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标题: 白勇语法总结。与大家分享 [打印本页]
作者: diaoshuo518 时间: 2013-10-14 00:46
标题: 白勇语法总结。与大家分享
一， GMAT公理
1 在我们通常使用的there be句型中,以下几种表达必错。
1) there could be done sth.
2) there be sth. done
3) there being +名词词组
4) there be sth.(抽象性动作名词),如there was a transmission的表达不对。
一般来说GMAT中,there be仅用于“某处有某物”,而此物是一具体名词,如wolf, stone, star,而不是指一抽象名词:如conversion, relation等。
2 在表示某人有某种能力做某事的意思,最佳答案的选择依据是,cando>be able to do>has ability to do>has a capability to do...,有can do就不用含有be able to do的选项,在选项中不含有can do时,再找有be ableto do的选项,依次类推。此条有待认定
3 在从句中,以下连接词或引导词值得特别注意
1)which(或代词it)绝不能指代前面整个句子
2)because不可引导名词性从句
3)宾语从句中引导词that一般不能省略 绝大多数情况成立
4)if不可以引导名词性从句,如要表示“是否”,只能用whether引导
5)对不作为介词宾语的事物做限定修饰,只用that而不用which。而which仅用于引导对介宾进行修饰的限定性从句和引导非限定性从句
4 在require, demand等表“建议,命令”意义的词之后的that从句,要求用虚拟语气动词,即动词原形,不加should 参考二，句子结构 第4条
5 绝不可以单独使用this, these来指代前面出现的单数或复数名词,而绝对要通过换用其他人称代词,或重复前面出现的名词或者改变句子结构来避免这样非正式而且模糊的指代。如sth of this kind, like this/these等模糊表达均要用such + n (n即重复this, these所指代的对象)来取代,意为“这些...”。另外,在“such...that...”结构中,such只修饰具体名词,而不修饰抽象名词(如rapidity, severity)
6 绝对不可以单独使用that指代前面的单数或不可数名词,而一般是用that of + n..结构指代或换用其他表达方式。如 I just borrowed a book from library yesterday, but now I cannot findit.此句中it=a book,但此处绝不可以用that来替换。并且在标准书面语中,that永远不能单独充当主语
7 当我们需要举例时,一律用such as结构,而不用like, like只能表示比较。
8 主动优先原则
9 在GMAT中关于being的以下使用必然错:1) being + n. 2) being + adj. 3) as being + n./adj./v-ing,因为在以上表达中being属于多余。one’s being done 也错
10 当我们对一动宾结构进行替换时,do + 代词(it/this/that/these/those等)在标准书面语中永远错,一律用do so
11 介词短语
n account of, because of, despite (indespite of), as a result of
之后只跟简单的名词短语。
若其后面跟的是动名词或名词所有格+动名词短语(sb’s doing),或名词短语之后用一复杂的现在分词来修饰时,应改为与其相同意义的连词because, although等引导的从句形式。12 几种简洁的表达方式:
1)n..that is (are) adj. 必然要换为adj.+ n.的名词短语结构,如:a man who is poor的选项必错,而应选含有a poor man的选项
2)当表示谓语部分,尤其时表示实义动词的含义时,就直接用其动词形式表示,而不要用名词形式或形容词形式表示,如:be a cause一定会被cause(动词)替代;be suggestive of就一定会被suggest所替代
3)一些常见词的替换方式:not any一定会被no替代; that which一定会被what替代; having been done会被done(做限定词)所替代 whether or not被 whether替代
13 平行结构的最后一个成分之前必定有一个连词and, or, neither, nor或as well as,否则此并列结构必然存在问题。如:to do A, do B, do C的表达就必然错误
14 选项中有rather than的一定优于含有insteadof的选项
15 若在题中的划线部分(即A选项)中出现情态动词,那么在最后的正确答案中必须有此情态动词或类似语气的词出现。实战中,此原则可以转化为:不含此情态动词或类似语气词的选项均为错误选项,立即排除。情态动词也不可随意添加,原句中没有情态动词,选项中有也为错误选项。
二， 句子结构
1 主语从句只能使用陈述语序 ex: what I did was…… what did I do was……错
2 习惯搭配:it may well (很可能)bethat……
3 宾语从句的时态可以与主句谓语动词不一致。表示客观存在﹑科学事实﹑统计数据﹑研究结论﹑商业惯例等常用一般现在时。
4 表示建议﹑命令﹑要求的动词的宾语从句,使用动词原形表示虚拟语气(美国标准书面语中必须省略动词原形前的should)
1)表建议:advocate/advise/move(提出议案:按国会的程序作出正式提议)/recommend that…do…; sb. suggest/proposethat…do…
2)表命令rder/decree/mandate/command/demandthat…do… 3)表要求:request/require/insistthat…do…; sth. require of sb. that…do…
下列动词后的宾语从句不用虚拟语气:
allow that…; allow在此意为承认 sth. propose that...; sth.. suggest that 注意同sb. suggest/propose that…do…对比
5 介词后一般只能接疑问词引导的宾语从句,不可以接that引导的宾语从句。 ex. to which I look, from where I got 但有三个例外:but that, except that (=but that), in that (=because)属于约定俗成的表达方式。
6 若宾语从句后跟有补语,通常用形式宾语it来代替:...make it clear that
7 if any:作插入成分,强调名词短语,意为“如果说有的话”
8 独立主格结构
1)独立主格结构放在句首或句尾,起状语作用,表伴随原因﹑条件﹑状态等。
2)一般独立主格,与主句形成松散的逻辑关系,形式为:
n．+ n.; n. +-ed/ing形式; n. + 介词短语;n. +形容词短语
3)with型独立主格,与主句形成紧密的逻辑联系,形式为:
with + n. + -ed/ing形式; with + n. + adj.; with + n. + 介词短语 作状语修饰前一个分句的动作类型词 例:Visitors to the park have often lookedinto the leafy canopy and seen monkeys sleeping on the branches, with arms and legshanging like socks on a clothesline. with引导的独立主格作状语就近修饰sleeping。
4)each型独立主格,强调句尾名词,形式为:
句子 + 复数名词结尾, each + 介词短语/形容词短语/-ed形式/-ing形式。
例:Chinese, the most ancient of living writing systems,consists of tens of thousands of ideographic characters, each character a miniaturecalligraphic composition inside its own square frame. 独立主格形式 n + n 与主句形成松散逻辑关系
9 两个句子并列,第一个句子含有be动词或者become,第二个句子中的be动词或者become必须省略,同时,一些重复的名词或形容词也必须省略。例如:
Once the economicand social usefulness of the motor was demonstrated and its superiority to thehorse proved, ... (proved前省略了was)
注意:be able/unableto是be动词短语,在这个短语中be动词不是助动词,不能省略！
例:A president entering the final two yearsof a second term is likely to be at a sever disadvantage and is oftenunable to carry out a legislative program.
10 believe的习惯搭配:believe + that从句;believesth. to be; believe sth
错误用法:believesth. sth.; believe sth. that...
11 动作的目的关系用to do表示,用for doing表达错
12 动词的并列必须用连词连接 白勇 P16 7
13 not...butrather...比not...but...语气强
14 分号可以连接两个完整的主谓结构:like many others..., Mr. K lived in...(句子1);born into...and instructed in..., he alsoreceived...(句子2)
15 习惯用法:permit sb.to do sth.
16 习惯用法:phenomenon的定语从句的关联词只能使用inwhich
17 习惯用法:access to do access for sb.错
18 习惯用法:take turns doing
19 hopefully在口语种表达两个意思,1 充满希望的 2 人们希望的 在书面语中为保证意思的单一性,一般不使用hopefully
20 hope在书面语中的用法,it is hoped that...,it 作为形式主语指代后面的that从句;it is hoped作为插入语,前后用逗号隔开。Jack, it is hoped, will come on time.
21 such...that...;such后面必须加名词才能跟that搭配 OG 10th20
22 习惯用法:except that + 主谓结构 exceptthat can be broken 缺乏主语
23 习惯用法:举例子for instance/for example; such as +n./doing...; whetherit is A or B or C
24 also是副词,不能连接两个介词短语,也不能起连词的作用OG 10th 42 B,E选项
25 现在分词强调正在进行、强调动作,过去分词强调已经完成、强调状态
26 习惯用法:表达“关于...”倾向与用介词about/over,而不用concerning,with respect to
27 同位语从句连词that和宾语从句连词that不能省略
28 习惯用法:be responsible for sth.; be responsible for doingsth.; be responsible to sb. be responsible to do 错
29 习惯用法ne...another; each...the other; each other; some...others 30 代词it不能指代:介词短语(it would not be necessary for further rate increase);前面整个句子。it可以向后指代:主语从句(it is exciting that I ...);不定式短语(it is difficult to do...)
31 习惯用法:sth(物) propose + that从句(that从句不使用虚拟语气);sb.(人)propose +that 从句(从句必须使用动词原形表示虚拟语气);propose sb. to do (不能使用被动语态)
32 用词倾向性:无生命的所有格倾向于of sth. 而不倾向于用sth’s 例:the terrain of the mountain而不使用 mountain’s terrain
33 用词倾向性:标准书面语中,倾向于用情态动词或probably表示可能,而不倾向于使用maybe或perhaps 三者倾向性probably>perhaps>maybe
34 doubt用肯定形式,可以由whether或that引导宾语从句,如I doubt whether we can success.; doubt用否定形式只能由that引导宾语从句,如 I have nodoubt that the policy is due to failure.
35 宾语从句用陈述语序 如the study commissioned by J asks whylitigants have ...;
The studycommissioned by J asks why do litigants have...错 同项目1对比
36 两者之间用between...and...,三者或三者以上之间用among
37 当主语和谓语之间没有任何插入语时,主谓语之间不能用逗号隔开。如architectsand stonemasons, were the Maya...错
38 习惯用法:动词sell可以用主动的形式表示被动的含义,如sth.sell well表示什么东西卖得好。但当表示什么东西卖多少钱时必须使用被动语态:sth.be sold for...
39 介词with后面不能跟完整主谓结构 如 The capital of B, with population was56600
41 习惯搭配:target at 而不用targetto
43 两个句子并列,主语和系动词结构相同,第二个句子的主语和系动词必须省略 about whether obesity is a biological disorder posing serious healthrisks or (it is)acondition more related to appearance than to health.
44 省略结构一定要能还原:indicate there is one when it is not中,状语从句when it is not省略的表语无法还原,也就是说状语从句不能按语法承接there is one省略。正确说法indicatethat it is present when it is not或 indicatethere is one when there is not.
45 习惯用法:标准书面语中consider后面常省略to be和as,正确用法为:consider sth. sth.; consider sth. adj. 例:consider correction facilities an integralpart of the criminal justice
46 blame...on...把...归咎于
三,主谓一致
1 there be A and B句型中,由靠近be动词的A决定be动词的数的形式
2 在全倒装结构中,谓语动词的数的形式由谓语动词后的主语的形式决定。如ut of sth. grows a market for...(由a market决定谓语动词) 3 复数名词 + each + verb,谓语动词用复数
4 each of 复数名词 + verb,谓语动词用单数
5 学科名词作主语,谓语动词用单数。但是,统计学(statistics)作“统计数据讲”,经济学(economics)作“经济政策”讲时,谓语动词用复数。
6 在“A,举例短语(such as...)/分词短语/介词短语/同位语/不定式等插入成分,谓语动词”结构中,A决定谓语动词的形式
7 a body of/acollection of/an array of/a series of/a set of/a portion of/a group of + 复数名词,谓语动词用单数。body:团体,群体 a body of troops:一支军队
8 the average of +复数名词作主语,谓语动词用单数;an average of + 复数名词作主语,谓语动词用复数。
9 neither/either作主语时,谓语动词用单数
10 one in/out of +复数名词(意为...分之一)作主语,谓语动词用单数形式。two/three...in/out of + 复数名词,谓语动词用复数。
11 习惯用法:make sth. sth.; make sth. adj.; make it + adj. todo...;make sthas sth错as多余
12 在英语中有三个类似的词表示转折含义:while, whereas, where。三者的区别为:where只能放在句首作状语表示转折含义(where..., + 主句),不能放在主句后的从句前面,因为where可能作定语,从而使修饰对象产生混淆;
13 现在分词的完成时态不能作定语修饰名词 如 foods having been proved to...错误
14 习惯用法:美国英语中,estimate at后常用价格等数量词,除此以外的概念优先用estimate to
15 an amount of/a sum of/quantity of修饰不可数名词,谓语用单数形式
amountsof/sums of/quantities of修饰可数或不可数名词,谓语用复数形式
16 everything(-one,-body),anything(-one,-body)和something(-one,-body)作主语时,谓语用单数。
17 be able to do中to do不使用被动语态
18 在标准书面语中,应优先使用动词去替换:be + 动词的形容词形式;be+ 动词的名词形式;have + 动词的名词形式
19 习惯用法:descend(v) from...; a descendant(n) of... a descendant from错
20 as的特殊用法:as代替前面主句时,后面加上介词短语或者when从句例:Although it claims to delve into political issues,television can be superficial, as when the three major networks each broadcastexactly the same statement from a political candidate.
21 such as后面不能接句子,只能加名词或名词短语的省略形式或-ing形式,表示举例。并且such as后面不能加代词
22 关系代词充当介词宾语时,应将介词提前,构成介词 +which型定语从句。例 the collateral against which farmersborrow 而 the collateral which farmers borrowagainst错
23 对比对象中出现的重复名词用that或those代替,而不使用代词it
24 介词 + one’s doing(in their performing)错,介词后必须直接加doing或名词短语
without doing 对 without one’s doing 错
25 compare x1 tox2意为把x1比作x2;x1,x2是不同类事物,强调相似性;compare x1 with x2,意为把x1同x2对比;x1,x2是同类事物,强调差异性
26 习惯用法:capability of doing/capability to do而capability for doing错
ability/inabilityto do; ability/inability of sb to do而abilityfor doing; ability for sb to do永远错
27 习惯用法:sth.lead sb. to do; lead to 不用被动语态
28 同位语的单复数可以与其解释的对象不一致 In the most common procedure for harvesting forage crops such asalfalfa, as much as 20 percent of the leaf and small-stem material, the mostnutritious parts of the plant, shatters and falls to the ground. 其中the most nutritious parts of the plants是复数概念,它作为名词性同位语解释说明前面的单数名词material。
29 一些外来词的复数形式:
(1) 以-is结尾的词变复数时-is改为-es:analysis-analyses, crisis-crises
(2) 以-um结尾的词变复数时-um改为-a:bacterium-bacteria, datum-data
(3) 以-on结尾的词变复数时-on改为-a:criterion-criteria
(4) 以-us结尾的词变复数时-us改为-i:nucleus-nuclei, stimulus-stimuli
(5) 以-a结尾的词变复数时-a改为-ae:lava-lavae?, formula-formulae
(6) 以-ex/-ix结尾的词变复数时-ex/-ix改为-ices: index-indices
四,动词形式
1 在有充分的逻辑理由或时间线索的情况下,不同时态的动词可以并列。
3 现在完成时:
1)根据时间标志判定使用现在完成时:since; within/during/over/in + thepast/last/recent + 时间短语
2)现在完成时强调“迄今为止”(到说话者说该句话为止)
4 条件从句、时间从句、方式从句、让步从句不能用一般将来时或过去将来时,常用一般现在时替代一般将来时,一般过去时替代过去将来时。例 I won’t go unless it doesn’t rain. 而 I won’t go unless it won’t rain 错
5 标准书面语中优先使用一般将来时,如要使用主观将来时常用besupposed to do表达,较少使用begoing to do,不使用be to be doing、be to be done
6 主动形式表示被动含义:read like...;read well; prove helpful; sell well(但sth.be sold for + 价格)
7 虚拟语气
1)表示与现在的事实相反:从句的谓语动词用过去时(be一律用were),主句用should(第一人称)/would(第二、三人称)/could/might+ 动词原形 例:They assumed that if they did not hold it, their grip on Algeria would be always insecure
2)表示与过去的事实相反:从句的谓语动词用had + 过去分词,主句用should(第一人称)/would(第二、三人称)/could/might+ have + 过去分词
3)表示与将来的事实相反:从句的谓语动词用should + 动词原形,主句用should(第一人称)/would(第二、三人称)/could/might + 动词原形
8 当使用情态动词导致前后语义重复时,情态动词必须省略。例如:the possibility that...might do...
9 GMAT考试中,表示数量增加到两倍,倾向使用twiceas many/much as; sth. double sth.; twice the + n; twice + what从句,这样的表示方法,而不使用two times more...
10 allow to do,allow表示允许;allow + that从句,allow表示承认,that从句不使用虚拟语气。
11 习惯用法:be alleged to; be alleged as doing的表达错
12 习惯用法:enough to, so/such...that..., so/such...as to三者都表示结果,区别在于:enough to表示主观满足,在标准书面语中很少使用;so/such...that不用考虑逻辑主语问题;so/such...as to逻辑主语等于句子主语,即句子主语可以执行asto后面动词所表达的作用。
13 习惯用法:be necessary to do...; be necessary for doing, benecessary in doing都错
14 习惯用法:土生土长于某地:be native to... be native in, be native of都错
15 条件从句使用一般现在时,主句必须使用一般现在时或者一般将来时。
16 条件从句和when时间状语从句不能使用将来时态。
17 习惯用法:no less than;而none theless...than, no less...as错
18 如果没有合理的,明显的特征,主从句时态要一致。
19 助动词is不能承接谓语动词is进行省略 例:Nature gas is the biggest fuel source and is suppliedalmost exclusively from reserves in North America. is supplied中的is 不能省略
20 习惯用法:think of sth. as... 而thinkof...to be...,think of...being...错
21 习惯用法:require sb. to do; require +that从句(从句必须使用虚拟语气); require of sb. that从句(从句必须使用虚拟语气) 而require of sb to do, require sb. that不符合习惯搭配
22 定语从句作定语和-ing分词短语作定语的区别:
-ing分词短语作定语:强调动作的多次性、重复性和客观性,无明确的时间概念;定语从句作定语:强调动作的一次性,强调具体时间、具体行为
23 习惯用法:prohibit sb from doing而prohibitsb to do和prohibit + that从句永远错 参考 prevent sb from doing; preclude sb fromdoing
24 习惯用法:GMAT考试中经常出现将相等比较as...as和more...than...形式比较合并在一起写的错误或者故意复杂化的表示方法;正确表达应该是:as least as greatas或者as great as or greater than
25 标准书面语中whether or not表达不简洁,ornot多余,必须省略
26 用词倾向性:英语表达中,能够用形容词,副词形式就不能使用of + 抽象名词短语形式 例: Roy led the nation through decades ofchange so profound that...而 Roy led the nation through decades ofchange of such profundity that...错
27 even less和much less都表示“更不用说”,常用于否定结构之后,起强调作用,前后对应的词的形式必须保持一致,如cannot do 1, much less do 2
28 习惯用法:sth. be grounds for doing... 意为:sth.是做...的理由,其中ground作为名词表示理由,原因(尤用于复数)
29 习惯用法:mandate sb to do; mandate that从句(从句使用虚拟语气);allow sb to do; order sb. to do 好像大部分命令建议动词都是 v + sb to do或 v + that从句;而 v + sb + that(从句)都是错的 v + sb. should do等等也是错的
30 习惯用法:without any permission中 any 多余,应该去掉
31不定式的完成时表示不定式的动作发生在谓语动作之前,其构成是:to have done
五,分词和不定式
1 分词短语在句首起状语作用,逻辑主语等于句子主语
2 –ed分词短语在句尾,一般优先就近作定语,修饰名词
3 –ing分词的完成时态不能充当名词的定语,必须转换为定语从句,即 n + having done.../having been done必须改为 n + that...
4 有情态动词的定语从句不能转化为分词短语
5 不定式作宾语
以下动词后面加不定式(短语)作宾语,不定式的动作往往与谓语动词的动作同时发生:afford; agree; appear/seem; arrange;choose; claim; come(逐渐); elect; endeavor; expect; fail; promise;refuse; seek; select; threaten; venture; offer; prefer to do
6 不定式(短语)作宾语补语
动词(advise, allow, cause, compel, enable,invite, inspire, convince, expect, lead, require, use, order)+ 名词短语 + 不定式
7 不定式作定语
名词前有last, next, 序数词或者形容词最高级别作定语时,名词后面的定语必须用不定式
8 习惯用法:substitute A for B 用A 代替B
9 逻辑主语的判断:
介词+ -ing分词在句首,逻辑主语等于主句的主语;在句尾,逻辑主语可能等于主语的主语,也可能等于所修饰的动词的逻辑主语。 例 Alaska regularly deposits some of itsprofits from the sale of oil into a special fund intended to sustain thestate’s economy afterexhausting its oil reserves. after exhausting sth.在句尾作状语就近修饰动词sustain,逻辑主语等于sustain的逻辑主语 fund。the fund exhausts its oil reserves逻辑意思不合理
10 习惯用法:such as + 代词,错;正确使用:such as + n/doing
11 习惯用法:credit sb with sth; sth be credit with/to(介词) 相信...具有...
12 习惯用法:invest some money in sth; 而invest some money into sth 错
13 名词的省略 such as后面加名词短语或名词短语的省略形式或-ing形式,如:Researchershave questioned the use of costly and experimental diagnostic tests to identifyfood allergies, such as to milk, that supposedly disrupt normal behavior.
such as (anallergy) to milk 省略了 an allergy
14 习惯用法:all sb. have to do is (to) do...and do...; 一般省略to
15 习惯用法:persuade sb. to do; 而persuadethat...错
16 习惯用法:encourage sb. to do; encourage sth.;而 encourage doing, encourage to be done错
六,平行结构
1 宾语从句并列,连词that不能省略:verb + that..., that... and that...
2 不同功能的定语从句不能并列,因为关系词在定语从句中充当不同的成分。如:n. + where... and in which...不能并列,n. + where... and who不能并列,但是n. + who... and whose...可以并列
3 one of + 复数名词 + that从句,that从句修饰复数名词;the only one of/the one of + 复数名词 + that从句,that从句修饰单数名词the only one/the one
4 aid作为名词,aid in doing sth./aid to doing sth. (to作为介词);aid作为及物动词,aid sb; aid 作为不及物动词,aidin doing sth. 例:Thanks the goddess’s aid in healingphysical and mental ills.
5当A属于B的一种时,必须用other把它自身排除在从属范围之外才能表达两者间的对比关系 例:apple and other fruits
6 习惯用法:cause sb.to do...; cause doing永远错
7 习惯用法:seek support from sb.; seek support of错
8 省略原则:A collection of 30 poem by PW, a slave, was (a collection是主语 此处用单数)published inthe 1770’s, the first book by a Black woman and only the second published by anAmerican woman.其中the second后面不能加名词(book)或代词(one),因为the second是承接前面的相同名词(the first book)的省略
9 to do并列句的省略 to do A and (to) do B, 例:allowsb.to do X1 rather than (to) be done
10 平行结构要求概念对等 continents是名称名词,与动作性名词不属于同一类概念,不能构成平行结构。例:...causedreversals in earth’s magnetic field, the onset of ice ages, continents splitapart 80 million years ago, and great volcanic eruptions
其他:pollution和incinerator概念不对等;assignments和staff概念不对等...
11 当一个动词没有动作性名词形式时,通常用the +-ing形式来代替: the splitting apart of代替动词split apart的名词形式,与reversals, onset和eruptions形式对称,概念对等
七,比较结构
1 替代原则:比较从句中与比较对象重复的名词尽可能用that或those代替。具体地说,在前面已出现的不可数名词或单数名词,用that代替;在前面已出现的复数名词用those代替
2 种属原则:当一个事物与它所属的种类比较时,必须用anyother把它自身排除在从属范围之外
3 比较从句连系动词be与主句连系动词be相同,可以省略be,也可以不省略。例:The issue discussed is more complicatedthan another one (is)
4 比较从句与主句时态一致,即两比较对象的动作发生的时间相同或同一事物的不同动作发生的时间相同。例如:I eat more than he does. Contrary to thegeneral impression, this quest for import relief has hurt more companies than it hashelped.
5 比较从句与主句时态不一致,即两比较对象的动作时相同的,但其发生的时间却不一致,或同一事物的相同动作发生的时间不同,than或as从句中补出的助动词的时态由时间状语和句子意思决定。如I eat more food than he did last year.
6 倍数的表达
1)twice as many...as; twice as much...as;twice + the + n.; twice + what从句
2)用动词表达数double, triple, quadruple, quintuple, 可用主动语态,也可以用被动语态,但不能和as搭配
3)...times(或数字) + as +形容词或副词 + as...
4) sb. be + 百分数 + morelikely to do sth. than (to) do sth
7 比较结构中的习惯用法:
1)more because... than because...更多地因为...,而不是因为...
2)not... so much A as B 与其说A倒不如说B
3)B no less...than A,B与A一样... ;no less than多达,正如
4)B no more...than A,B与A同样不...;no more than 最多,不超过
5)在“verb + more/less of + n.”结构中,more/less of修饰前面的动词。例如:I will see less of you in the future.
6)like + n.表比较,强调同一类事物在某方面具有相似性;as + 句子表比较,as从句强调动作的相似性。
7)标准书面语中,like后只加名词表比较,不能加句子
8 习惯用法:model A after B 用B来塑造A
9 习惯用法:in contrast with/to; 而ascontrast with错
10 简洁用法:定语从句中的at one time有多种含义,常用于口语中,应改为once; once不但表达简洁,而且意思单一。 ...who might once have died in childhood; who might at onetime have died in childhood 错
11 It is as difficultto prevent crimes against property as it is to prevent those against a person. 其中it是形式主语,指代后面的不定式短语toprevent...,该短语应与第二个as后的对应部分比较。 变换句子容易看出To prevent crimes against property is as difficult asto prevent...
12 习惯用法ne advantage of A over B, A相对于B的优势 13 习惯用法:like + n.放在句尾不符合习惯用法;as+ n不表示比较 According to a recent poll, owing andliving in a freestanding house on its own land is still a goal of a majority ofyoung adults, likethat of earlier generations 错; as that for earlier generations 错; as it was forearlier generations 对
14 as old as结构前面不能加数量词。如果加了数量词,as old as必须改为olderthan,例A is as old as B, A is 5 years older than B
15 so...as...用在同级比较的否定句中;not so...as...
16 主句谓语动词短语使用“助动词(如have, has,has, will)或情态动词(can, could, may, should)+ verb”形式时,比较从句往往省略verb,保留助动词或情态动词。例:CometA passed the same position as Halley’s comet will (do),其中do必须省略
17 简洁用法:similar to the way表示动作的相似性,表达不够简洁,永远错,应该用just as/as + 句子替换
18 similar to放在句首永远错,应该用like替换
八,修饰语,定语从句和状语从句
1 名词的前置语中and和逗号的使用:有时只能用“,”而不用“and”表示并列关系,两者无意义变化。一般来说,多个前置修饰语的语义类别不同,它们之前不能加and或用逗号隔开;如果语义类别相同,它们之间可以用and连接或用逗号隔开。如:aconcrete and glass factory或a concrete, glass factory, the officialfinancial help对, the official, financial help错
2 定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。限定性定语从句对先行词起限制、确定作用,与先行词有着不可分割的联系,它的前面通常没有逗号;非限定性定语从句与它的先行词之间只有比较松散的关系,通常用逗号将它与主句隔开
3 定语从句尽可能简化,常常省略that/which和be动词。如:the chemical that is irritating常表达为 the chemical irritant; the dioxins that are currentlyuncontrolled常表达为 the currently uncontrolled dioxins
4 习惯搭配:since 1989 when; the year that; the way in which; theway + 句子; an age in which/when; the next time + 句子; phenomenon in which
5 as是用来引导方式状语从句的常用连词,含“照...方式”或“类似...方式”之意
6so/such...that...表示结果,可以用在单一主谓结构中,也可以用在复杂的主谓结构中,不用考虑逻辑主语问题.such后面一般不加抽象名词。但so/such...as to...表示结果只能用于单一主谓结构中,逻辑主语等于句子主语,即句子主语可以执行as to后动词的动作。such后不加抽象名词,so as to的用法同so...as to
7 条件状语从句:if, unless, only if(强烈条件关系), aslong as, on condition that... should(如果/假如) + 主语 + do(原形)/be done... 另外主句用将来时,条件从句只能使用一般现在时 参考四,动词形式 第4条 8 简洁用法:because of the result of... 语义重复,应该去掉其中一个短语
9 简洁用法:sb.be a help in the doing...,表达累赘,应用简洁习惯用语:sb.help (to) do
10 yet作为连词是平行结构的标志
11 习惯用法:表示某个时期用a time when...或者在某个时期用at a time when... 而in aperiod of time when, during a time in which, during a time when, in a time inwhich都不符合习惯用法
12 两个句子并列,主语相同,第二句的主语必须承接第一句的主语省略。例:The company is negotiating to... and it plans... 其中it必须省略
13 Presenter atthe seminar, one who is blind, will demonstrate adaptive equipment thatallows visually impaired people to use computers.
A) one who B) one of them who C) and one of them who D)one of whom E) one of which 其中B,C选项them指代presenters, who也指代presenters两个指代语义重复,错(简而言之,them who永远错)
14 关系代词的使用:that(指代人或物),which(指代物),who(指代人,主格),whom(指代人,宾格),whose(指代人或物)
15 GMAT考试中,倾向于使用be动词 + adv. + -ed分词(如are officially recognized )这样的表达方式,而不使用have + 抽象名词(have official recognition),又如have a disinclination to应改为be disinclined to
16 习惯用法:use sth. to do; use sth. for + 动作性名词(the attraction),绝对错
17 习惯用法:the way to do..., the way + in which..., the way + 句子,其余说法错
18 习惯用法:such that和such...that...都表示结果;such...that...,such后面只能加可数名词或不可数名词,不能加动作性名词(如debilitation)或形容词名词(如profundity)
19 lesser不属于比较结构,它本身是一个形容词,表示较小的,所以后面不加than...
九,词的使用与习惯用法
1 代词it/this/that都不能指代整个句子;代词it/this/that不能单独充当主语,必须加上名词才能作主语
2 避免指代不清,修改的方法有三个:
1)重复代词指代的对象
2)用such + n.或者指示代词this/these/those + n.代替代词
3)用一个名词概括代词指代的对象
3代词一致原则:相同的代词指代对象要一致
4 动作性名词和动词-ing形式的区别:动作性名词(如comparison, combustion, sale, increase, rise)强调动作的结果或状态,动词-ing形式(如comparing, burning, selling, increasing, rising)强调动作本身。
5 习惯用法:force sb to do; 而force sb.doing, force sb. + that错
6 like + 代词this/that/it等永远错;正确用法:like + 名词/名词短语,表示比较
8 keep/have/bringsth.under control; get/take/presume/lose control of
9 简洁用法:that which不简洁,直接用what替换
10 习惯用法:regard/view...as + 名词/形容词/-ing形式
11 习惯用法:be in danger of doing,处在...的危险中 be in danger to do,不符合习惯搭配
12 习惯用法:the need to do/the need for sb. to do/the need forsth.; the importance of sth而the need + that从句;the importance + that从句 错
13 习惯用法:view...as... 而view sth. like...;view sth. to be错
14 习惯用法:the possibility of doing; the possibility + that从句,that从句使用将来时态,表示可能性的具体内容,the possibility to do 错
15 习惯用法:have a responsibility to do (responsibility前面必须加a); take responsibility for sth./doing sth. (responsibility 前面不加a/the)
16 习惯用法:believe + that从句;believesth. to be; believe sth.
17 an explosion,one they believe to be... one前面不能加that, 因为one和that都指代explosion重复
18 习惯用法:because of 和on accountof后面只能加名词或名词短语
19 代词it指代单数名词、单数名词短语、不可数名词、不可数名词短语; 代词one指代单数名词短语的核心词 ... do notpresent a new principle; it was employed in “Operation Bootstrap” in PuertoRico. it指代 a new principle使得句意不合理,新的原理应用于过去。...present not a new principle, but oneemployed in... one指代 a new principle的核心词principle使得句意合理。
20 contrary to放在句首不需要逻辑主语,因为contrary to必须加上抽象名词,如belief, idea, judgment等,修饰整个主句,不存在逻辑主语问题。in contrast with或者in contrast to必须加上具体名词,比较对象必须对等。opposite to比较对象也必须对等 例contrary to popular belief, victors in the ancientGreek.....只能用contrary to不能用incontrast to/with, opposite to
21 当动词有名词形式时,就不能使用-ing形式代替名词形式。如:动词try有名词形式attempt,就不用trying代替attempt
22 习惯用法:by + 名词,表示动作的执行者;主动语态中,by + doing,表示动作的方式。因此by + 动作性名词(under inflation)错误
23 Besides/asidefrom/other than + A放在句首与主句主语B产生排除关系,A必须从属B,否则会导致逻辑错误
24 习惯用法:mistake A for B; 而mistake Aas B; mistake A to B 错
25 bring out adisinclination和have a disinclination都是“动词 + a/an + 动作性名词”形式,这种表达故意复杂化,一般改为be +-ed分词形式,如改为 ...aredisinclined to...
26 用词倾向性:在GMAT考试中,倾向于用to do或者so that从句表达动作的目的,而不倾向于使用in order to和in orderthat,因为in order to和in orderthat表达强烈语气,并且不如to do和so that简洁
27 习惯用法:after + when从句,永远错,正确用法:after + 名词/-ing形式(after作为介词);after + 主谓结构(after作为连词)
28 并列句中:有2个或3个句子并列,第2个或第3个句子中的代词应该优先指代第1句中主句的名词
29 based on放在句首，逻辑主语只能是物，不能是人，on the basis of放在句首，逻辑主语可以是人
30 worth此词一般直接用在名词之后,in worth不符合习惯用法
31两个名词and连接，and前不能加逗号。三个可以
补充
1 what 后面 什么时候用单数,什么时候用复数根据动词后面的名词的单复数来定.大全851
2 习惯搭配:aim to do
作者: 小运 时间: 2018-3-6 10:14
顶！d=====(￣▽￣*)b
作者: yanchuan9 时间: 2023-5-12 13:50
Mark一下！
作者: 0320zjx 时间: 2023-5-14 22:23
Mark一下！
作者: Cocoboyxx 时间: 2023-5-18 10:00
感谢分享！
作者: Cocoboyxx 时间: 2023-5-19 11:27
感谢分享！
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