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标题: 【4.12逻辑答案】 [打印本页]

作者: lisida929 时间: 2014-4-12 12:29
标题: 【4.12逻辑答案】

Certainly,pesticides can adversely affect the environment in localities distant fromwhere the pesticide has actually been used. Nevertheless, regulation ofpesticide use should not take place at the national level but at the locallevel. It is in the areas where pesticides are actually applied that theyhave their most serious effects. Just how serious these effects are dependson local conditions such as climate, soil type, and water supply. And localofficials are much more likely than national legislators to be trulyknowledgeable about such local conditions.

In the argument given, the two boldface portionsplay which of the following roles?

A. The first provides support for the conclusionof the argument; the second states that conclusion.

B. The first states the conclusion of theargument; the second provides support for that conclusion.

C. The first identifies grounds for a potentialobjection to the conclusion of the argument; the second states that conclusion.

D. The first identifies grounds for a potentialobjection to the conclusion of the argument; the second provides support forthat conclusion.

E.Each provides support for the conclusion of the argument.

题目分析：

答案选D。

按照二狗他爹的说法，黑脸题是专门考察篇章结构的，所以不需要认真读文章内容，而要主义转折词。但是在我看来，低级的黑脸题的做法可以按照他说的做，但是高级难度的黑脸题不适宜。原因在于：不一定能够清楚找到结论，而且上下文的关系也并不一定清晰到只看连词就能够看得出来。

从此段文章中，Certainly开头，有确定也有让步的意味，仔细读发现主要内容是农业对环境有害。第二句话neverthelss转折，提出论点“禁止使用农药不应该上升到国家层面”。第二处黑脸实际上实在解释和支持前一句的论点。据此可以看出两段黑脸之间是相反的关系，读前三句话，也明确了第一处黑脸是反结论的，第二处是加强结论的。

所以答案选D。

Aproduct that represents a clear technological advance over competing productscan generally command a high price. Surprisingly, perhaps, the strategy tomaximize overall profit from a new product is to charge less than the greatestprice the market will bear. Many companies charge the maximum possibleprice for such a product, because they want to make as much profit as they canand technological advances tend to be quickly surpassed. The drawback is that largeprofits on the new product give competitors a strong incentive to quickly matchthe new product's capabilities.

Inthe argument above, the two portions in boldface play which of the followingroles?

A. The first is the position the argument advocates; thesecond presents grounds for rejecting an alternative position.

B. The first is the position the argumentadvocates; the second is an alternative position that the argument rejects.

C. The first presents a strategy for achieving acertain goal; the second presents a drawback to that strategy.

D. The first presents a strategy for achieving acertain goal; the second presents grounds for preferring a different goal.

E. The first presents a strategy that, accordingto the argument, is ineffective; the second presents a way of improving theeffectiveness of that strategy.

题目分析：

答案选A。

此题其实不难，但关键的地方还是在于要理解两处黑脸的内容以及上下文之间的关系。在读第一处黑脸的时候，并不能够非常轻易的判断出其是支持还是削弱结论。但稍微留意“the drawbak”之前的句子的含义，我们就能理解第二处黑脸是顺着前一句话的，也就意味着黑脸部分的内容是解释前面一句话的。那么“the drawback”指的就是前一句话中提到的最大化利润的做法。所以此题的关键，在于理解中间三句话的逻辑意义，这样的逻辑意义，Owen同样觉得是二狗他爹的方法无论target到的。

通过上面的阐释，我们发现，作者支持第一处黑脸，反对接下来的一句话，第二处黑脸是提供反对上述句子的理由。

Historian:In the Drindian Empire, censuses were conducted annually to determine thepopulation of each village. Village census records for the last half of the1600s are remarkably complete. This very completeness makes one point standout; in five different years, villages overwhelmingly reported significantpopulation declines. Tellingly, each of those five years immediately followedan increase in a certain Drindian tax. This tax, which was assessed onvillages, was computed by the central government using the annual censusfigures. Obviously, whenever the tax went up, villages had an especiallypowerful economic incentive to minimize the number of people they recorded; andconcealing the size of a village's population from government census takerswould have been easy. Therefore, the reported declines probably did not happen.

Inthe historian’s argument, the two portions in boldface play which of thefollowing roles?

A. The first presents a finding to support theposition the historian seeks to establish; the second is a consideration thathas been used to argue against that position.

B. The first provides a context for certainevidence that supports the position that the historian seeks to establish; thesecond is a judgment advanced to support that position.

C. The first is a position that the historianseeks to establish; the second is evidence that has been used to argue againstthat position.

D. The first is an assumption that the historianexplicitly makes in support of a certain position; the second is that position.

E. The first is a claim that the historianrejects; the second is a conclusion drawn to justify that rejection.

题目分析：

答案选B。

在第一处黑脸的后面有这样一段话“his very completeness makes one pointstand out;”，这实际上证明了第一处黑脸的内容为接下来的论点提供了前提/环境/支持。在明确了这一点后，如果大家做题时看到obviously，就想着后面一定是结论的话，那就大错特错了。这可能又陷入到了二狗他爹提供的方式的思维陷阱里。很明显，稍微留意文章内容，就会发现在两处黑体中间的部分是与作者的结论和态度相关的。第二处黑脸其实是在描述一种事实或者叫普遍规律，所以是用来加强本文的结论的。同时，最后一句话由分号隔开，如果两个大长句都是段落的主要结论的话，那也是非常不现实的。通过上述分析，答案B就选出来啦。

Environmentalorganizations want to preserve the land surrounding the Wilgrinn WildernessArea from residential development. They plan to do this by purchasing that landfrom the farmers who own it. That plan is ill-conceived: if the farmersdid sell their land, they would sell it to the highest bidder, and developerswould outbid any other bidders. On the other hand, these farmers will neveractually sell any of the land, provided that farming it remains viable. Butfarming will not remain viable if the farms are left unmodernized, and most ofthe farmers lack the financial resources modernization requires. And that isexactly why a more sensible preservation strategy would be to the farmers tomodernize their farms to the extent needed to maintain viability.

Inthe reasoning above, the two boldface portions play which of thefollowing roles?

A. The first assesses the goal held by certainenvironmental organizations; the second presents the goal that the reasoningconcludes should be adopted instead.

B. The first assesses the goal held by certainenvironmental organizations; the second presents the strategy that thereasoning concludes has the best chance of reaching that goal.

C. The first is the conclusion reached about onestrategy for attaining a certain goal; the second presents the strategy thatthe reasoning advocates.

D. The first is the main conclusion toward whichthe reasoning is directed; the second presents a strategy that is calledsensible but for which no support is offered.

E.The first is the main conclusion toward which the reasoning is directed; thesecond is a consideration raised in order to support that conclusion.

题目分析：

答案选C。

文章前两段话提出了一种做法。紧接着第一处黑脸来了，ill-conceived意味着作者反对这种做法。接下来的几句话中，我们都没有看到明显的转折对吧？到最后一处黑脸前，连词还是and。第二处黑脸的意思是“这就是为什么提出了另一种做法”。两处黑脸的关键词分别是“结论”以及“做法”。通过这样的梳理，选C答案就会变得顺理成章了。

注意：如果加粗的是段落的第一句话，大家会不会把段落的大意弄混了呢？此题多变体，大家可以多留意参考。

今天奉献了几道黑脸题，题目的分析是我自己做题的思路，和XDF以及CD论坛上的许多解题方法略有不同。总而言之，就是1：关注每句话的大致意思；2：找准逻辑连词，判断句与句之间的关系；3：把它当做阅读的扫读做，而不是一道纯粹的精度逻辑题。

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