycosylation的情况，预计下文将讲nonenzymatic glycosylation的情况。
5句：论据b’:对比论据，果然讲的是nonenzymatic的情况，同时看到句首的‘in contrast’,提示我们要找到两者之间的相反的地方，发现上句有specific site 、specific protein molecule、specific purpose和本句的haphazardly成鲜明对比。本段引出了nonenzymatic glycosylation，并做了基本的介绍，预测下文将回到TW（tissues stiffen）讲述nonenzymatic glycosylation与tissues stiffen之间的关系。
第三段：
1句：提出本段的主题句TW：其内容其实在上段已经提到就是发生在食物当中的nonenzymatic glycosylation也会发生在人体内（该句虽然从语法上看重点是在讲述两个发现发生的前后关系，但结合本文的核心，可知重点应该是nonenzymatic glycosylation也会发生在人体内）；另外，虽然本句为陈述事实，但TW’在本句充当论点KW2的作用，引领本句的内容，预测后面将讲解nonenzymatic glycosylation在体内发生的情况。
2句：提出论据a1:看到bengin这个词就预测下面讲的是Nonenzymatic glycosylation 发生的过程；本句部分词语为专业词汇，不容易懂，抓住关键即可，不需要真正理解本质，即抓住：CHO和NH2结合。
3句：论据a2：CHO和NH2共同构成Schiff base。
4句：论据a3:unstable rearrange to staler, Amadori product。句首的this combination=CHO+NH2.
第四段：
1句：提出本段的中心句，讲a given protein在体内存在一段时间以后发生的现象，首先是：Amadori products通过dehydrate and rearrange变成new glucose-derived structures。
2句：接上句继续：new glucose-derived structures产生AGE。
3句：接上句讲述AGE的特点。
4句：接上句讲述AGE的特点。
5句：提出一个被普遍接受的观点KW3:AGE的特点extensive cross-linking of proteins是导致人体stiffen的原因。
第5段：
1句：提出本段的主题句TW：该句为陈述事实，讲为将前面讲的关于AGE的现象与人体的stiffen链接起来，科学家在人类的眼睛上做实验。因为第4段最后提出论点是科学家的推断，所以本段将具体论证这个推断，由此本段整体可看做KW3的论据；同时预测本段后面的部分将对这项研究进行详细介绍。
2句：说明性内容a：讲述实验内容，对比讲述有和没有glucose的情况，有glucose的时候protein发生变化。
3句：继续讲述实验内容：protein发生变化后，视线模糊（opaque）。
4句：继续实验内容：科学家发现cataracts（白内障）表现出了与AGE相同的特点。
5句：总结实验，提出观点KW4,同时也全文的总结句CS:These data suggest that nonenzymatic glycosylation of lens crystallins may contribute to cataract formation.需要注意，这里用的是‘may’因此该研究并没有定论。
总结：
总的来说本文为现象解释型文章，但不是严格意义上的议论文，而是说明为主。第一段提出全文的主题，研究tissues stiffen的原因；第二段提出原因nonenzymatic glycosylation；第三段，介绍nonenzymatic glycosylation；第四段，在理论上将nonenzymatic glycosylation与tissues stiffen联系起来；第五段，通过实验来验证nonenzymatic glycosylation与tissues stiffen的关系。总观全文，其实第二、三、四段可以合为一段，都是在介绍从Nonenzymatic glycosylation发展到tissues stiffen的过程。
E 17. With which of the following statements concerning the stiffening of aging tissues would the author most likely agree?
(A) It is caused to a large degree by an increased rate of cell multiplication.(large degree看不出来)
(B) It paradoxically both helps and hinders the longevity of proteins in the human body.
(C) It can be counteracted in part by increased ingestion of glucose-free foods.（没有讲到关于counteract的方面，不一定是可以综合的。）
(D) It is exacerbated by increased enzymatic glycosylation.（本文没讲到enzymatic glycosylation与老化的具体关系）
(E) It probably involves the nonenzymatic glycosylation of proteins.（本文讨论的核心）
C 18. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true of the process that discolors and toughens foods?
(A) It takes place more slowly than glycosylation in the human body.（文章没有讲到如此比较）
(B) It requires a higher ratio of glucose to protein than glycosylation requires in the human body.（没讲到如此比较）
(C) It does not require the aid of enzymes to attach glucose to protein.
(D) It proceeds more quickly when the food proteins have a molecular structure similar to that of crystallin proteins.（没有提到）
(E) Its effectiveness depends heavily on the amount of environmental moisture.（没有谈到外部环境的影响）
D 19. According to the passage, which of the following is characteristic of enzymatic glycosylation of proteins?（细节题）
(A) AGE’s are formed after a period of months or years.
(B) Proteins affected by the process are made unstable.
(C) Glucose attachment impairs and stiffens tissues.
(D) Glucose is attached to proteins for specific purposes.（定位第二段第四句）
(E) Amino groups combine with aldehyde groups to form Schiff bases.
D 20. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true of Amadori products in proteins?（细节题）
(A) They are more plentiful in a dehydrated environment.
(B) They are created through enzymatic glycosylation.
(C) They are composed entirely of glucose molecules.
(D) They are derived from Schiff bases.（由第四段一、二句得）
(E) They are derived from AGE’s.
E 21. Which of the following best describes the function of the third paragraph of the passage (lines 19-29)?
(A) It offers evidence that contradicts the findings described in the first two paragraphs.（没有反驳第一段）
(B) It presents a specific example of the process discussed in the first two paragraphs.（不是举例）
(C) It explains a problem that the researchers mentioned in the second paragraph have yet to solve.（没有提到什么未解决的问题）
(D) It evaluates the research discoveries described in the previous paragraph.（没有evaluate）
(E) It begins a detailed description of the process introduced in the previous two paragraphs.
D 22. The passage suggests that which of the following would be LEAST important in determining whether nonenzymatic glycosylation is likely to have taken place in the proteins of a particular tissue?
(A) The likelihood that the tissue has been exposed to free glucose
(B) The color and spectrographic properties of structures within the tissue
(C) The amount of time that the proteins in the tissue have persisted in the body
(D) The number of amino groups within the proteins in the tissue（应该是由aldehyde和amino共同决定的）
(E) The degree of elasticity that the tissue exhibits
D 23. If the hypothesis stated in lines 56-58 is true, it can be inferred that the crystallin proteins in the lenses of people with cataracts（即如果nonenzymatic glycosylation导致tissues stiffen的推断成立）
(A) have increased elasticity
(B) do not respond to enzymatic glycosylation
(C) are more susceptible to stiffening than are other proteins
(D) are at least several months old（定位第4段首句，特定蛋白在体内存在一段时间后，整个过程才会进一步发展）
(E) respond more acutely than other proteins to changes in moisture levels
22. Hydrogeology is a science dealing
Hydrogeology is a science dealing with the properties, distribution, and circulation of water on the surface of the land, in the soil and underlying rocks, and in the atmosphere. The hydrologic cycle, a major topic in this science, is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes, beginning as atmospheric water vapor, passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation, thence along and into the ground surface, and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration.
The term “geohydrology” is sometimes erroneously used as a synonym for “hydrogeology.” Geohydrology is concerned with underground water. There are many formations that contain water but are not part of the hydrologic cycle because of geologic changes that have isolated them underground. These systems are properly termed geohydrologic but not hydrogeologic. Only when a system possesses natural or artificial boundaries that associate the water within it with the hydrologic cycle may the entire system properly be termed hydrogeologic.
第一段：
1句：陈述事实，提出全文的TW：hydrogeology。
2句：说明性内容a：详细介绍 hydrogeology cycle。
第二段：
1句：提出本段论点KW：hydrogeology概念被错误理解。
2句：论据a: 介绍什么是geohydrology。
3句：论据b：介绍什么不能算是geohydrology。
4句: 论据b’: 上句提到的应该是geohydrology。
5句：提出全文的总结句CS：介绍什么情况下一个系统可以被归为hydrogeology。
总结：
本文为现象解释型，同时也是问题解决型，说明什么是hydrogeology，同时介绍了容易混淆的geohydrology,并介绍两者的区别。
C 17. The author’s primary purpose is most probably to(主旨题，第二段提出全文的唯一论点kw: geohydrology常被混淆)
(A) present a hypothesis
(B) refute an argument
(C) correct a misconception
(D) predict an occurrence
(E) describe an enigma
C 18. It can be inferred that which of the following is most likely to be the subject of study by a geohydrologist?（推断题）
(A) Soft, porous rock being worn away by a waterfall
(B) Water depositing minerals on the banks of a gorge through which the water runs
(C) The trapping of water in a sealed underground rock cavern through the action of an earthquake（定位第2段的第3句‘because of geologic changes’）
(D) Water becoming unfit to drink through the release of pollutants into it from a manufacturing plant
(E) The changing course of a river channel as the action of the water wears away the rocks past which the river flows
A 19. The author refers to “many formations” (line 16) primarily in order to
(A) clarify a distinction
(B) introduce a subject
(C) draw an analogy
(D) emphasize a similarity
(E) resolve a conflict
23. Our visual perception depends on the
Our visual perception depends on the reception of energy reflecting or radiating from that which we wish to perceive. If our eyes could receive and measure infinitely delicate sense-data, we could perceive the world with infinite precision. The natural limits of our eyes have, of course, been extended by mechanical instruments; telescopes and microscopes, for example, expand our capabilities greatly. There is, however, an ultimate limit beyond which no instrument can take us; this limit is imposed by our inability to receive sense-data smaller than those conveyed by an individual quantum of energy. Since these quanta are believed to be indivisible packages of energy and so cannot be further refined, we reach a point beyond which further resolution of the world is not possible. It is like a drawing a child might make by sticking indivisible discs of color onto a canvas.
We might think that we could avoid this limitation by using quanta with extremely long wavelengths; such quanta would be sufficiently sensitive to convey extremely delicate sense-data. And these quanta would be useful, as long as we only wanted to measure energy, but a completely accurate perception of the world will depend also on the exact measurement of the lengths and positions of what we wish to perceive. For this, quanta of extremely long wavelengths are useless. To measure a length accurately to within a millionth of an inch, we must have a measure graduated in millionths of an inch; a yardstick graduated in inches in useless. Quanta with a wavelength of one inch would be, in a sense, measures that are graduated in inches. Quanta of extremely long wavelength are useless in measuring anything except extremely large dimensions.
Despite these difficulties, quanta have important theoretical implications for physics. It used to be supposed that, in the observation of nature, the universe could be divided into two distinct parts, a perceiving subject and a perceived object. In physics, subject and object were supposed to be entirely distinct, so that a description of any part of the universe would be independent of the observer. The quantum theory, however, suggests otherwise, for every observation involves the passage of a complete quantum from the object to the subject, and it now appears that this passage constitutes an important coupling between observer and observed. We can no longer make a sharp division between the two in an effort to observe nature objectively. Such an attempt at objectivity would distort the crucial interrelatioship of observer and observed as parts of a single whole. But, even for scientists, it is only in the world of atoms that this new development makes any appreciable difference in the explanation of observations.
第一段：
1句：提出TW：visual perception.
2句：说明性内容a：提出假设假设infinite sense-data导致infinite precision。
3句：说明性内容b:说明现实中工具帮助人类扩展了视野。
4句：说明性内容c: 否定a,说明假设不能成立。
5句：本文中心句TS：beyond further resolution is not possible.
6句：论据a:打比方。
第二段：
1句：论点KW:we could avoid the limitation by extremely long- wavelengths-quanta.上一段最后一句已经说了不可能，但本段还想再探讨下可能性，所提提出了一个解决办法。
2句：否定KW，AW-。
3句：AW-
4句：论据a: 说明什么样的方案可行，从反面支持上一句的AW-。
5句：论据b: 说明KW提的方法属于什么类型。
6句：论据b’：再次说KW无效。
第三段：
1句：论点KW: quanta还是有优点的，在物理学方面有意义。
2句：论据a:介绍背景信息，老观点，宇宙可以分为两个部分，关键词distinct。该句可以看做一个子论点。
3句：论据a’: 介绍背景信息，继续介绍一分为二的好处。
4句：论据b: 提出不同的观点，quantum theory，关键词：complete quantum 、coupling，对应distinct.该句实际上可以看做一个子论点。
5句：论据b’: 提出新的观点，即：no longer to make a divison.
6句：AW-: 批评新观点，‘Such an attempt at objectivity代指上一句提到的‘in an effort to observe nature objectively’(进一步则代表了新观点)
7句：AW+:提出新观点还有一点用的，仅在原子的世界才有实际价值，‘this new development’表示新观点。由此可以看上一句为一个让步句。
总结：
该文为问题解决型（虽然最后这个问题并没有解决，所以文章也算是现象解释型）。第一段提出一个现象，并指出存在的问题；第二段，提出一个解决办法，后面又否定；第三段，让步指出该方法的不足，但最后又指出了该方法的有效性。
A 17. The primary purpose of the passage is to(主题题)
(A) discuss a problem that hinders precise perception of the world
(B) point out the inadequacies of accepted units of measurement（只是第二段的一部分内容）
(C) criticize attempts to distinguish between perceiving subjects and perceived objects（只是第三段的一部分内容）
(D) compare and contrast rival scientific hypotheses about how the world should be measured and observed（measure没有对比）
(E) suggest the limited function of sensory observation(只是全文的一部分内容)
E 18. According to the passage, quanta with an extremely long wavelength cannot be used to give complete information about the physical world because they（定位第二段的2、3句）
(A) exist independently of sense-data
(B) are graduated only in inches
(C) have an insignificant amount of energy
(D) cannot, with present-day instruments, be isolated from quanta of shorter wavelength
(E) provide an insufficiently precise means of measuring length and position
D 19. Which of the following describes a situation most analogous to the situation discussed in lines 9-13?（类似测量工具的测量单位与被测量物体的体积不符。）
(A) A mathematician can only solve problems the solution of which can be deduced from known axiom.
(B) An animal can respond to no command that is more complicated syntactically than any it has previously received.
(C) A viewer who has not learned, at least intuitively, the conventions of painting, cannot understand perspective in a drawing.
(D) A sensitized film will record no detail on a scale that is smaller than the grain of the film.
(E) A shadow cast on a screen by an opaque object will have sharp edge only if the light source is small or very distant.
A 20. The author uses the analogy of the child’s drawing (lines 17-19) primarily in order to（作用题，找前一个观点,前一个观点简单说就是表明quanta这个方法行不通，只有A选项表达了这个意思）
(A) illustrate the ultimate limitation in the precision of sense-data conveyed by quanta
(B) show the sense of helplessness scientists feel in the face of significant observational problems
(C) anticipate the objections of the those scientists who believe that no instrumental aid to observation is entirely reliable
(D) exemplify the similarities between packages of energy and varieties of color
(E) disparage those scientists who believe that measurement by means of quanta offers an accurate picture of the world
D 21. The author implies that making a sharp division between subject and object in physics is（为什么选D不清楚，我只能用排除法）
(A) possible in a measurement o object’s length and position, but not in a measurement of its energy（length and position是上段的内容，张冠李戴）
(B) still theoretically possible in the small-scale world of atoms and electrons（electrons原文没提到）
(C) possible in the case of observations involving the passage of a complete quantum（看不出这点）
(D) no longer an entirely accurate way to describe observation of the universe（）
(E) a goal at which scientists still aim（看不出这点）
B 22. The author’s use of the phrase “in a sense” (line 34) implies which of the following?（不懂。。。）
(A) Quanta of extremely long wavelength are essentially graduated in inches.
(B) quanta of one-inch wavelength are not precisely analogous to yardsticks graduated in inches.
(C) Quanta of extremely long wavelength, in at least one respect, resemble quanta of shorter wavelength.
(D) quanta of on-inch wavelength and quanta of extremely long wavelength do not differ only in their wavelengths.
(E) quanta of one-inch wavelength must be measured by different standards than quanta of extremely long wavelength.
B 23. According to the passage, the quantum theory can be distinguished from previous theories of physics by its
(A) insistence on scrupulously precise mathematical formulations（跟mathematical无关）
(B) understanding of the inherent interrelationship of perceiver and perceived（前后两个观点的主要区别就在对待perceiver和perceived上，是统一还是分别）
(C) recognition of the need for sophisticated instruments of measurement（跟instruments无关）
(D) emphasis on small-scale rather than on large-scale phenomena（不涉及大小的比较）
(E) regard for philosophical issues as well as for strictly scientific ones（跟哲学无关）

24. Eight percent of the Earth’s
Eight percent of the Earth’s crust is aluminum, and there are hundreds of aluminum-bearing minerals and vast quantities of the rocks that contain them. The best aluminum ore is bauxite, defined as aggregates of aluminous minerals, more or less impure, in which aluminum is present as hydrated oxides. Bauxite is the richest of all those aluminous rocks that occur in large quantities, and it yields alumina, the intermediate product required for the production of aluminum. Alumina also occurs naturally as the mineral corundum, but corundum is not found in large deposits of high purity, and therefore it is an impractical source for making aluminum. Most of the many abundant nonbauxite aluminous minerals are silicates, and, like all silicate minerals, they are refractory, resistant to analysis, and extremely difficult to process. The aluminum silicates are therefore generally unsuitable alternatives to bauxite because considerably more energy is required to extract alumina from them.
1句：提出TW：本文讨论的主题词是aluminum.
2句：提出论点KW1:最好的aluminum矿石是bauxite.
3句：论据a：为什么bauxite最棒。
4句：出现新的内容mineral corundum，提出论点KW2：corundum也有alumina，但并不是合适的开采。
5句：出现新内容silicates，提出论点KW3：alumina另一个来源silicates，但这也不是合适的来源。
6句：KW3’:重复上句观点，silicates不合适。
总结：
本文很简单。为一篇说明文，主要就是介绍一种矿物质的来源，以及其他几种不合适的来源。
C 17. The author implies that a mineral must either be or readily supply which of the following in order to be classified as an aluminum ore?(既然是aluminum ore那肯定就要含有aluminum 之类的东西啊，还有这道题我做错了。。)
(A) An aggregate
(B) Bauxite
(C) Alumina
(D) Corundum
(E) An aluminum silicate
A 18. The passage supplies information for answering all of the following questions regarding aluminous minerals EXCEPT:
(A) What percentage of the aluminum in the Earth’s crust is in the form of bauxite?（第一句只介绍了crust中有多少的aluminum,但没提到bauxite）
(B) Are aluminum-bearing nonbauxite minerals plentiful?(第五句)
(C) Do the aluminous minerals found in bauxite contain hydrated oxides?（第二句）
(D) Are aluminous hydrated oxides found in rocks?（第二、三句）
(E) Do large quantities of bauxite exist?（第三句）
C 19. The author implies that corundum would be used to produce aluminum if（定位第4句，corundum的问题就是太少了，取反就是答案）
(A) corundum could be found that is not contaminated by silicates
(B) the production of alumina could be eliminated as an intermediate step in manufacturing aluminum
(C) many large deposits of very high quality corundum were to be discovered
(D) new technologies were to make it possible to convert corundum to a silicate
(E) manufacturers were to realize that the world’s supply of bauxite is not unlimited
25. Diamonds, an occasional component
Diamonds, an occasional component of rare igneous rocks called lamproites and kimberlites, have never been dated satisfactorily. However, some diamonds contain minute inclusions of silicate minerals, commonly olivine, pyroxene, and garnet. These minerals can be dated by radioactive decay techniques because of the very small quantities of radioactive trace elements they, in turn, contain. Usually, it is possible to conclude that the inclusions are older than their diamond hosts, but with little indication of the time interval involved. Sometimes, however, the crystal form of the silicate inclusions is observed to resemble more closely the internal structure of diamond than that of other silicate minerals. It is not known how rare this resemblance is, or whether it is most often seen in inclusions of silicates such as garnet, whose crystallography is generally somewhat similar to that of diamond; but when present, the resemblance is regarded as compelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions are truly cogenetic.
1句：提出TW：diamonds never be dated.
2句：aw-‘:however 表示否定含义，但这句话看不出来否定的部分。
3句：aw-:虽然diamonds不能be dated，但是它所含有的物质可以be dated。
4句：说明性内容a: diamond 所含的物质一般都更古老。
5句：说明性内容b:虽然年代有差距，但inclusions与diamond在结构上非常相似。
6句：CS: inclusions与diamond 是同源的。
总结：
本文为说明文，给人感觉是从一篇讲述如何给钻石鉴定年份的文章的一部分，因为首句提到钻石从未被定过年份，很自然后面就会预测将讲有什么可能的办法解决这个问题，但是本文并没有提到这点，而是到指出一种可以被鉴定的物质与钻石同源就打住了，所以感觉文章还有后文。
D 17. The author implies that silicate inclusions were most often formed（定位第4句）
(A) with small diamonds inside of them
(B) with trace elements derived from their host minerals
(C) by the radioactive decay of rare igneous rocks
(D) at an earlier period than were their host minerals
(E) from the crystallization of rare igneous material
C 18. According to the passage, the age of silicate minerals included in diamonds can be determined due to a feature of the（定位第3句）
(A) trace elements in the diamond hosts
(B) trace elements in the rock surrounding the diamonds
(C) trace elements in the silicate minerals
(D) silicate minerals’ crystal structure
(E) host diamonds’ crystal structure
E 19. The author states that which of the following generally has a crystal structure similar to that of diamond?（定位第2、5句）
(A) Lamproite
(B) Kimberlite
(C) Olivine
(D) Pyroxene
(E) Garnet
B 20. The main purpose of the passage is to（说不出为什么，就是知道该选B☺）
(A) explain why it has not been possible to determine the age of diamonds
(B) explain how it might be possible to date some diamonds
(C) compare two alternative approaches to determining the age of diamonds
(D) compare a method of dating diamonds with a method used to date certain silicate minerals
(E) compare the age of diamonds with that of certain silicate minerals contained within them

作者: 灌冰 时间: 2014-7-24 13:08
（7月24日更新，至此level 1 文章已全部更新完毕了）
26. Since 1953, many experimental
Since 1953, many experimental attempts to synthesize the chemical constituents of life under “primitive Earth conditions” have been performed, but none of these experiments has produced anything approaching the complexity of the simplest organism. They have demonstrated, however, that a variety of the complex molecules currently making up living organisms could have been present in the early ocean and atmosphere, with only one limitation: such molecules are synthesized far less readily when oxygen-containing compounds dominate the atmosphere. Therefore some scientists postulate that the Earth’s earliest atmosphere, unlike that of today, was dominated by hydrogen, methane, and ammonia.
From these studies, scientists have concluded that the surface of the primitive Earth was covered with oceans containing the molecules fundamental to life. Although, at present, scientists cannot explain how these relatively small molecules combined to produce larger, more complex molecules, some scientists have precipitously ventured hypotheses that attempt to explain the development, from lager molecules, of the earliest self-duplicating organisms.
第一段：
1句：说明性内容a:指出自从1953年以来所开展的这些实验的缺点。
2句：说明性内容b:however,转折，上句说缺点，这句说优点，即这些实验发现构成生物体的复杂分子存在于早期的海洋和大气，并且受含氧量的限制。
3句：提出观点KW1:一些科学家提出观点，即最早的大气与如今不同，主要由hydrogen, methane, ammonia构成。本段的前两句就是为这句话做铺垫。
第二段;
1句：提出观点KW2:科学家认为原始地球表面的海洋里也含有这些基本元素。
2句：提出作者本人观点a：如今科学家已经迫不及待的做出假设。
总结：
本文为说明文，第一段首句提出全文话题，关于原始分子和地球早期环境的研究，第一段后面则主要讲这些研究取得的成绩和科学家据此得到的结论。第二段第一句讲述科学家根据上段结论进一步做出的推断，第二句，讲作者对科学家一个假设理论的评价，表示质疑。本文大部分都是作者以第三者的角度讲述了某个领域的研究现状和一些科学家的观点，作者只在最后给出了自己的对于这项研究的一个态度。
A 24. According to the passage, which of the following can be inferred about the process by which the chemical constituents of life were synthesized under primitive Earth conditions?
(A) The synthesis is unlikely to occur under current atmospheric conditions.（定位第一段最后一句话）
(B) The synthesis is common in modern laboratories.（没有提到当惊实验室里的情况）
(C) The synthesis occurs more readily in the atmosphere than in the ocean.（没有讲到大气和海洋的比较）
(D) The synthesis easily produces the most complex organic molecules.（没有讲到最复杂的有机体）
(E) The synthesis is accelerated by the presence of oxygen-containing compounds.（说反了，参考第一段第2句）
C 25. The primary purpose of the passage is to（主题题，见总结分析）
(A) point out that theories about how life developed on Earth have changed little since 1953（change little错，文章没有讨论这点）
(B) warn of increasing levels of hydrogen, methane, and ammonia in the Earth’s atmosphere（没有警告，也没有说到增加的事情）
(C) describe the development since 1953 of some scientists’ understanding of how life began on Earth
(D) demonstrate that the synthesis of life in the laboratory is too difficult for modern technology（没有讲到实验室里的情况）
(E) describe how primitive atmospheric conditions produced the complex molecules of living organisms（没有讲到这么具体）
C 26. It can be inferred from the passage that “some scientists” assume which of the following concerning “larger, more complex molecules” (line 20)?（这道题我用的排除法）
(A) The earliest atmosphere was formed primarily of these molecules.（earliest\primarily错）
(B) Chemical processes involving these molecules proceeded much more slowly under primitive Earth conditions.（slowly错）
(C) The presence of these molecules would necessarily precede the existence of simple organisms.
(D) Experimental techniques will never be sufficiently sophisticated to produce in the laboratory simple organisms from these chemical constituents.（文章没有涉及到实验技术的讨论）
(E) Explanations could easily be developed to explain how simple molecules combined to form these more complex ones.（文章没有讨论这点）
D 27. The author’s reaction to the attempts that have been made to explain the development of the first self-duplication organisms can best be described as one of（定位全文最后一句话里的‘precipitously’表明了作者的态度）
(A) enthusiasm
(B) expectation
(C) dismay
(D) skepticism
(E) antipathy
27. Quantum mechanics is a highly
Quantum mechanics is a highly successful theory: it supplies methods for accurately calculating the results of diverse experiments, especially with minute particles. The predictions of quantum mechanics, however, give only the probability of an event, not a deterministic statement of whether or not the event will occur. Because of this probabilism, Einstein remained strongly dissatisfied with the theory throughout his life, though he did not maintain that quantum mechanics is wrong. Rather, he held that it is incomplete: in quantum mechanics the motion of a particle must be described in terms of probabilities, he argued, only because some parameters that determine the motion have not been specified. If these hypothetical “hidden parameters” were known, a fully deterministic trajectory could be defined. Significantly, this hidden-parameter quantum theory leads to experimental predictions different from those of traditional quantum mechanics. Einstein’s ideas have been tested by experiments performed since his death, and as most of these experiments support traditional quantum mechanics, Einstein’s approach is almost certainly erroneous.
1句：背景信息(说明性内容)a: Quantum mechanics是一个很成功的理论。
2句：背景信息(说明性内容)b:但是这个理论有个不足之处就是无法准确预测事件是否能够发生。
3句：背景信息(说明性内容)c:提出爱因斯坦的对于这个理论的态度。
4句：KW1：爱因斯坦的观点，这个理论是有缺陷的，因为有些起决定性作用的参数没有被明确。
5句：KW1’：继续讲述KW。
6句：说明性内容a。
7句：KW3：作者对于爱因斯坦的观点的态度。
总结：
本文为说明文，其中夹杂了小的议论。先是提出一项研究和其优缺点，然后提出爱因斯坦的观点，最后作者提出了自己对爱因斯坦观点的看法。
E 24.The author regards the idea that traditional quantum mechanics is incomplete with(定位全文最后一句话中的erroneous，表达了作者的态度)
(A) approval
(B) surprise
(C) indifference
(D) apprehension
(E) skepticism
B 25. It can be inferred from the passage that the author’s conclusion that Einstein’s approach is “erroneous” (line 22) might have to be modified because（即消弱这个结论，就要添加新的前提条件，或者质疑之前的前提）
(A) it is theoretically possible to generate plausible theories with hidden parameters within them
(B) some experimental tests of Einstein’s theory do not disconfirm the hidden-parameter theory of quantum mechanics（添加新的前提条件）
(C) it is possible for a theory to have hidden parameters and yet be probabilistic
(D) traditional quantum mechanics has not yet been used to analyze all of the phenomena to which it could be applied
(E) there are too many possible hidden parameters to develop meaningful tests of hidden-parameter theories
B 26. According to the passage, Einstein posed objections to the
(A) existence of hidden parameters in quantum theory（他是支持这个观点）
(B) probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics
(C) idea that quantum mechanics is incomplete（支持这个观点）
(D) results of experiments testing quantum theory（质疑理论本身而不是测试这个理论的实验结果）
(E) importance accorded quantum mechanics in physics（是质疑完整性，不是重要性）
C 27. The passage suggests that which of the following would have resulted if the experiments mentioned in lines 18-20 had not supported the predictions of traditional quantum mechanics?（即否认爱因斯坦假设的实验结果取反，那就是支持他的假设）
(A) Einstein, had he been alive, would have revised his approach to quantum mechanics.
(B) Hidden-parameter theories would have been considered inaccurate descriptions of real-world phenomena.
(C) A deterministic description of the motion of a particle might still be considered possible.
(D) Quantum mechanics would have ceased to attract the attention of physicists.
(E) Einstein, had he been alive, would have abandoned attempts to specify the hidden parameters that describe motion.
28. It is now established that the
It is now established that the Milky Way is far more extended and of much greater mass than was hitherto thought. However, all that is visible of the constituents of the Milky Way’s corona (outer edge), where much of the galaxy’s mass must be located, is a tiny fraction of the corona’s mass. Thus, most of the Milky Way’s outlying matter must be dark.
Why? Three facts are salient. First, dwarf galaxies and globular clusters, into which most of the stars of the Milky Way’s corona are probably bound, consist mainly of old stars. Second, old stars are not highly luminous. Third, no one has detected in the corona the clouds of gaseous matter such as hydrogen and carbon monoxide that are characteristic of the bright parts of a galaxy. At present, therefore, the best explanation—though still quite tentative—for the darkness of the corona is that the corona is composed mainly of old, burned-out stars.
第一段：
1句：TW：背景信息，milky way非常广阔。
2句：TS’：milky way外围的可视部分很小，还有很多没有显露出来。
3句：TS：milky way的外围部分是黑暗的。
第二段：
1句：KW：有三个原因。
2句：论据a:milky way 的主体部分主要成分为old stars.
3句: 论据b: 并没有人检测到发光的星体。
4句：论据C: old stars都不是很亮的星体。
5句：结论句CS：所以造成黑暗的主要原因银河外围的主要成分是old stars和一些衰败了的星球。
D 17. The passage as a whole is primarily concerned with(主题题)
(A) analyzing a current debate
(B) criticizing a well-established theory
(C) showing how new facts support a previously dismissed hypothesis
(D) stating a conclusion and adducing evidence that may justify it（第一段最后一句提出观点，第二段分析原因来支持这个观点）
(E) contrasting two types of phenomena and showing how they are related
E 18. According to the passage, a bright part of a galaxy typically includes（细节题）
(A) dwarf galaxies and clusters of stars
(B) a balanced mixture of old and new stars
(C) a large portion of the galaxy’s mass
(D) part of the corona of the galaxy
(E) gases such as hydrogen and carbon monoxide（定位第二段第3句）
B 19. It can be inferred from the passage that, compared with what they now think, until fairly recently astronomers believed that the Milky Way（新老观点的一个对比，即全文第一句话）
(A) was much darker
(B) was much smaller
(C) was moving much more slowly
(D) had a much larger corona
(E) had much less gaseous matter
A 20. The passage presents which of the following as incontrovertible?（细节题）
I. The low luminosity of old stars
II. The absence of clouds of gaseous matter from the corona of the Milky Way（与原文不符，范围被扩大了，gaseous matter 有很多种）
III. The predominance of globular clusters and dwarf galaxies in the corona of the Milky Way（根据第二段第二句中的probably可得知，该结论并不是无可置疑的。）
(A) I only
(B) III only
(C) I and II only
(D) II and III only
(E) I, II, and III
29. Analyzing the physics of dance
Analyzing the physics of dance can add fundamentally to a dancer’s skill. Although dancers seldom see themselves totally in physical terms—as body mass moving through space under the influence of well-known forces and obeying physical laws—neither can they afford to ignore the physics of movement. For example, no matter how much a dancer wishes to leap off the floor and then start turning, the law of conservation of angular momentum absolutely prevents such a movement.
Some movements involving primarily vertical or horizontal motions of the body as a whole, in which rotations can be ignored, can be studied using simple equations of linear motion in three dimensions. However, rotational motions require more complex approaches that involve analyses of the way the body’s mass is distributed, the axes of rotation involved in different types of movement, and the sources of the forces that produce the rotational movement.
第一段：
1句：TS：研究舞蹈的物理规律对提升舞技有帮助。
2句：说明性内容a：这点的重要性谁都不能忽视。
3句：举例：角动量守恒定律对舞蹈的动作有影响。
第二段：
1句：说明性内容a:有些在竖直方向上的运动可以通过简单的方程来研究。
2句：说明性内容b：有些旋转的动作则需要复杂的分析。
总结:
本文为观点说明性。首句提出观点，后面对其进行不同角度的说明。
B 17. The primary purpose of the passage is to（主旨题）
(A) initiate a debate over two approaches to analyzing a field of study
(B) describe how one field of knowledge can be applied to another field（讲的就是物理学在舞蹈里的运用）
(C) point out the contradictions between two distinct theories
(D) define and elaborate on an accepted scientific principle
(E) discuss the application of a new theory within a new setting
E 18. The author mentions all of the following as contributing to an understanding of the physics of dance EXCEPT:
(A) the law of conservation of angular momentum
(B) analyses of the way in which the body’s mass is distributed
(C) equations of linear motion in three dimensions
(D) analyses of the sources that produce rotational motions
(E) the technical terms for movements such as leaps and turns（提到过leaps 和turns但只是单纯的列举舞蹈动作。）
B 19. The author implies that dancers can become more skilled by doing which of the following?
(A) Ignoring rotational movements
(B) Understanding the forces that permit various movements（首句的另一种说法）
(C) Solving simple linear equations
(D) Learning the technical terms utilized by choreographers
(E) Circumventing the law of conservation of angular momentum
C 20. Analysis of which of the following would require the kind of complex approach described in lines 14-19?（定位第二段第2句的细节‘rotational motions’）
(A) A long leap across space
(B) A short jump upward with a return to the same place
(C) A sustained and controlled turn in place
(D) Short, rapid steps forward and then backward without turning
(E) Quick sidesteps in a diagonal line
30. The Earth’s magnetic field
The Earth’s magnetic field is generated as the molten iron of the Earth’s outer core revolves around its solid inner core. When surges in the molten iron occur, magnetic tempests are created. At the Earth’s surface, these tempests can be detected by changes in the strength of the Earth’s magnetic field. For reasons not fully understood, the field itself reverses periodically every million years or so. During the past million years, for instance, the magnetic north pole has migrated between the Antarctic and the Arctic.
Clearly, geophysicists who seek to explain and forecast changes in the field must understand what happens in the outer core. Unlike meteorologists, however, they cannot rely on observations made in their own lifetimes. Whereas atmospheric storms arise in a matter of hours and last for days, magnetic tempests develop over decades and persist for centuries. Fortunately scientists have been recording changes in the Earth’s magnetic field for more than 300 years.
第一段：
1句：TW：magnetic field。
2句：说明性内容a：产生磁暴。
3句：说明性内容b：磁暴可以被检测。
4句：说明性内容c：磁场会周期性变化
5句：c’：举例
第二段：
1句：KW：了解地球的外层核心对解释预测磁场很重要。
2句：说明性内容a:提出存在的问题，对于核心的观测时间很长，一生都不够用。
3句：说明性内容a’。
4句：说明性内容b：提出乐观的一方面。
总结:
本文为说明文，第一段提出一个现象并做了分析，第二段分析了当前该领域研究所存在的问题和成果。
B 24. In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with（主旨题，见总结）
(A) analyzing a complicated scientific phenomenon and its impact on the Earth’s surface features
(B) describing a natural phenomenon and the challenges its study presents to researchers
(C) discussing a scientific field of research and the gaps in researchers’ methodological approaches to it
(D) comparing two distinct fields of physical science and the different research methods employed in each
(E) proposing an explanation for a geophysical phenomenon and an experiment that could help confirm that explanation
C 25. The passage suggests which of the following about surges in the Earth’s outer core?（细节题，定位第一段第2、3句，产生surges的时候出现magnetic tempest，而magnetic tempest可通过magnetic field来测定）
(A) They occur cyclically every few decades.
(B) They can be predicted by changes in the Earth’s inner core.
(C) They are detected through indirect means.
(D) They are linked to disturbances in the Earth’s atmosphere.
(E) They last for periods of about 1 million years.
D 26. It can be inferred from the passage that geophysicists seeking to explain magnetic tempests ought to conduct research on the （定位第一段的1、2、3句，可知通过magnetic field可观测magnetic field，而magnetic field是通过outer core产生的）Earth’s outer core because the Earth’s outer core
(A) is more fully understood than the Earth’s magnetic field
(B) is more easily observed than the Earth’s magnetic field
(C) has been the subject of extensive scientific observation for 300 years
(D) is involved in generating the Earth’s magnetic field
(E) reflects changes in the inner core caused by magnetic tempests
A 27. In the second paragraph, the author is primarily concerned with
(A) stating a limitation that helps determine a research methodology
(B) making a comparative analysis of two different research methodologies（对比不是主体）
(C) assessing the amount of empirical data in the field of physical science（没有评估）
(D) suggesting an optimistic way of viewing a widely feared phenomenon（没有optimistic way）
(E) describing a fundamental issue and discussing its future impact on society（没有谈对社会的影响）
31. About a century ago, the
About a century ago, the Swedish physical scientist Arrhenius proposed a law of classical chemistry that relates chemical reaction rate to temperature. According to the Arrhenius equation, chemical reactions are increasingly unlikely to occur as temperatures approach absolute zero, and at absolute zero (zero degrees Kelvin, or minus 273 degrees Celsius) reactions stop. However, recent experimental evidence reveals that although the Arrhenius equation is generally accurate in describing the kind of chemical reaction that occurs at relatively high temperatures, at temperatures closer to zero a quantum-mechanical effect known as tunneling comes into play; this effect accounts for chemical reactions that are forbidden by the principles of classical chemistry. Specifically, entire molecules can “tunnel” through the barriers of repulsive forces from other molecules and chemically react even though these molecules do not have sufficient energy, according to classical chemistry, to overcome the repulsive barrier.
The rate of any chemical reaction, regardless of the temperature at which it takes place, usually depends on a very important characteristic known as its activation energy. Any molecule can be imagined to reside at the bottom of a so-called potential well of energy. A chemical re action corresponds to the transition of a molecule from the bottom of one potential well to the bottom of another. In classical chemistry, such a transition can be accomplished only by going over the potential barrier between the wells, the height of which remains constant and is called the activation energy of the reaction. In tunneling, the reacting molecules tunnel from the bottom of one to the bottom of another well without having to rise over the barrier between the two wells. Recently researchers have developed the concept of tunneling temperature: the temperature below which tunneling transitions greatly outnumber Arrhenius transitions, and classical mechanics gives way to its quantum counterpart.
This tunneling phenomenon at very low temperatures suggested my hypothesis about a cold prehistory of life: the formation of rather complex organic molecules in the deep cold of outer space, where temperatures usually reach only a few degrees Kelvin. Cosmic rays (high-energy protons and other particles) might trigger the synthesis of simple molecules, such as interstellar formaldehyde, in dark clouds of interstellar dust. Afterward complex organic molecules would be formed, slowly but surely, by means of tunneling. After I offered my hypothesis, Hoyle and Wickramasinghe argued that molecules of interstellar formaldehyde have indeed evolved into stable polysaccharides such as cellulose and starch. Their conclusions, although strongly disputed, have generated excitement among investigators such as myself who are proposing that the galactic clouds are the places where the prebiological evolution of compounds necessary to life occurred.
第一段：
1句：KW’：背景信息，老观点，即化学反应速度与温度有关。
2句：说明性内容a：当温度接近绝对零度时，化学反应的反应几乎不会发生。
3句：KW：对老观点提出批评（generally accurate），基本正确，言外之意就是有不准确的地方；提出新观点，当温度接近零度的时候，quantum-mechanical effect发生，也就是tuneling，‘quantum-mechanical effect’说出了新老观点的不同之处，tuneling发生在新观点，老观点里不存在。
4句：说明性内容a:具体讲述新观点的内容，以及与老观点的区别。
第二段;
1句:KW:提出本段的观点，化学反应的速率取决于activation energy，看到这句没有特别提到新观点或者老观点，可以将此观点看做新老观点的一个common ground。
2句：论据a:具体阐述KW发生的过程，分子位于well of energy（能量井）的底部，同样是新老观点的common ground.
3句：论据b: 具体阐述KW发生的过程，化学反应就是分子从一个底部到另一个底部，具体阐述KW发生的过程，
4句：论据c: 提到老观点（classical）,这里开始出现新老观点的区别，分子必须翻过能量井。
5句：论据d：新观点（tunneling），不用翻过能量井，‘without having to rise over …’
6句：CS：新观点打败了老观点，‘classical mechanics gives way to its quantum counterpart’；Arrhenius transitions代指老观点，quantum counterpart代指新观点。
第三段：
1句：KW：提出作者自己的观点，史前生命在寒冷的太空中诞生。
2句：论据a：具体介绍KW，宇宙射线促使反应发生，产生简单的分子。
3句：论据b：继续介绍KW，在宇宙射线触发反应后，由tunnling产生复杂的有机分子，注意这里是说，复杂的有机分子是由tunnnling产生的，而不是由简单分子产生的。
4句：KW’：提出不同的观点；Hoyle and Wickramasinghe 有不同的观点，即，简单分子可以转变为‘stable polysaccharides’（就是复杂有机分子），这个观点的重点就是，复杂有机分子是由简单分子变成了，否定了作者认为的由tunnling产生的。
5句：CS：虽然有分歧，但是却激起了研究者的激动，他们认为galactic clouds是产生早期生物的地方。这在大方向上实际与作者的观点是一致的。
总结：
本文总的来说是新老观点对比型。第一段首句提出老观点，随后又提出新观点；第二段具体介绍两个观点的不同之处；第三段，作者提出自己的观点，可是作者的观点并不是在前面两段讨论的TW(化学反应速度)之内，而是讨论了一个新的话题prehistory生命，后面又提出与作者不同的观点，最后做了关于史前生命的总结。所以说本文以化学反应开头，以prehistory life结尾。不是一个标准的新老观点对比型文章。
C 21. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with（主题题，见总结最后一句可得答案）
(A) describing how the principles of classical chemistry were developed
(B) initiating a debate about the kinds of chemical reactions required for the development of life
(C) explaining how current research in chemistry may be related to broader biological concerns
(D) reconciling opposing theories about chemical reactions
(E) clarifying inherent ambiguities in the laws of classical chemistry
B 22. According to the passage, classical chemical reactions and tunneling reactions are alike in which of the following ways?（第二段的第二句）
(A) In both types of reactions, reacting molecules have to rise over the barrier between the two wells.
(B) In both types of reactions, a transition is made from the bottom of one potential well to the bottom of another.
(C) In neither type of reaction does the height of the barrier between the wells remain constant.
(D) In neither type of reaction does the rate of a chemical reaction depend on its activation energy.
(E) In both types of reactions, reacting molecules are able to go through the barrier between the two wells.
A 23. According to the Arrhenius equation as discussed in the passage, which of the following statements about chemical reactions is true?
(A) Chemical reactions are less likely to occur at temperatures close to absolute zero.（首段第二句）
(B) In some cases the rate of a chemical reaction is related to temperature and in other cases it is not.
(C) Chemical reactions frequently occur at a few degrees above absolute zero, but they are very unpredictable.
(D) The rate of a chemical reaction depends on many other factors besides temperature.
(E) Chemical reaction rate and temperature are not related.
C 24. The author’s attitude toward the theory of a cold pre-history of life can best be described as
(A) neutral
(B) skeptical
(C) mildly positive（总的赞成，同时也承认有不同意见）
(D) very supportive
(E) pointedly critical
A 25. The author’s hypothesis concerning the cold prehistory of life would be most weakened if which of the following were true?（消弱前提，或是否定结论）
(A) Cosmic rays are unlikely to trigger the formation of simple molecules.（消弱前提）
(B) Tunneling occurs only in a narrow band of temperatures around zero degrees Kelvin.
(C) The synthesis of interstellar formaldehyde can be activated by means other than cosmic rays.
(D) Simple molecules can be synthesized by means of tunneling.
(E) Classical chemical reactions do not occur at temperatures close to absolute zero.
D 26. Which of the following best describes the hypothesis of Hoyle and Wickramasinghe as it is presented in the passage?
(A) Cosmic rays can directly synthesize complex organic molecules.
(B) The galactic clouds are the places where prebiological evolution of compounds necessary to life occurred.
(C) Interstellar formaldehyde can be synthesized by tunneling.
(D) Molecules of interstellar formaldehyde can evolve into complex organic molecules.（他们的观点就是认为复杂的有机分子不是由tunnling产生的，而是由简单分子直接产生的）
(E) Complex organic molecules can be synthesized from stable polysaccharides such as cellulose and starch.
D 27. Which of the following best describes the organization of the first two paragraphs of the passage?（太简单，不解释）
(A) The author cites a basic principle of classical chemistry and then describes the research from which that principle was developed.（就是两个不同的观点，没有谁在谁的基础上发展的关系）
(B) The author cites an apparent contradiction to the principles of classical chemistry and then explains the process of a chemical reaction to show there is in fact no contradiction.
(C) The author describes the role of heat in chemical reactions and then offers a detailed explanation of its function.
(D) The author presents a law of classical chemistry in order to introduce a kind of chemical reaction that differs from it and then explains the essential difference between the two.
(E) The author presents the fundamental rules of classical chemistry in order to introduce an explanation of a specific chemical reaction.

32. Many philosophers disagree
Many philosophers disagree over the definition of morality, but most disputants fall into one of two categories: egocentrics, who define morality as the pursuit of self-fulfillment, and sociocentrics, who define morality as an individual’s obligations to society. Where does the truth lie? Fortunately, the stem of the word “morality” provides some clues. The word “mores” originally referred to the customs of preliterate cultures. Mores, which embodied each culture’s ideal principles for governing every citizen, were developed in the belief that the foundation of a community lies in the cultivation of individual powers to be placed in service to the community. These mores were concerned with such skills as food-gathering and warfare as well as an individual’s relationships with others. Thus, I submit, “morality” must be concerned with what is honored by the community at large. However, self-fulfillment is important to morality because unfulfilled citizens, no matter how virtuous, cannot perform the duties morality assigns them.
1句：TW:主题句，提出关于道德的分歧主要分两类egocentrics和sociocentrics，预测下文将分别介绍，甚至评出好坏。
2句：TS：提出下文的主题，分辨好坏。
3句：论据a1：道德与preliterate cultures的习惯有关。
4句：论据a2：详细分析道德的内涵，重点在in service to the community，正好对应第一句当中的sociocentrics和an individual’s obligations to society，可以看的出作者倾向于sociocentrics。
5句：论据a3：将a2的内容具体化到具体的行为。
6句：CS：通过上面的分析，提出作者自己的观点，支持sociocentrics。
7句：说明性内容a：让步，egocentrics也不是一点优点都没有。
总结：
典型的问题解决型，首句提出问题‘什么是mores’,并提出两个观点；后面具体介绍了第二种观点，然后作者提出自己的立场，表示支持第二种观点。
B 17.The primary purpose of this passage is to(主题题，本文为问题解决型)
(A) summarize an argument
(B) resolve a dispute
(C) trace a word’s origin
(D) prove a hypothesis
(E) initiate a debate
D 18. According to the passage, mores in preliterate cultures concerned such skills as warfare and food-gathering because these skills were（该句与上句是并列关系，没有转折词，讲的同样的东西，由上句知应该是服务社会这个方面。）
(A) characteristic of an individual’s self-fulfillment
(B) examples of a culture’s traditions
(C) manifestations of an individual’s ideals
(D) demonstrations of an individual’s contributions to the community
(E) examples of a community’s governing principles
A 19. It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding sociocentrics and egocentrics?（态度题，这道题我做错了，实际重点应该是第6句最后的at large（普遍）,表明sociocentrics的地位更高。）
(A) The position of the sociocentrics is stronger than that of the egocentrics.
(B) The positions of the egocentrics and sociocentrics are of equal merit.
(C) There is no merit in the position of the egocentrics.
(D) Neither position contributes very much to an understanding of the definition of morality.
(E) The dispute between the egocentrics and sociocentrics is based on trivial issues.
B 20. With which of the following statements regarding the relationship between the individual and morality would the author be most likely to agree?（定位全文最后一句话）
(A) Failure in social obligations is the price of success in individual endeavors.
(B) The unfulfilled citizen cannot fulfill his moral obligations to the community.
(C) Morality is unconcerned with conflicts among citizens.
(D) The unfulfilled citizen is without virtue.
(E) Wealth harms a citizen’s moral standing in the community.
33. For many years, Benjamin
For many years, Benjamin Quarles’ seminal account of the participation of African Americans in the American Revolution has remained the standard work in the field. According to Quarles, the outcome of this conflict was mixed for African American slaves who enlisted in Britain’s fight against its rebellious American colonies in return for the promise of freedom: the British treacherously resold many into slavery in the West Indies, while others obtained freedom in Canada and Africa. Building on Quarles’ analysis of the latter group, Sylvia Frey studied the former slaves who emigrated to British colonies in Canada. According to Frey, these refugees—the most successful of the African American Revolutionary War participants—viewed themselves as the ideological heirs of the American Revolution. Frey sees this inheritances reflected in their demands for the same rights that the American revolutionaries had demanded from the British: land ownership, limits to arbitrary authority and burdensome taxes, and freedom of religion.
1句：KW：肯定Benjamin Quarles的地位，remained the standard work，预测下文将具体将其优点。
2句：论据a：Benjamin Quarles观点的具体内容，美国革命的结果复杂，分两种情况。
3句：KW1’：准备提出下一个论点，Sylvia Frey的观点，预测下文将提出其观点的具体内容。
4句：KW1：Sylvia Frey的观点：需要注意的是，the most successful participants指的是移民到加拿大的黑人奴隶；ideological heirs表示美国革命的意识形态的继承者。
5句：论据a：具体讲inheritances是什么。需要注意的地方是，那些成功的黑人奴隶所继承的美国革命意识形态就是对一些权益的诉求，而这些诉求恰恰是美国革命当中另外一方（与英国对立一方）的诉求，即land ownership等等。换句话讲，虽然黑人奴隶帮着英国人在美国革命中与另一方（这一方的诉求就是land ownership等等）对抗，但实际上黑人奴隶与他们的敌人有着相同的诉求。
总结：
本文为论点说明型，但没有总的论题，只有一个总的主题就是美国革命中的黑人奴隶，两个分论点，首句提出KW，肯定Benjamin Quarles的研究，并介绍他的研究的结论；第4句提出KW1，在首句观点的基础上提出了另一个观点，即美国革命中成功的黑人奴隶继承了美国革命的意识形态，随后具体介绍这个意识形态。
E 17. According to the passage, which of the following is true about the African American Revolutionary War participants who settled in Canada after the American Revolution?(细节题)
(A) Although they were politically unaligned with either side, they identified more with British ideology than with American ideology.（他们与英国人结盟）
(B) While they were not immediately betrayed by the British, they ultimately suffered the same fate as did African American Revolutionary War participants who were resold into slavery in the West Indies.（命运是不同的）
(C) They settled in Canada rather than in Africa because of the greater religious freedom available in Canada.（他们去哪并不是他们能决定的，也不少宗教决定的，而是英国人决定的。）
(D) They were more politically active than were African American Revolutionary War participants who settled in Africa.（没有涉及这方面的比较）
(E) They were more successful than were African American Revolutionary War participants who settled Africa.（定位第4句）
C 18. Which of the following is most analogous to the relationship between the African American Revolutionary War participants who settled in Canada after the American Revolution and the American revolutionaries, as that relationship is described in the passage?（根据前面第4、5句的分析，即对抗双方的诉求是一样的。）
(A) A brilliant pupil of a great musician rebels against the teacher, but adopts the teacher’s musical style after the teacher’s unexpected death.
(B) Two warring rulers finally make peace after a lifetime of strife when they realize that they have been duped by a common enemy.
(C) A child who has sided with a domineering parent against a defiant sibling later makes demands of the parent similar to those once made by the sibling.
(D) A writer spends much of her life popularizing the work of her mentor, only to discover late in life that much of the older writer’s work is plagiarized from the writings of a foreign contemporary.
(E) Two research scientists spend much of their careers working together toward a common goal, but later quarrel over which of them should receive credit for the training of a promising student.
C 19. The author of the passage suggests that which of the following is true of Benjamin Quarles’ work?（定位首句即可）
(A) It introduced a new and untried research methodology.
(B) It contained theories so controversial that they gave rise to an entire generation of scholarship.
(C) It was a pioneering work that has not yet been displaced by subsequent scholarship.
(D) It launched the career of a scholar who later wrote even more important works.
(E) At the time it appeared, its author already enjoyed a well-established reputation in the field.
D 20. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage concerning Britain’s rule in its Canadian colonies after the American Revolution?（）
(A) Humiliated by their defeat by the Americans, the British sharply curtailed civil rights in their Canadian colonies.（文章没有提到这点）
(B) The British largely ignored their Canadian colonies.（同上）
(C) The British encouraged the colonization of Canada by those African Americans who had served on the American side as well as by those who had served on the British side.（同上）
(D) Some of Britain’s policies in its Canadian colonies were similar to its policies in its American colonies before the American Revolution. （因为文中第5句说，这些移民加拿大的黑人奴隶的诉求与美国革命者的诉求一样，说明当时加拿大的情况和美国革命之前类似。）

(E) To reduce the debt incurred during the war, the British imposed even higher taxes on the Canadian colonists than they had on the American colonists.（文章没有提到这点）

作者: 六月不远 时间: 2014-8-4 17:30
level 1 第8篇文章的19题的第三个，不是没有提到，而是错在qualitative，文中impressions are usually stated in qualitative terms是后面it's impossible....的原因，另外它的上文中提到 variables，所以这里应该是定量的研究

欢迎光临 ChaseDream (https://forum.chasedream.com/)