【4.5.逻辑答案】 - ChaseDream

1.A survey of entrepreneurs who startedcompanies last year shows that while virtually all did substantial preparatoryresearch and planning, only half used that work to produce a formal businessplan. Since, on average, the entrepreneurs without formal plans secured thecapital they needed in half the time of those with plans, these survey resultsindicate that, in general, formal plans did not help the entrepreneurs whoproduced them to secure the capital they needed.

A Companies started by entrepreneurs whohad used formal business plans to attract investment were on the whole asprofitable in their first year as were companies started by entrepreneurs whohad not produced such plans.

B In surveys of entrepreneurs who haveattempted without success to raise sufficient capital, more than half of therespondents indicate that they have produced a formal business plan.

C Among the entrepreneurs surveyed, thosewho did not produce formal business plans sought and received a much largerproportion of their capital from investors with whom they had a long-standingbusiness relationship.

D The entrepreneurs surveyed who did notproduce a formal business plan spent nearly as much time doing preparatoryresearch and planning as the entrepreneurs who produced plans.

E The entrepreneurs who produced businessplans generally reported later that the process of writing the plan hadincreased their confidence that their company would succeed.

此题的前提：没用formal business plan的公司比用formal business plan的公司在筹资方面少用了一半的时间；

A：提及获得investment后获利的能力，但这与商业计划与筹资时间之间没有直接的链接；

B：对于没有成功筹资的人来说，有一半的人也有商业计划书，对象不属于本题中的提及的对象；

C：没有商业计划书的人能够找到资金是因为长期伙伴的关系。很好的解释了为何没有商业计划书亦能够获得别人的信任，削弱了原文结论。

E：做商业计划书增强了他们对公司未来能够成功的信心。与原文各个对象无关。

2.In the past, most children who wentsledding in the winter snow in Verland used wooden sleds with runners andsteering bars. Ten years ago, smooth plastic sleds became popular; they gofaster than wooden sleds but are harder to steer and slow. The concern thatplastic sleds are more dangerous is clearly borne out by the fact that thenumber of children injured while sledding was much higher last winter than itwas ten years ago.

Which of the following, if true in Verland,most seriously undermines the force of the evidence cited?

E Because the traditional wooden sled cancarry more than one rider, an accident involving a wooden sled can result inseveral children being injured.

此类型的题目在OG以及GWD出现过多次，不应该再出错啦。其内核的东西都一样，就是比例和绝对值之间的关系。

C：塑料的雪橇比木质雪橇适用于更广泛的滑雪条件。说明滑雪的次数更多，即使塑料雪橇并不比木质雪橇危险，因为次数更多范围更广，也会有更多人受伤。很好的削弱了原文。

D：大多数的滑雪受伤发生在遇到树和石头等条件下。但没说明塑料和木质的雪橇有何区别。

E：传统木质雪橇能够带更多人，木质雪橇会导致更多人受伤。和原文要削弱的情况相反了。

3.A manufacturer of workstations forcomputer-aided design seeks to increase sales to its most important corporatecustomers. Its strategy is to publish very low list prices for workstations inorder to generate interest among the buyers for those corporations.

Which of the following, if characteristicof the marketplace, would tend to cause the manufacturer's strategy to fail?

A The proposed list prices would seem lowto a typical buyer for the manufacturer's most important corporatecustomers.

B The capabilities of workstations suitablefor given jobs are not significantly different among various manufacturers.

C The manufacturer's most importantcorporate customers employ as buyers persons who are very knowledgeable aboutprices for workstations for customer-aided design.

D Customers differ significantly in thepercentage of resources they can devote to computer workstations.

E Buyers for corporations that purchaseworkstations for computer-aided design receive bonuses for negotiating largediscounts from the list price.

此题的关键词是：buyer。如果能够理解buyer是那些在workstation和corporation中间转卖产品拿提成的中间人，题目就很好理解了。

A：价格对于重要顾客的买手来说比较低，这是将买手理解成自己要买这个产品，而不是站在公司的角度来思考；

E：买手通过低于标签价的购买产品的方式赚取奖金。这个选项很好的削弱了结论。公司希望尽量以低价购买产品，买手如果能够以比标签价低很多的方式购买，自然能够获得公司的奖金激烈。如果产品本身的标价就已经很低了，买手们便没有了压价和拿提成的空间了。自然不利于厂商买产品给他们；

A certain cultivated herb is one of a groupof closely related plants that thrive in soil with high concentrations ofmetals that are toxic to most other plants. Agronomists studying the herb havediscovered that it produces large amounts of histidine, an amino acid that, intest-tube solutions, renders these metals chemically inert. Possibly,therefore, the herb's high histidine production is what allows it to grow inmetal-rich soils, a hypothesis that would gain support if ______.

B the herb's high level of histidineproduction is found to be associated with an unusually low level of productionof other amino acids

C others of the closely related group ofplants are also found to produce histidine in large quantities

D cultivation of the herb in soil with highconcentrations of the metals will, over an extended period, make the soilsuitable for plants to which the metals are toxic

原题：一种特殊的草，属于某个特殊的植物科。这一科的植物可以在金属含量很高的土壤里thrive（茁壮成长），而这种含金属量高的土壤，对于其它植物是有毒的。农学家在研究这种草时发现，它能够产生出大量的histidine。histidine是一种氨基酸，在试管里试验时，它可以让金属的化学特性变得不活跃。

结论：因此有可能，这种草高的histidine产量，是让它能够在金属含量高的土壤里生长的原因。

答案是要支持结论的hypothesis，而不是上面常常的推理过程，因此任何对于推理过程的支持，都是无关选项。这题的hypothesis是什么？就是“histidine（而不是其它什么东西）导致了这种草能在高金属含量的土壤里grow”。

A。无关。histidine在哪里找到（根、茎、叶……），跟它是否让这种草在高金属土壤里grow无关

B。无关。histidine作为一种氨基酸，导致了其它氨基酸产量少，跟histidine是否导致它能在高金属土壤里grow无关（可能这种草根本就不靠氨基酸对抗金属，靠自己命硬呢？不对）

没有弄明白support并不一定要求充分性（在逻辑题目中只有formal logic是充分性支持的），满足必要性也算支持。

D。将这种草种在高金属含量的土壤里，一段时间后，那些原来对金属要中毒的植物，也可以在这种土壤中生存了。

这个非常像答案，因为从本身来说它是没有问题的。它说明这种草能够解掉土壤里的金属，进而在高金属含量的土壤里grow。看看题目要你支持什么？是原文的结论：histidine导致这种草在高金属含量的土壤里grow，而不是“这种草能够在高金属含量的土壤里grow。所以这是一个干扰选项，它仍旧是无关，虽然本身是对的。

这个选项第一眼看上去荒谬至极，但它是正确的。首先，一个植物maturity是什么意思呢？就是它的grow停止了。所以E选项这句话的意思实际就是：随着这种草grow活动的下降，它的histidine浓度也在下降。而原文的结论是：有histidine，所以这种草能够在高金属土壤里grow。很显然，E项是原文结论的一个逆否命题，那么它就直接支持了原文需要支持的结论。