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In countries where automobile insuranceincludes compensation for whiplash injuries sustained in automobile accidents,reports of having suffered such injuries are twice as frequent as they are incountries where whiplash is not covered. Some commentators have argued, correctly,that since there is presently no objective test for whiplash, spurious reports of whiplash injuriescannot be readily identified. Thesecommentators are, however, wrong to draw the further conclusion that in thecountries with the higher rates of reported whiplash injuries, half of thereported cases are spurious: clearly, incountries where automobile insurance does not include compensation forwhiplash, people often have little incentive to report whiplash injuries thatthey actually have suffered.

In the argumentgiven, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?

A. Thefirst is evidence that has been used to support a conclusion that the argumentcriticizes; the second is that conclusion.

B. Thefirst is evidence that has been used to support a conclusion that the argumentcriticizes; the second is the position that the argument defends.

C. Thefirst is a claim that has been used to support a conclusion that the argumentaccepts; the second is the position that the argument defends.

D. The firstis an intermediate conclusion that has been used to support a conclusion thatthe argument defends; the second is the position that the argument opposes.

E. Thefirst presents a claim that is disputed in the argument; the second is aconclusion that has been drawn on the basis of that claim.