【呕心沥血神作】新托福口语考试中如何做好笔记 - ChaseDream

种类

例词

所表达的含义

时间顺序

Time-

Sequence

first, later, next, finally, before, after, now, previously, last, then, when, immediately, formerly, subsequently, presently, initially, ultimately meanwhile

说话人想按时间顺序叙述事件

举例

Example

for example, such as,

for instance, illustrate

举例子说明：9 K4 T* d4 j* v0 h& C
Black English used to be considered simply poor English until linguists realized that the so-called errors were actually consistent alternative grammatical forms, some of which originated in African linguistic patterns. For example, the word "be" in standard English is primarily used as part of the infinitive "to be." But in Black English, "be" can also be used to indicate a repeated action or existential state (Labov, 1972).

列举

Enumeration

and, too, finally, furthermore, first(ly), second, third, last, another, next

说话人罗列观点（有时想暗示各观点不同的重要性 ): Firstly, I would like to talk about classical music and its representative composers. Next I would like to talk about Jazz music and some influential albums in the history of Jazz. Finally, I will move on to pop music in the last century.

补充

Continuation

also, in addition, and,

further, another, as well as

说话人在继续讨论同一话题，并欲补充更多的信息:

A computer is often called a “thinking machine,” and in many ways it is just that. Computers perform difficult and timesaving mathematical computations, as well as problems in logic and reasoning. In addition, computers run other machines and answer questions. Also, they are used to guide astronauts on take-off.

比较或反差

Comparison or Contrast

比较类like, likewise, as, similarly, at the same time,as well as, both, all,in comparison,

反差类 on the other hand,

in contrast, despite,nevertheless,

yet, instead,rather, notwithstanding,though, regardless, unlike,although, even though,whereas but, in spite of,on the contrary, however

说话人想说出一个与之前的观点相同，不甚相同甚至是相反的观点：The sex of the instructor affected the extent of active student participation. In classes taught by men with roughly equal proportions of male and female students, male students were responsible for about 75% of all class discussion. Similarly, with women as instructors, female student participation rose from 25% to 42%; in contrast, male participation slipped from 75% to 58%.

强调

Emphasis

important to note, most, above all, especially valuable, a central issue, especially relevant, should be noted, the most substantial issue, remember that, a major event,the principal item, pay particular attention to, the chief factor, most of all, a significant factor, a primary concern, a key feature, the main value

说话人想说出最重要最核心的内容，说话人用这些词引起听众的注意:- i& f4 w! @5 q, B6 W; Q+ c
Although the resources of our world are limited, the wants of people are not. Indeed, one of the most important assumptions of economics is that the total human wants can never be satisfied. No matter how much we have, we seem to want more. As people's income increase, so does their desire for more and better goods and services.

因果

Cause-Effect

because, accordingly,for this reason, hence, resulting, as a result, o, then, thus, therefore, since, consequently

说话人欲表现两个或多个事物之间的联系,尤其是它们之间的因果关系: Atherosclerosis is the result of the buildup of fat, fibrin, parts of dead cells, and calcium on the inside of the arteries. No one knows what causes this disease, but a number of things can speed its development. These include smoking cigarettes and eating animal fat and cholesterol. Others include age, hypertension, diabetes, stress, heredity, and sex (males have more heart attacks).

总结

Summary

thus, in short, to conclude, in brief, in the end, in summary, to reiterate, in conclusion, to sum up, finally, therefore, thus, as already stated

说话人欲复述或总结之前的话语：Euthanasia is defined as mercy killing, either by the sick people themselves or by their relatives or close friends. One controversial doctor is a strong proponent of this act: Dr. Jack Krevorkian. Dr. Krevorkian has publicly admitted to giving assistance to people who have committed suicide. As a result, he has been called a saint by some, a murderer by others.

定义

Definition

define, is defined as, known as, that is, the term means, we mean, we can state, we refer to

说话人欲给术语下定义：Our country has been obsessed with youth for far too many years. Age has been defined only as a decline from a peak of youth. Age is a fate worse than death. Negative stereotypes of older people are reinforced daily in the popular media, which contain very few examples of anyone 60 or older doing anything active or dynamic in society.