ChaseDream

标题: 从GMAC-PREP模拟软件中的套题来验证helr逻辑分类法（8月18加入第二套模考题） [打印本页]

作者: Vivian1091 时间: 2013-8-8 14:57
标题: 从GMAC-PREP模拟软件中的套题来验证helr逻辑分类法（8月18加入第二套模考题）

楼主是 helr的 big fan。继之前闭关研究了4天helr逻辑笔记后写了自己的总结帖，又花了一整天的时间把OG13 CR所有题弄完，还没来得及总结。昨天做了 GMAC的prep模拟题，之前记得在helr的帖子中看见一句话，说 “gmat的逻辑题至少会出道这7个分类里的 5个还是6个” ，记不清楚了找了半天有没找到。为了验证这种分类是不是gamc的出题思路。于是lz就把昨天自己做的官方模拟题（就是报名了以后只有两次的那个）中出现了逻辑题都分了一下类。大家看编号后面的三个数字08-2-115，就代表prep08第2套115题。因为08-2的逻辑笔记中都已经分好类了，所以楼主吧出现的08中的分好类的题就直接写了类型，逻辑笔记中没有的lz就自己分了下类，大家要觉得有问题，欢迎讨论啊啊啊。设置了回复可见哟，嘻嘻嘻。

强烈邀请大家把自己做的prep模拟题的cr也按helr的方法分下类，把题拍下来，然后在word文档中用查找功能，很快就能分好，不浪费时间的，大家一起来验证helr的方法！！！真心觉得这方法好的不行，但用的人太少啦！

刚才翻helr的帖子，看见了一句话以前没注意到，给大家分享：“这7类一定能证明所有GMAT题目，而且GMAC发现之后，他也没有办法增加，因为这是逻辑学上面的。何况，你掌握了这个方法，只是路子对了而已，并不是说你可以不看题目直接选答案了，我想GMAC也希望我们知道这些东西吧。” 个人认为，这句话说出了 方法和考试正确率之间关系的精髓。

关于使用helr 逻辑笔记，楼主有个小建议给大家：你那方面的题搞不清楚，就把那方面的题通通拿出来，放在一起做，然后总结不同点和相同点。比如说你搞不懂出现方案以后，到底是不是方案推理，那你就用word 查找功能，把有方案，或者是有方案推理这四个字的地方全都找出来，把只要有方案的题目，不管是什么推理模式，都拿在一起练。这时候你就会发现什么叫描述方案内容什么叫评估方案什么叫方案的结果什么叫方案的目的。。。在下面的帖子链接里lz自己总结了一点点

lz的另一篇帖子，打个小广告，嘻嘻嘻

helr逻辑笔记总结+使用心得（8月7日更新）

http://forum.chasedream.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=868306&fromuid=875162

以下就是官方软件模考cr 题型统计结果了：

第一套回复可见，第二套结果如下：

08-2-104 相关因果

08-2-73 类比推理

08-2-110 演绎推理

08-2-94 因果推理

08-2-101 方案

木有找到。。方案

08-1-115 类比

Theemission of sulfur dioxide when high-sulfur coal is burned is restricted bylaw. New coal-burning plants usuallycomply with the law by installing expensive equipment to filter sulfur dioxidefrom their emissions. These new plantscould save money by installing instead less expensive cleaning equipment thatchemically removes most sulfur from coal before combustion.

Which ofthe following, if known, would be most relevant to evaluating the claim aboveabout how new coal-burning plants could save money

07-2-35 因果

It is illegal to advertiseprescription medications in Hedland except directly to physicians, either bymail or in medical journals. A proposedlaw would allow general advertising of prescription medications. Opponents object that the general populationlacks the specialized knowledge to evaluate such advertisements and might asktheir physicians for inappropriate medications. But since physicians have the final say as to whether to prescribe amedication for a patient, inappropriate prescriptions would not become morecommon.

Which of the following would it bemost useful to establish in order to evaluate the argument?

08-1-112 因果

Unlesstiger hunting decreases, tigers will soon be extinct in the wild. The countries in which the tigers' habitatsare located are currently debating joint legislation that would ban tigerhunting. Thus, if these countries cansuccessfully enforce this legislation, the survival of tigers in the wild willbe ensured.

Thereasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds thatthe argument

A.assumes without sufficient warrant that a ban on tiger hunting could besuccessfully enforced

B.considers the effects of hunting on tigers without also considering the effectsof hunting on other endangered animal species

C. failsto take into account how often tiger hunters are unsuccessful in their attemptsto kill tigers

D.neglects to consider the results of governmental attempts in the past to limittiger hunting

E. takesthe removal of an impediment to the tigers' survival as a guarantee of theirsurvival

07-1-28 果因

First-time computer buyers buyingPXC home computers typically buy models that cost much less and have a smallerprofit margin per computer than do PXC computers bought by people replacingtheir computers with more powerful models. Last year PXC's profits from computer sales were substantially higherthan the previous year, although about the same number of PXC computers weresold and the prices and profit margins for each computer model that PXC sellsremained unchanged.

If the statements above are true,which of the following is most strongly supported by them?

08-2-95 因果

方案—2

因果—4

果因—1

类比—2

演绎—1

相关因果--1

作者: xiaoming2013 时间: 2013-8-8 16:33
thx~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~`

作者: Spencer125 时间: 2013-8-8 19:50
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

作者: Spencer125 时间: 2013-8-8 19:56
亲，我也是此方法的fans.因为之前试过很多逻辑方法，什么陈文斌的方法。都是经不住考验的。但对于此方法，我还尚存一些疑问。比如刚才你的留言，这道题：
Crowding on Mooreville’s subway frequently leads to delays, because it is difficult for passengers to exit from the trains. Over the next ten years, the Mooreville Transit Authority projects that subway ridership will increase by 20 percent. The authority plans to increase the number of daily train trips by only 5 percent over the same period. Officials predict that this increase is sufficient to ensure that the incidence of delays due to crowding does not increase.

Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest grounds for the officials’ prediction?

A. The population of Mooreville is not expected to increase significantly in the next ten years.
B. The Transit Authority also plans a 5 percent increase in the number of bus trips on routes that connect to subways.
C. The Transit Authority projects that the number of Mooreville residents who commute to work by automobile will increase in the next ten years.
D. Most of the projected increase in ridership is expected to occur in off-peak hours when trains now are sparsely used.
E. The 5 percent increase in the number of train trips can be achieved without an equal increase in Transit Authority operational costs.
我的疑问是。既然最后题目都说了。这个方案是sufficient的了。不是就证明，题目说这个方案很好嘛？这个潜台词不就是评估了这个方案吗？那么为何这道题还能够归为方案题呢？

作者: Soniaaaa 时间: 2013-8-9 17:47
：）：）：）：）

作者: m1a2i3l 时间: 2013-8-9 18:23
谢谢搂住谢谢搂住

作者: zoeyy 时间: 2013-8-9 18:43
xcxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

作者: 络小抽 时间: 2013-8-9 19:29
谢楼主昂~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

作者: 小傻瓜1992 时间: 2013-8-9 23:27
好！！！！！！！！！！！！

作者: qq13806535832 时间: 2013-8-11 11:26
ding~~~~~~~~~~~~~~``

作者: iflonely 时间: 2013-8-11 17:04
DDDDDDDDD~~支持支持~~

作者: utena 时间: 2013-8-12 12:42
thanks for sharing

作者: fred28 时间: 2013-8-14 09:26
dddddddddddd

作者: xionghetang 时间: 2013-8-14 10:09
XUYAO XIEXIE XINKU

作者: heroreh001 时间: 2013-8-14 12:25
谢谢楼主

作者: 496386218 时间: 2013-8-14 22:21
谢谢分享~~~

作者: ivy曦 时间: 2013-8-14 22:40
ding~~~~~~~~~~thx a lot

作者: vivianchesp 时间: 2013-8-16 03:23
想找的就是这个，谢谢！

作者: 能量毛豆儿 时间: 2013-8-17 06:48
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

作者: bellashi 时间: 2013-8-18 12:59
asdfasdfasdf

作者: 汤包要求学 时间: 2013-8-18 17:41
我也在学习呢，不过我觉得难点第一在于如何判断推理类型，第二就是关于因果模式，总是找不到切入点

作者: justinlee17 时间: 2013-8-18 20:13
谢谢分享！！！

作者: Vivian1091 时间: 2013-8-18 20:56

汤包要求学发表于 2013-8-18 17:41
我也在学习呢，不过我觉得难点第一在于如何判断推理类型，第二就是关于因果模式，总是找不到切入点 ...

找一个连续的时间，狂看helr逻辑笔记，抛弃自己原来的步骤，照着 helr笔记上的步骤来形成思维

作者: 任双群 时间: 2013-8-18 20:57
5thxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

作者: 木木和猫猫 时间: 2013-8-19 01:00
谢谢楼主啦~~~

作者: cindytoscana 时间: 2013-8-19 23:17
谢谢楼主~~~

作者: emmayu2000 时间: 2013-8-20 04:15
thanksssssssssssssssss

作者: echo0416 时间: 2013-8-20 10:04
THX!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

作者: 61lalala 时间: 2013-8-20 10:54
谢谢楼主
CR一直是我软肋研究一下~

作者: sherrysun82 时间: 2013-8-20 12:06
thank you~

作者: antitai 时间: 2013-8-20 13:31
ok....................................

作者: 汤包要求学 时间: 2013-8-20 15:29

Vivian1091 发表于 2013-8-18 20:56
找一个连续的时间，狂看helr逻辑笔记，抛弃自己原来的步骤，照着 helr笔记上的步骤来形成思维 ...

正在做这件事情！
我还发现相关因果也比较难判断。我很同意你说的线性变化作为判断相关因果的一个标志

作者: wssst888 时间: 2013-8-20 20:06
调好了@！@

作者: KANIIGMAT 时间: 2013-8-20 22:19
gggggggggggggggggggg

作者: 文琪琪 时间: 2013-8-21 01:13
顶一个！谢谢分享！

作者: 328517896 时间: 2013-8-21 22:32
笑嘻嘻笑嘻嘻

作者: carriess 时间: 2013-8-22 00:09
好！！！！！

作者: drahe518 时间: 2013-8-22 16:56
感谢分享：）

作者: apaso 时间: 2013-8-22 18:49
lz你练了多少题目，现在正确率与时间消耗为多少

作者: apaso 时间: 2013-8-22 19:00

Spencer125 发表于 2013-8-8 19:56
亲，我也是此方法的fans.因为之前试过很多逻辑方法，什么陈文斌的方法。都是经不住考验的。但对于此方法， ...

我也是今天刚研究啊。

既然题目中说了5%很好，为什么代表还要评估这个方案？
作者都在题目中假设5%很好，如果答案是去反驳这个，这样不就是和他自己过不去吗？

问：假设甲乙两地相距8km，问速度1km\h能多久行驶完这条路
答：甲乙两地相距10km，假设错误

作者: 飘TT 时间: 2013-8-23 00:33
感谢分享~~

作者: liyinghong 时间: 2013-8-25 12:49

作者: rinkabokka 时间: 2013-8-26 11:27
必须支持

作者: Gorwang 时间: 2013-8-26 13:42
haohaohaohaohao

作者: tof111 时间: 2013-8-26 15:17
谢谢楼主

作者: Lisa20100120203 时间: 2013-8-26 17:49
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;aaaaaaaaaa

作者: momo910227 时间: 2013-8-27 11:22
感谢楼主分享！！正在学习ing~~

作者: edlee1992 时间: 2013-8-28 00:45
的顶顶顶顶顶顶顶顶顶顶

作者: yiranmumuxi 时间: 2013-8-28 11:46
支持楼主！！！！！！！

作者: ywsy1012 时间: 2013-8-28 12:04
谢谢楼主啊大好人

作者: supervivianren 时间: 2013-8-28 12:27
hihihihihihihihihihi

作者: vickychase93 时间: 2013-8-28 12:36
谢谢分享。。。。。。

作者: youtiao1989 时间: 2013-8-28 13:19
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

作者: 谷雨lyj 时间: 2013-8-29 12:10
dingggggggggggggggg

作者: 灰音天风 时间: 2013-8-29 15:12
谢谢

123456

作者: jerm 时间: 2013-8-29 20:16
支持　～～～～～～～～～～～

作者: clarissaren 时间: 2013-8-31 05:06
借鉴了谢谢

作者: silkagelx 时间: 2013-8-31 09:49
顶顶顶顶顶顶顶顶

作者: joanfighter 时间: 2013-8-31 20:49
学习！lz厉害！！！！！1

作者: Monstella 时间: 2013-9-1 01:01
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

作者: amandajt 时间: 2013-9-1 18:11
thank you so much

作者: 小毛孩wry 时间: 2013-9-2 22:08
ding!!!!!!!!!

作者: sunshiyao93 时间: 2013-9-3 00:50
好好学习！！！

作者: 白兔奶糖 时间: 2013-9-3 09:37
感谢楼主啊

作者: youngstercao 时间: 2013-9-7 02:17
thanks~~~

作者: devilclare 时间: 2013-9-8 09:45
Dddddddddddddd

作者: vivianlbj 时间: 2013-9-8 14:14
谢谢分享！！

作者: outsider0214 时间: 2013-9-8 22:35
我也在用H老师的方法总结自己的错题，旨在提高解题的速度，但是发现很多题目不能归类;比如下题，还请赐教

Neither a rising standard of living nor balanced trade, by itself, establishes a country’s ability to compete in the international marketplace. Both are required simultaneously since standards of living can rise because of growing trade deficits and trade can be balanced by means of a decline in a country’s standard of living.

If the facts stated in the passage above are true, a proper test of a country’s ability to be competitive is its ability to

Abalance its trade while its standard of living rises
Bbalance its trade while its standard of living falls
Cincrease trade deficits while its standard of living rises
Ddecrease trade deficits while its standard of living falls
Ekeep its standard of living constant while trade deficits rise

作者: LYL258344145 时间: 2013-9-9 16:09
楼主另一篇帖子相当受用啊~~~DDDDDDDD

作者: Lareinemargot 时间: 2013-9-9 16:20
singsindingdingdingding

作者: 隆逸芝 时间: 2013-9-9 16:24
妈妈密密麻麻密密麻麻密密麻麻密密麻麻

作者: vivienzou1216 时间: 2013-9-9 18:04
xiexie!~!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!11

作者: floraangfan 时间: 2013-9-9 22:43
Thank you so much for your help!

作者: fqingqing 时间: 2013-9-9 22:59
赞一个！！！

作者: phiniex 时间: 2013-9-9 23:11

thx~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~`

作者: w4ushuang 时间: 2013-9-10 00:37
。。。。。

作者: NiuniuAnnie 时间: 2013-9-10 16:42
thanks!!!!!!

作者: 齐天小猴猴 时间: 2013-9-11 08:41
逻辑头疼啊。。。

作者: qiongle 时间: 2013-9-11 09:47
谢谢了~~~~~~~~~~~

作者: lxskyfly 时间: 2013-9-11 13:53

Spencer125 发表于 2013-8-8 19:56
亲，我也是此方法的fans.因为之前试过很多逻辑方法，什么陈文斌的方法。都是经不住考验的。但对于此方法， ...

mark一个，求一起交流~
我觉得评估方案是说，通过这个方案，我能怎么怎么样，通过这些我能达到目的。
但是sufficient只是说方案带来的结果。而且既然提出了方案那么作者肯定就默认这方案是好的了~
求指点！

作者: lorelei00 时间: 2013-9-11 15:21
O(∩_∩)O谢谢

作者: FUNY羊羊 时间: 2013-9-11 17:19
ddddddddddddddddddddddddddd

作者: xixiprincess81 时间: 2013-9-11 18:44
thanks for sharing

作者: leezardfkgmat 时间: 2013-9-11 19:18
8888888888888888888888888

作者: turndd 时间: 2013-9-11 20:01
看看这个方法的例题

作者: 又是九 时间: 2013-9-11 20:36
thank you~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

作者: MXII 时间: 2013-9-11 20:38
DDDDDDDDDD

作者: Domokp 时间: 2013-9-12 08:59

作者: lizzieff 时间: 2013-9-12 12:17
顶！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！

作者: lucille310 时间: 2013-9-13 14:41
谢谢楼主

作者: garfield2013 时间: 2013-9-13 14:48
xiexielouzhu

作者: natural918 时间: 2013-9-14 18:14
逻辑黑体字

概要：逻辑黑体字是GMAT考试中的基本问题，他是属于所有题型中的对句子功能性作用考察的问题。黑体字题目要求考生对逻辑段落中的每一句话的作用和功能需要极其熟悉。读全文要对文章烂熟于心。

1. 黑体字题的题型：
1）单一黑体字部分：
判断单一黑体字部分在题干中的作用或者扮演的角色；
Hunter:  Hunters alone are blamed for the decline in Greenrock National Forest’s deer population over the past ten years.  Yet clearly, black bears have also played an important role in this decline. In the past ten years, the forest’s protected black bear population has risen sharply, and examination of black bears found dead in the forest during the deer hunting season showed that a number of them had recently fed on deer.
In the hunter’s argument, the boldface portion plays which of the following roles?
2）两个黑体字部分：
判断两个黑体字部分分别在题干中起什么作用或扮演什么角色；
A product that represents a clear technological advance over competing products can generally command a high price. Because technological advances tend to be quickly surpassed and companies want to make large profits while they still can, many companies charge the greatest price the market will bear when they have such a product.  But large profits on the mew product will give competitors a strong incentive to quickly match the mew product’s capabilities.  Consequently, the strategy to maximize overall profit from a new product is to charge less than the greatest possible price.
In the argument above, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

2. 黑体字解题策略：
1）熟悉GMAT逻辑中专用术语的表达和引导词：
** Conclusion: author’s main claim
引导词：conclusion, conclude, assert that, think that, claim, position, it can be made that... consequently, obviously, clearly, hence, therefore, thus...
** premise： a piece of evidence(fact or claim) that supports the author’s conclusion.
引导词：because of, since, due to, as a result of
** Intermediate Conclusion: both a conclusion and a premise, it supports the final conclusion.
Is it the case that a (he’s more likely to get caught) is true, therefore B (he will probably end up in jail is true).
The red one is the intermediate conclusion and the blue one is the final conclusion.
** Counterpoint: goes against the author’s conclusion.
** background: set the context for an argument
** Consideration: a factor to be considered in forming a judgment or decision
例：Safety is the most important consideration in choosing a car.
当你在形成一个想法的时候，你必须去思考的。是考虑问题该关注的因素
** Evidence: A thing or things helpful in forming a conclusion or judgment
例：Scientists weigh the evidence for and against a hypothesis.
结论支持或者反对你所提出的结论。
** judgment:有主观判断的，一种推断出来的依据；
The expert has therefore recommended that because the officers’ time spent obtaining approval is largely wasted, the watch commander’s approval no longer be required.
引导词：it is fause/ill concieved; it should be rejected as... / no longer required, it is unjustified, it is reasonable.....
例子：
做GMAT题目中的人中心肌衰退的比例超过常人。这说明：2做GMAT题目中导致心肌功能衰退。所以，3做GMAT不好。但就算证据正确，由于4做GMAT题目的人往往在做题目之前已经是心力衰竭者，所以不能说明做GMAT题目导致心功能衰退。并且5做GMAT可以开发智力中，所以6做GMAT好。7请做GMAT题目吧！
1. 是支持中间结论2(mid conclusion)的evidence；
2. 是mid conclusion，支持conclusion3；
3. 是conclusion，
4和5也是evidence，它们反对2和3，其实是反对1->2->3的论证(argument, argument=evidence+conclusion)；
4. 是通过指出A->B本身的错误(类似于flaw)对1->2进行削弱，
5. 是通过C->B对2->3进行削弱的。4, 5均支持conclusion6的成立。
7. 和本文的逻辑推导无关，称作suggestion，其位置一般在文章的最后。

2)掌握作者的感情态度：
引导词：However, nevertheless, although, but,
选项中通过两个黑体字句的引导
Newton developed mathematical concepts and techniques that are fundamental to modern calculus.  Leibniz developed closely analogous concepts and techniques.  It has traditionally been thought that these discoveries were independent.  Researchers have, however, recently discovered notes of Leibniz’s that discuss one of Newton’s books on mathematics. Several scholars have argued that since the book includes a presentation of Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques, and since the notes were written before Leibniz’s own development of calculus concepts and techniques, it is virtually certain that the traditional view is false.  A more cautious conclusion than this is called for, however. Leibniz’ notes are limited to early sections of Newton’s book, sections that precede the ones in which Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques are presented.

3)有时候看到转折词出现在两个黑体字中，不一定是相反：
Aroca City currently funds its public schools through taxes on property.  In place of this system, the city plans to introduce a sales tax of three percent on all retail sales in the city.  Critics protest that three percent of current retail sales falls short of the amount raised for schools by property taxes.  The critics are correct on this point.  Nevertheless, implementing the plan will probably not reduce the money going to Aroca’s schools. Several large retailers have selected Aroca City as the site for huge new stores, and these are certain to draw large numbers of shoppers from neighboring municipalities, where sales are taxed at rates of six percent and more.  In consequence, retail sales in Aroca City are bound to increase substantially.

3. 黑体字解题步骤：
1）时间充裕的情况：
本帖隐藏的内容
** 读全文找出核心论点(不是中间论点) 读出转折含义核心论点通常躲在转折之后和句尾。
** 看boldface句同前后句的关系(无转折既是逻辑上的延续)分清是boldface句为其中某句服务还是某句为boldface句服务。
** 推出两个boldface句之间的逻辑关系；前一半BF, 是一个事实? 是一个论断? 是一个证据? 是一个假设? 或者是一个中间结论? 如果体会出, 是一个假设, 那么选项中说第一部分是其他什么的, 就被排除了。没有什么必杀选项只有理解文章才可以。

2）时间不充裕：
本帖隐藏的内容
** 比较文章看是否相关，是不是两句话都在讨论一件事情；
** 注意标志词：
a. However前面就是作者challenge,disagree，call into question的东西，后面就是作者support的东西，可能是全文的conclusion, position等等;
b. Since, Because是原因，选项中常出现 evidence,explanation, based，consideration等词。
c. if...then, should be 是一种判断的依据，选项中常出现 judgement 等词;
d. Therefore, argue that... 就肯定是conclusion了;
e. it shows等等是例证，选项中常出现 ...based ... finding，in support of, evidence 等词;

4. 黑体字复习方法：
本帖隐藏的内容
1）熟读概念铭记于心；逻辑题目充当成分概念的题目；
2）熟悉标志词和转折词，把握住出题方向；
3）认真理解每一句话,BF题目读懂了，就一定能做对了；

逻辑黑体字

概要：逻辑黑体字是GMAT考试中的基本问题，他是属于所有题型中的对句子功能性作用考察的问题。黑体字题目要求考生对逻辑段落中的每一句话的作用和功能需要极其熟悉。读全文要对文章烂熟于心。

1. 黑体字题的题型：
1）单一黑体字部分：
判断单一黑体字部分在题干中的作用或者扮演的角色；
Hunter:  Hunters alone are blamed for the decline in Greenrock National Forest’s deer population over the past ten years.  Yet clearly, black bears have also played an important role in this decline. In the past ten years, the forest’s protected black bear population has risen sharply, and examination of black bears found dead in the forest during the deer hunting season showed that a number of them had recently fed on deer.
In the hunter’s argument, the boldface portion plays which of the following roles?
2）两个黑体字部分：
判断两个黑体字部分分别在题干中起什么作用或扮演什么角色；
A product that represents a clear technological advance over competing products can generally command a high price. Because technological advances tend to be quickly surpassed and companies want to make large profits while they still can, many companies charge the greatest price the market will bear when they have such a product.  But large profits on the mew product will give competitors a strong incentive to quickly match the mew product’s capabilities.  Consequently, the strategy to maximize overall profit from a new product is to charge less than the greatest possible price.
In the argument above, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

2. 黑体字解题策略：
1）熟悉GMAT逻辑中专用术语的表达和引导词：
** Conclusion: author’s main claim
引导词：conclusion, conclude, assert that, think that, claim, position, it can be made that... consequently, obviously, clearly, hence, therefore, thus...
** premise： a piece of evidence(fact or claim) that supports the author’s conclusion.
引导词：because of, since, due to, as a result of
** Intermediate Conclusion: both a conclusion and a premise, it supports the final conclusion.
Is it the case that a (he’s more likely to get caught) is true, therefore B (he will probably end up in jail is true).
The red one is the intermediate conclusion and the blue one is the final conclusion.
** Counterpoint: goes against the author’s conclusion.
** background: set the context for an argument
** Consideration: a factor to be considered in forming a judgment or decision
例：Safety is the most important consideration in choosing a car.
当你在形成一个想法的时候，你必须去思考的。是考虑问题该关注的因素
** Evidence: A thing or things helpful in forming a conclusion or judgment
例：Scientists weigh the evidence for and against a hypothesis.
结论支持或者反对你所提出的结论。
** judgment:有主观判断的，一种推断出来的依据；
The expert has therefore recommended that because the officers’ time spent obtaining approval is largely wasted, the watch commander’s approval no longer be required.
引导词：it is fause/ill concieved; it should be rejected as... / no longer required, it is unjustified, it is reasonable.....
例子：
做GMAT题目中的人中心肌衰退的比例超过常人。这说明：2做GMAT题目中导致心肌功能衰退。所以，3做GMAT不好。但就算证据正确，由于4做GMAT题目的人往往在做题目之前已经是心力衰竭者，所以不能说明做GMAT题目导致心功能衰退。并且5做GMAT可以开发智力中，所以6做GMAT好。7请做GMAT题目吧！
1. 是支持中间结论2(mid conclusion)的evidence；
2. 是mid conclusion，支持conclusion3；
3. 是conclusion，
4和5也是evidence，它们反对2和3，其实是反对1->2->3的论证(argument, argument=evidence+conclusion)；
4. 是通过指出A->B本身的错误(类似于flaw)对1->2进行削弱，
5. 是通过C->B对2->3进行削弱的。4, 5均支持conclusion6的成立。
7. 和本文的逻辑推导无关，称作suggestion，其位置一般在文章的最后。

2)掌握作者的感情态度：
引导词：However, nevertheless, although, but,
选项中通过两个黑体字句的引导
Newton developed mathematical concepts and techniques that are fundamental to modern calculus.  Leibniz developed closely analogous concepts and techniques.  It has traditionally been thought that these discoveries were independent.  Researchers have, however, recently discovered notes of Leibniz’s that discuss one of Newton’s books on mathematics. Several scholars have argued that since the book includes a presentation of Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques, and since the notes were written before Leibniz’s own development of calculus concepts and techniques, it is virtually certain that the traditional view is false.  A more cautious conclusion than this is called for, however. Leibniz’ notes are limited to early sections of Newton’s book, sections that precede the ones in which Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques are presented.

3)有时候看到转折词出现在两个黑体字中，不一定是相反：
Aroca City currently funds its public schools through taxes on property.  In place of this system, the city plans to introduce a sales tax of three percent on all retail sales in the city.  Critics protest that three percent of current retail sales falls short of the amount raised for schools by property taxes.  The critics are correct on this point.  Nevertheless, implementing the plan will probably not reduce the money going to Aroca’s schools. Several large retailers have selected Aroca City as the site for huge new stores, and these are certain to draw large numbers of shoppers from neighboring municipalities, where sales are taxed at rates of six percent and more.  In consequence, retail sales in Aroca City are bound to increase substantially.

3. 黑体字解题步骤：
1）时间充裕的情况：
本帖隐藏的内容
** 读全文找出核心论点(不是中间论点) 读出转折含义核心论点通常躲在转折之后和句尾。
** 看boldface句同前后句的关系(无转折既是逻辑上的延续)分清是boldface句为其中某句服务还是某句为boldface句服务。
** 推出两个boldface句之间的逻辑关系；前一半BF, 是一个事实? 是一个论断? 是一个证据? 是一个假设? 或者是一个中间结论? 如果体会出, 是一个假设, 那么选项中说第一部分是其他什么的, 就被排除了。没有什么必杀选项只有理解文章才可以。

2）时间不充裕：
本帖隐藏的内容
** 比较文章看是否相关，是不是两句话都在讨论一件事情；
** 注意标志词：
a. However前面就是作者challenge,disagree，call into question的东西，后面就是作者support的东西，可能是全文的conclusion, position等等;
b. Since, Because是原因，选项中常出现 evidence,explanation, based，consideration等词。
c. if...then, should be 是一种判断的依据，选项中常出现 judgement 等词;
d. Therefore, argue that... 就肯定是conclusion了;
e. it shows等等是例证，选项中常出现 ...based ... finding，in support of, evidence 等词;

4. 黑体字复习方法：
本帖隐藏的内容
1）熟读概念铭记于心；逻辑题目充当成分概念的题目；
2）熟悉标志词和转折词，把握住出题方向；
3）认真理解每一句话,BF题目读懂了，就一定能做对了；

逻辑黑体字

概要：逻辑黑体字是GMAT考试中的基本问题，他是属于所有题型中的对句子功能性作用考察的问题。黑体字题目要求考生对逻辑段落中的每一句话的作用和功能需要极其熟悉。读全文要对文章烂熟于心。

1. 黑体字题的题型：
1）单一黑体字部分：
判断单一黑体字部分在题干中的作用或者扮演的角色；
Hunter:  Hunters alone are blamed for the decline in Greenrock National Forest’s deer population over the past ten years.  Yet clearly, black bears have also played an important role in this decline. In the past ten years, the forest’s protected black bear population has risen sharply, and examination of black bears found dead in the forest during the deer hunting season showed that a number of them had recently fed on deer.
In the hunter’s argument, the boldface portion plays which of the following roles?
2）两个黑体字部分：
判断两个黑体字部分分别在题干中起什么作用或扮演什么角色；
A product that represents a clear technological advance over competing products can generally command a high price. Because technological advances tend to be quickly surpassed and companies want to make large profits while they still can, many companies charge the greatest price the market will bear when they have such a product.  But large profits on the mew product will give competitors a strong incentive to quickly match the mew product’s capabilities.  Consequently, the strategy to maximize overall profit from a new product is to charge less than the greatest possible price.
In the argument above, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

2. 黑体字解题策略：
1）熟悉GMAT逻辑中专用术语的表达和引导词：
** Conclusion: author’s main claim
引导词：conclusion, conclude, assert that, think that, claim, position, it can be made that... consequently, obviously, clearly, hence, therefore, thus...
** premise： a piece of evidence(fact or claim) that supports the author’s conclusion.
引导词：because of, since, due to, as a result of
** Intermediate Conclusion: both a conclusion and a premise, it supports the final conclusion.
Is it the case that a (he’s more likely to get caught) is true, therefore B (he will probably end up in jail is true).
The red one is the intermediate conclusion and the blue one is the final conclusion.
** Counterpoint: goes against the author’s conclusion.
** background: set the context for an argument
** Consideration: a factor to be considered in forming a judgment or decision
例：Safety is the most important consideration in choosing a car.
当你在形成一个想法的时候，你必须去思考的。是考虑问题该关注的因素
** Evidence: A thing or things helpful in forming a conclusion or judgment
例：Scientists weigh the evidence for and against a hypothesis.
结论支持或者反对你所提出的结论。
** judgment:有主观判断的，一种推断出来的依据；
The expert has therefore recommended that because the officers’ time spent obtaining approval is largely wasted, the watch commander’s approval no longer be required.
引导词：it is fause/ill concieved; it should be rejected as... / no longer required, it is unjustified, it is reasonable.....
例子：
做GMAT题目中的人中心肌衰退的比例超过常人。这说明：2做GMAT题目中导致心肌功能衰退。所以，3做GMAT不好。但就算证据正确，由于4做GMAT题目的人往往在做题目之前已经是心力衰竭者，所以不能说明做GMAT题目导致心功能衰退。并且5做GMAT可以开发智力中，所以6做GMAT好。7请做GMAT题目吧！
1. 是支持中间结论2(mid conclusion)的evidence；
2. 是mid conclusion，支持conclusion3；
3. 是conclusion，
4和5也是evidence，它们反对2和3，其实是反对1->2->3的论证(argument, argument=evidence+conclusion)；
4. 是通过指出A->B本身的错误(类似于flaw)对1->2进行削弱，
5. 是通过C->B对2->3进行削弱的。4, 5均支持conclusion6的成立。
7. 和本文的逻辑推导无关，称作suggestion，其位置一般在文章的最后。

2)掌握作者的感情态度：
引导词：However, nevertheless, although, but,
选项中通过两个黑体字句的引导
Newton developed mathematical concepts and techniques that are fundamental to modern calculus.  Leibniz developed closely analogous concepts and techniques.  It has traditionally been thought that these discoveries were independent.  Researchers have, however, recently discovered notes of Leibniz’s that discuss one of Newton’s books on mathematics. Several scholars have argued that since the book includes a presentation of Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques, and since the notes were written before Leibniz’s own development of calculus concepts and techniques, it is virtually certain that the traditional view is false.  A more cautious conclusion than this is called for, however. Leibniz’ notes are limited to early sections of Newton’s book, sections that precede the ones in which Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques are presented.

3)有时候看到转折词出现在两个黑体字中，不一定是相反：
Aroca City currently funds its public schools through taxes on property.  In place of this system, the city plans to introduce a sales tax of three percent on all retail sales in the city.  Critics protest that three percent of current retail sales falls short of the amount raised for schools by property taxes.  The critics are correct on this point.  Nevertheless, implementing the plan will probably not reduce the money going to Aroca’s schools. Several large retailers have selected Aroca City as the site for huge new stores, and these are certain to draw large numbers of shoppers from neighboring municipalities, where sales are taxed at rates of six percent and more.  In consequence, retail sales in Aroca City are bound to increase substantially.

3. 黑体字解题步骤：
1）时间充裕的情况：
本帖隐藏的内容
** 读全文找出核心论点(不是中间论点) 读出转折含义核心论点通常躲在转折之后和句尾。
** 看boldface句同前后句的关系(无转折既是逻辑上的延续)分清是boldface句为其中某句服务还是某句为boldface句服务。
** 推出两个boldface句之间的逻辑关系；前一半BF, 是一个事实? 是一个论断? 是一个证据? 是一个假设? 或者是一个中间结论? 如果体会出, 是一个假设, 那么选项中说第一部分是其他什么的, 就被排除了。没有什么必杀选项只有理解文章才可以。

2）时间不充裕：
本帖隐藏的内容
** 比较文章看是否相关，是不是两句话都在讨论一件事情；
** 注意标志词：
a. However前面就是作者challenge,disagree，call into question的东西，后面就是作者support的东西，可能是全文的conclusion, position等等;
b. Since, Because是原因，选项中常出现 evidence,explanation, based，consideration等词。
c. if...then, should be 是一种判断的依据，选项中常出现 judgement 等词;
d. Therefore, argue that... 就肯定是conclusion了;
e. it shows等等是例证，选项中常出现 ...based ... finding，in support of, evidence 等词;

4. 黑体字复习方法：
本帖隐藏的内容
1）熟读概念铭记于心；逻辑题目充当成分概念的题目；
2）熟悉标志词和转折词，把握住出题方向；
3）认真理解每一句话,BF题目读懂了，就一定能做对了；

逻辑黑体字

概要：逻辑黑体字是GMAT考试中的基本问题，他是属于所有题型中的对句子功能性作用考察的问题。黑体字题目要求考生对逻辑段落中的每一句话的作用和功能需要极其熟悉。读全文要对文章烂熟于心。

1. 黑体字题的题型：
1）单一黑体字部分：
判断单一黑体字部分在题干中的作用或者扮演的角色；
Hunter:  Hunters alone are blamed for the decline in Greenrock National Forest’s deer population over the past ten years.  Yet clearly, black bears have also played an important role in this decline. In the past ten years, the forest’s protected black bear population has risen sharply, and examination of black bears found dead in the forest during the deer hunting season showed that a number of them had recently fed on deer.
In the hunter’s argument, the boldface portion plays which of the following roles?
2）两个黑体字部分：
判断两个黑体字部分分别在题干中起什么作用或扮演什么角色；
A product that represents a clear technological advance over competing products can generally command a high price. Because technological advances tend to be quickly surpassed and companies want to make large profits while they still can, many companies charge the greatest price the market will bear when they have such a product.  But large profits on the mew product will give competitors a strong incentive to quickly match the mew product’s capabilities.  Consequently, the strategy to maximize overall profit from a new product is to charge less than the greatest possible price.
In the argument above, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

2. 黑体字解题策略：
1）熟悉GMAT逻辑中专用术语的表达和引导词：
** Conclusion: author’s main claim
引导词：conclusion, conclude, assert that, think that, claim, position, it can be made that... consequently, obviously, clearly, hence, therefore, thus...
** premise： a piece of evidence(fact or claim) that supports the author’s conclusion.
引导词：because of, since, due to, as a result of
** Intermediate Conclusion: both a conclusion and a premise, it supports the final conclusion.
Is it the case that a (he’s more likely to get caught) is true, therefore B (he will probably end up in jail is true).
The red one is the intermediate conclusion and the blue one is the final conclusion.
** Counterpoint: goes against the author’s conclusion.
** background: set the context for an argument
** Consideration: a factor to be considered in forming a judgment or decision
例：Safety is the most important consideration in choosing a car.
当你在形成一个想法的时候，你必须去思考的。是考虑问题该关注的因素
** Evidence: A thing or things helpful in forming a conclusion or judgment
例：Scientists weigh the evidence for and against a hypothesis.
结论支持或者反对你所提出的结论。
** judgment:有主观判断的，一种推断出来的依据；
The expert has therefore recommended that because the officers’ time spent obtaining approval is largely wasted, the watch commander’s approval no longer be required.
引导词：it is fause/ill concieved; it should be rejected as... / no longer required, it is unjustified, it is reasonable.....
例子：
做GMAT题目中的人中心肌衰退的比例超过常人。这说明：2做GMAT题目中导致心肌功能衰退。所以，3做GMAT不好。但就算证据正确，由于4做GMAT题目的人往往在做题目之前已经是心力衰竭者，所以不能说明做GMAT题目导致心功能衰退。并且5做GMAT可以开发智力中，所以6做GMAT好。7请做GMAT题目吧！
1. 是支持中间结论2(mid conclusion)的evidence；
2. 是mid conclusion，支持conclusion3；
3. 是conclusion，
4和5也是evidence，它们反对2和3，其实是反对1->2->3的论证(argument, argument=evidence+conclusion)；
4. 是通过指出A->B本身的错误(类似于flaw)对1->2进行削弱，
5. 是通过C->B对2->3进行削弱的。4, 5均支持conclusion6的成立。
7. 和本文的逻辑推导无关，称作suggestion，其位置一般在文章的最后。

2)掌握作者的感情态度：
引导词：However, nevertheless, although, but,
选项中通过两个黑体字句的引导
Newton developed mathematical concepts and techniques that are fundamental to modern calculus.  Leibniz developed closely analogous concepts and techniques.  It has traditionally been thought that these discoveries were independent.  Researchers have, however, recently discovered notes of Leibniz’s that discuss one of Newton’s books on mathematics. Several scholars have argued that since the book includes a presentation of Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques, and since the notes were written before Leibniz’s own development of calculus concepts and techniques, it is virtually certain that the traditional view is false.  A more cautious conclusion than this is called for, however. Leibniz’ notes are limited to early sections of Newton’s book, sections that precede the ones in which Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques are presented.

3)有时候看到转折词出现在两个黑体字中，不一定是相反：
Aroca City currently funds its public schools through taxes on property.  In place of this system, the city plans to introduce a sales tax of three percent on all retail sales in the city.  Critics protest that three percent of current retail sales falls short of the amount raised for schools by property taxes.  The critics are correct on this point.  Nevertheless, implementing the plan will probably not reduce the money going to Aroca’s schools. Several large retailers have selected Aroca City as the site for huge new stores, and these are certain to draw large numbers of shoppers from neighboring municipalities, where sales are taxed at rates of six percent and more.  In consequence, retail sales in Aroca City are bound to increase substantially.

3. 黑体字解题步骤：
1）时间充裕的情况：
本帖隐藏的内容
** 读全文找出核心论点(不是中间论点) 读出转折含义核心论点通常躲在转折之后和句尾。
** 看boldface句同前后句的关系(无转折既是逻辑上的延续)分清是boldface句为其中某句服务还是某句为boldface句服务。
** 推出两个boldface句之间的逻辑关系；前一半BF, 是一个事实? 是一个论断? 是一个证据? 是一个假设? 或者是一个中间结论? 如果体会出, 是一个假设, 那么选项中说第一部分是其他什么的, 就被排除了。没有什么必杀选项只有理解文章才可以。

2）时间不充裕：
本帖隐藏的内容
** 比较文章看是否相关，是不是两句话都在讨论一件事情；
** 注意标志词：
a. However前面就是作者challenge,disagree，call into question的东西，后面就是作者support的东西，可能是全文的conclusion, position等等;
b. Since, Because是原因，选项中常出现 evidence,explanation, based，consideration等词。
c. if...then, should be 是一种判断的依据，选项中常出现 judgement 等词;
d. Therefore, argue that... 就肯定是conclusion了;
e. it shows等等是例证，选项中常出现 ...based ... finding，in support of, evidence 等词;

4. 黑体字复习方法：
本帖隐藏的内容
1）熟读概念铭记于心；逻辑题目充当成分概念的题目；
2）熟悉标志词和转折词，把握住出题方向；
3）认真理解每一句话,BF题目读懂了，就一定能做对了；

逻辑黑体字

概要：逻辑黑体字是GMAT考试中的基本问题，他是属于所有题型中的对句子功能性作用考察的问题。黑体字题目要求考生对逻辑段落中的每一句话的作用和功能需要极其熟悉。读全文要对文章烂熟于心。

1. 黑体字题的题型：
1）单一黑体字部分：
判断单一黑体字部分在题干中的作用或者扮演的角色；
Hunter:  Hunters alone are blamed for the decline in Greenrock National Forest’s deer population over the past ten years.  Yet clearly, black bears have also played an important role in this decline. In the past ten years, the forest’s protected black bear population has risen sharply, and examination of black bears found dead in the forest during the deer hunting season showed that a number of them had recently fed on deer.
In the hunter’s argument, the boldface portion plays which of the following roles?
2）两个黑体字部分：
判断两个黑体字部分分别在题干中起什么作用或扮演什么角色；
A product that represents a clear technological advance over competing products can generally command a high price. Because technological advances tend to be quickly surpassed and companies want to make large profits while they still can, many companies charge the greatest price the market will bear when they have such a product.  But large profits on the mew product will give competitors a strong incentive to quickly match the mew product’s capabilities.  Consequently, the strategy to maximize overall profit from a new product is to charge less than the greatest possible price.
In the argument above, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

2. 黑体字解题策略：
1）熟悉GMAT逻辑中专用术语的表达和引导词：
** Conclusion: author’s main claim
引导词：conclusion, conclude, assert that, think that, claim, position, it can be made that... consequently, obviously, clearly, hence, therefore, thus...
** premise： a piece of evidence(fact or claim) that supports the author’s conclusion.
引导词：because of, since, due to, as a result of
** Intermediate Conclusion: both a conclusion and a premise, it supports the final conclusion.
Is it the case that a (he’s more likely to get caught) is true, therefore B (he will probably end up in jail is true).
The red one is the intermediate conclusion and the blue one is the final conclusion.
** Counterpoint: goes against the author’s conclusion.
** background: set the context for an argument
** Consideration: a factor to be considered in forming a judgment or decision
例：Safety is the most important consideration in choosing a car.
当你在形成一个想法的时候，你必须去思考的。是考虑问题该关注的因素
** Evidence: A thing or things helpful in forming a conclusion or judgment
例：Scientists weigh the evidence for and against a hypothesis.
结论支持或者反对你所提出的结论。
** judgment:有主观判断的，一种推断出来的依据；
The expert has therefore recommended that because the officers’ time spent obtaining approval is largely wasted, the watch commander’s approval no longer be required.
引导词：it is fause/ill concieved; it should be rejected as... / no longer required, it is unjustified, it is reasonable.....
例子：
做GMAT题目中的人中心肌衰退的比例超过常人。这说明：2做GMAT题目中导致心肌功能衰退。所以，3做GMAT不好。但就算证据正确，由于4做GMAT题目的人往往在做题目之前已经是心力衰竭者，所以不能说明做GMAT题目导致心功能衰退。并且5做GMAT可以开发智力中，所以6做GMAT好。7请做GMAT题目吧！
1. 是支持中间结论2(mid conclusion)的evidence；
2. 是mid conclusion，支持conclusion3；
3. 是conclusion，
4和5也是evidence，它们反对2和3，其实是反对1->2->3的论证(argument, argument=evidence+conclusion)；
4. 是通过指出A->B本身的错误(类似于flaw)对1->2进行削弱，
5. 是通过C->B对2->3进行削弱的。4, 5均支持conclusion6的成立。
7. 和本文的逻辑推导无关，称作suggestion，其位置一般在文章的最后。

2)掌握作者的感情态度：
引导词：However, nevertheless, although, but,
选项中通过两个黑体字句的引导
Newton developed mathematical concepts and techniques that are fundamental to modern calculus.  Leibniz developed closely analogous concepts and techniques.  It has traditionally been thought that these discoveries were independent.  Researchers have, however, recently discovered notes of Leibniz’s that discuss one of Newton’s books on mathematics. Several scholars have argued that since the book includes a presentation of Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques, and since the notes were written before Leibniz’s own development of calculus concepts and techniques, it is virtually certain that the traditional view is false.  A more cautious conclusion than this is called for, however. Leibniz’ notes are limited to early sections of Newton’s book, sections that precede the ones in which Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques are presented.

3)有时候看到转折词出现在两个黑体字中，不一定是相反：
Aroca City currently funds its public schools through taxes on property.  In place of this system, the city plans to introduce a sales tax of three percent on all retail sales in the city.  Critics protest that three percent of current retail sales falls short of the amount raised for schools by property taxes.  The critics are correct on this point.  Nevertheless, implementing the plan will probably not reduce the money going to Aroca’s schools. Several large retailers have selected Aroca City as the site for huge new stores, and these are certain to draw large numbers of shoppers from neighboring municipalities, where sales are taxed at rates of six percent and more.  In consequence, retail sales in Aroca City are bound to increase substantially.

3. 黑体字解题步骤：
1）时间充裕的情况：
本帖隐藏的内容
** 读全文找出核心论点(不是中间论点) 读出转折含义核心论点通常躲在转折之后和句尾。
** 看boldface句同前后句的关系(无转折既是逻辑上的延续)分清是boldface句为其中某句服务还是某句为boldface句服务。
** 推出两个boldface句之间的逻辑关系；前一半BF, 是一个事实? 是一个论断? 是一个证据? 是一个假设? 或者是一个中间结论? 如果体会出, 是一个假设, 那么选项中说第一部分是其他什么的, 就被排除了。没有什么必杀选项只有理解文章才可以。

2）时间不充裕：
本帖隐藏的内容
** 比较文章看是否相关，是不是两句话都在讨论一件事情；
** 注意标志词：
a. However前面就是作者challenge,disagree，call into question的东西，后面就是作者support的东西，可能是全文的conclusion, position等等;
b. Since, Because是原因，选项中常出现 evidence,explanation, based，consideration等词。
c. if...then, should be 是一种判断的依据，选项中常出现 judgement 等词;
d. Therefore, argue that... 就肯定是conclusion了;
e. it shows等等是例证，选项中常出现 ...based ... finding，in support of, evidence 等词;

4. 黑体字复习方法：
本帖隐藏的内容
1）熟读概念铭记于心；逻辑题目充当成分概念的题目；
2）熟悉标志词和转折词，把握住出题方向；
3）认真理解每一句话,BF题目读懂了，就一定能做对了；

逻辑黑体字

概要：逻辑黑体字是GMAT考试中的基本问题，他是属于所有题型中的对句子功能性作用考察的问题。黑体字题目要求考生对逻辑段落中的每一句话的作用和功能需要极其熟悉。读全文要对文章烂熟于心。

1. 黑体字题的题型：
1）单一黑体字部分：
判断单一黑体字部分在题干中的作用或者扮演的角色；
Hunter:  Hunters alone are blamed for the decline in Greenrock National Forest’s deer population over the past ten years.  Yet clearly, black bears have also played an important role in this decline. In the past ten years, the forest’s protected black bear population has risen sharply, and examination of black bears found dead in the forest during the deer hunting season showed that a number of them had recently fed on deer.
In the hunter’s argument, the boldface portion plays which of the following roles?
2）两个黑体字部分：
判断两个黑体字部分分别在题干中起什么作用或扮演什么角色；
A product that represents a clear technological advance over competing products can generally command a high price. Because technological advances tend to be quickly surpassed and companies want to make large profits while they still can, many companies charge the greatest price the market will bear when they have such a product.  But large profits on the mew product will give competitors a strong incentive to quickly match the mew product’s capabilities.  Consequently, the strategy to maximize overall profit from a new product is to charge less than the greatest possible price.
In the argument above, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

2. 黑体字解题策略：
1）熟悉GMAT逻辑中专用术语的表达和引导词：
** Conclusion: author’s main claim
引导词：conclusion, conclude, assert that, think that, claim, position, it can be made that... consequently, obviously, clearly, hence, therefore, thus...
** premise： a piece of evidence(fact or claim) that supports the author’s conclusion.
引导词：because of, since, due to, as a result of
** Intermediate Conclusion: both a conclusion and a premise, it supports the final conclusion.
Is it the case that a (he’s more likely to get caught) is true, therefore B (he will probably end up in jail is true).
The red one is the intermediate conclusion and the blue one is the final conclusion.
** Counterpoint: goes against the author’s conclusion.
** background: set the context for an argument
** Consideration: a factor to be considered in forming a judgment or decision
例：Safety is the most important consideration in choosing a car.
当你在形成一个想法的时候，你必须去思考的。是考虑问题该关注的因素
** Evidence: A thing or things helpful in forming a conclusion or judgment
例：Scientists weigh the evidence for and against a hypothesis.
结论支持或者反对你所提出的结论。
** judgment:有主观判断的，一种推断出来的依据；
The expert has therefore recommended that because the officers’ time spent obtaining approval is largely wasted, the watch commander’s approval no longer be required.
引导词：it is fause/ill concieved; it should be rejected as... / no longer required, it is unjustified, it is reasonable.....
例子：
做GMAT题目中的人中心肌衰退的比例超过常人。这说明：2做GMAT题目中导致心肌功能衰退。所以，3做GMAT不好。但就算证据正确，由于4做GMAT题目的人往往在做题目之前已经是心力衰竭者，所以不能说明做GMAT题目导致心功能衰退。并且5做GMAT可以开发智力中，所以6做GMAT好。7请做GMAT题目吧！
1. 是支持中间结论2(mid conclusion)的evidence；
2. 是mid conclusion，支持conclusion3；
3. 是conclusion，
4和5也是evidence，它们反对2和3，其实是反对1->2->3的论证(argument, argument=evidence+conclusion)；
4. 是通过指出A->B本身的错误(类似于flaw)对1->2进行削弱，
5. 是通过C->B对2->3进行削弱的。4, 5均支持conclusion6的成立。
7. 和本文的逻辑推导无关，称作suggestion，其位置一般在文章的最后。

2)掌握作者的感情态度：
引导词：However, nevertheless, although, but,
选项中通过两个黑体字句的引导
Newton developed mathematical concepts and techniques that are fundamental to modern calculus.  Leibniz developed closely analogous concepts and techniques.  It has traditionally been thought that these discoveries were independent.  Researchers have, however, recently discovered notes of Leibniz’s that discuss one of Newton’s books on mathematics. Several scholars have argued that since the book includes a presentation of Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques, and since the notes were written before Leibniz’s own development of calculus concepts and techniques, it is virtually certain that the traditional view is false.  A more cautious conclusion than this is called for, however. Leibniz’ notes are limited to early sections of Newton’s book, sections that precede the ones in which Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques are presented.

3)有时候看到转折词出现在两个黑体字中，不一定是相反：
Aroca City currently funds its public schools through taxes on property.  In place of this system, the city plans to introduce a sales tax of three percent on all retail sales in the city.  Critics protest that three percent of current retail sales falls short of the amount raised for schools by property taxes.  The critics are correct on this point.  Nevertheless, implementing the plan will probably not reduce the money going to Aroca’s schools. Several large retailers have selected Aroca City as the site for huge new stores, and these are certain to draw large numbers of shoppers from neighboring municipalities, where sales are taxed at rates of six percent and more.  In consequence, retail sales in Aroca City are bound to increase substantially.

3. 黑体字解题步骤：
1）时间充裕的情况：
本帖隐藏的内容
** 读全文找出核心论点(不是中间论点) 读出转折含义核心论点通常躲在转折之后和句尾。
** 看boldface句同前后句的关系(无转折既是逻辑上的延续)分清是boldface句为其中某句服务还是某句为boldface句服务。
** 推出两个boldface句之间的逻辑关系；前一半BF, 是一个事实? 是一个论断? 是一个证据? 是一个假设? 或者是一个中间结论? 如果体会出, 是一个假设, 那么选项中说第一部分是其他什么的, 就被排除了。没有什么必杀选项只有理解文章才可以。

2）时间不充裕：
本帖隐藏的内容
** 比较文章看是否相关，是不是两句话都在讨论一件事情；
** 注意标志词：
a. However前面就是作者challenge,disagree，call into question的东西，后面就是作者support的东西，可能是全文的conclusion, position等等;
b. Since, Because是原因，选项中常出现 evidence,explanation, based，consideration等词。
c. if...then, should be 是一种判断的依据，选项中常出现 judgement 等词;
d. Therefore, argue that... 就肯定是conclusion了;
e. it shows等等是例证，选项中常出现 ...based ... finding，in support of, evidence 等词;

4. 黑体字复习方法：
本帖隐藏的内容
1）熟读概念铭记于心；逻辑题目充当成分概念的题目；
2）熟悉标志词和转折词，把握住出题方向；
3）认真理解每一句话,BF题目读懂了，就一定能做对了；

逻辑黑体字

概要：逻辑黑体字是GMAT考试中的基本问题，他是属于所有题型中的对句子功能性作用考察的问题。黑体字题目要求考生对逻辑段落中的每一句话的作用和功能需要极其熟悉。读全文要对文章烂熟于心。

1. 黑体字题的题型：
1）单一黑体字部分：
判断单一黑体字部分在题干中的作用或者扮演的角色；
Hunter:  Hunters alone are blamed for the decline in Greenrock National Forest’s deer population over the past ten years.  Yet clearly, black bears have also played an important role in this decline. In the past ten years, the forest’s protected black bear population has risen sharply, and examination of black bears found dead in the forest during the deer hunting season showed that a number of them had recently fed on deer.
In the hunter’s argument, the boldface portion plays which of the following roles?
2）两个黑体字部分：
判断两个黑体字部分分别在题干中起什么作用或扮演什么角色；
A product that represents a clear technological advance over competing products can generally command a high price. Because technological advances tend to be quickly surpassed and companies want to make large profits while they still can, many companies charge the greatest price the market will bear when they have such a product.  But large profits on the mew product will give competitors a strong incentive to quickly match the mew product’s capabilities.  Consequently, the strategy to maximize overall profit from a new product is to charge less than the greatest possible price.
In the argument above, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

2. 黑体字解题策略：
1）熟悉GMAT逻辑中专用术语的表达和引导词：
** Conclusion: author’s main claim
引导词：conclusion, conclude, assert that, think that, claim, position, it can be made that... consequently, obviously, clearly, hence, therefore, thus...
** premise： a piece of evidence(fact or claim) that supports the author’s conclusion.
引导词：because of, since, due to, as a result of
** Intermediate Conclusion: both a conclusion and a premise, it supports the final conclusion.
Is it the case that a (he’s more likely to get caught) is true, therefore B (he will probably end up in jail is true).
The red one is the intermediate conclusion and the blue one is the final conclusion.
** Counterpoint: goes against the author’s conclusion.
** background: set the context for an argument
** Consideration: a factor to be considered in forming a judgment or decision
例：Safety is the most important consideration in choosing a car.
当你在形成一个想法的时候，你必须去思考的。是考虑问题该关注的因素
** Evidence: A thing or things helpful in forming a conclusion or judgment
例：Scientists weigh the evidence for and against a hypothesis.
结论支持或者反对你所提出的结论。
** judgment:有主观判断的，一种推断出来的依据；
The expert has therefore recommended that because the officers’ time spent obtaining approval is largely wasted, the watch commander’s approval no longer be required.
引导词：it is fause/ill concieved; it should be rejected as... / no longer required, it is unjustified, it is reasonable.....
例子：
做GMAT题目中的人中心肌衰退的比例超过常人。这说明：2做GMAT题目中导致心肌功能衰退。所以，3做GMAT不好。但就算证据正确，由于4做GMAT题目的人往往在做题目之前已经是心力衰竭者，所以不能说明做GMAT题目导致心功能衰退。并且5做GMAT可以开发智力中，所以6做GMAT好。7请做GMAT题目吧！
1. 是支持中间结论2(mid conclusion)的evidence；
2. 是mid conclusion，支持conclusion3；
3. 是conclusion，
4和5也是evidence，它们反对2和3，其实是反对1->2->3的论证(argument, argument=evidence+conclusion)；
4. 是通过指出A->B本身的错误(类似于flaw)对1->2进行削弱，
5. 是通过C->B对2->3进行削弱的。4, 5均支持conclusion6的成立。
7. 和本文的逻辑推导无关，称作suggestion，其位置一般在文章的最后。

2)掌握作者的感情态度：
引导词：However, nevertheless, although, but,
选项中通过两个黑体字句的引导
Newton developed mathematical concepts and techniques that are fundamental to modern calculus.  Leibniz developed closely analogous concepts and techniques.  It has traditionally been thought that these discoveries were independent.  Researchers have, however, recently discovered notes of Leibniz’s that discuss one of Newton’s books on mathematics. Several scholars have argued that since the book includes a presentation of Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques, and since the notes were written before Leibniz’s own development of calculus concepts and techniques, it is virtually certain that the traditional view is false.  A more cautious conclusion than this is called for, however. Leibniz’ notes are limited to early sections of Newton’s book, sections that precede the ones in which Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques are presented.

3)有时候看到转折词出现在两个黑体字中，不一定是相反：
Aroca City currently funds its public schools through taxes on property.  In place of this system, the city plans to introduce a sales tax of three percent on all retail sales in the city.  Critics protest that three percent of current retail sales falls short of the amount raised for schools by property taxes.  The critics are correct on this point.  Nevertheless, implementing the plan will probably not reduce the money going to Aroca’s schools. Several large retailers have selected Aroca City as the site for huge new stores, and these are certain to draw large numbers of shoppers from neighboring municipalities, where sales are taxed at rates of six percent and more.  In consequence, retail sales in Aroca City are bound to increase substantially.

3. 黑体字解题步骤：
1）时间充裕的情况：
本帖隐藏的内容
** 读全文找出核心论点(不是中间论点) 读出转折含义核心论点通常躲在转折之后和句尾。
** 看boldface句同前后句的关系(无转折既是逻辑上的延续)分清是boldface句为其中某句服务还是某句为boldface句服务。
** 推出两个boldface句之间的逻辑关系；前一半BF, 是一个事实? 是一个论断? 是一个证据? 是一个假设? 或者是一个中间结论? 如果体会出, 是一个假设, 那么选项中说第一部分是其他什么的, 就被排除了。没有什么必杀选项只有理解文章才可以。

2）时间不充裕：
本帖隐藏的内容
** 比较文章看是否相关，是不是两句话都在讨论一件事情；
** 注意标志词：
a. However前面就是作者challenge,disagree，call into question的东西，后面就是作者support的东西，可能是全文的conclusion, position等等;
b. Since, Because是原因，选项中常出现 evidence,explanation, based，consideration等词。
c. if...then, should be 是一种判断的依据，选项中常出现 judgement 等词;
d. Therefore, argue that... 就肯定是conclusion了;
e. it shows等等是例证，选项中常出现 ...based ... finding，in support of, evidence 等词;

4. 黑体字复习方法：
本帖隐藏的内容
1）熟读概念铭记于心；逻辑题目充当成分概念的题目；
2）熟悉标志词和转折词，把握住出题方向；
3）认真理解每一句话,BF题目读懂了，就一定能做对了；

逻辑黑体字

概要：逻辑黑体字是GMAT考试中的基本问题，他是属于所有题型中的对句子功能性作用考察的问题。黑体字题目要求考生对逻辑段落中的每一句话的作用和功能需要极其熟悉。读全文要对文章烂熟于心。

1. 黑体字题的题型：
1）单一黑体字部分：
判断单一黑体字部分在题干中的作用或者扮演的角色；
Hunter:  Hunters alone are blamed for the decline in Greenrock National Forest’s deer population over the past ten years.  Yet clearly, black bears have also played an important role in this decline. In the past ten years, the forest’s protected black bear population has risen sharply, and examination of black bears found dead in the forest during the deer hunting season showed that a number of them had recently fed on deer.
In the hunter’s argument, the boldface portion plays which of the following roles?
2）两个黑体字部分：
判断两个黑体字部分分别在题干中起什么作用或扮演什么角色；
A product that represents a clear technological advance over competing products can generally command a high price. Because technological advances tend to be quickly surpassed and companies want to make large profits while they still can, many companies charge the greatest price the market will bear when they have such a product.  But large profits on the mew product will give competitors a strong incentive to quickly match the mew product’s capabilities.  Consequently, the strategy to maximize overall profit from a new product is to charge less than the greatest possible price.
In the argument above, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

2. 黑体字解题策略：
1）熟悉GMAT逻辑中专用术语的表达和引导词：
** Conclusion: author’s main claim
引导词：conclusion, conclude, assert that, think that, claim, position, it can be made that... consequently, obviously, clearly, hence, therefore, thus...
** premise： a piece of evidence(fact or claim) that supports the author’s conclusion.
引导词：because of, since, due to, as a result of
** Intermediate Conclusion: both a conclusion and a premise, it supports the final conclusion.
Is it the case that a (he’s more likely to get caught) is true, therefore B (he will probably end up in jail is true).
The red one is the intermediate conclusion and the blue one is the final conclusion.
** Counterpoint: goes against the author’s conclusion.
** background: set the context for an argument
** Consideration: a factor to be considered in forming a judgment or decision
例：Safety is the most important consideration in choosing a car.
当你在形成一个想法的时候，你必须去思考的。是考虑问题该关注的因素
** Evidence: A thing or things helpful in forming a conclusion or judgment
例：Scientists weigh the evidence for and against a hypothesis.
结论支持或者反对你所提出的结论。
** judgment:有主观判断的，一种推断出来的依据；
The expert has therefore recommended that because the officers’ time spent obtaining approval is largely wasted, the watch commander’s approval no longer be required.
引导词：it is fause/ill concieved; it should be rejected as... / no longer required, it is unjustified, it is reasonable.....
例子：
做GMAT题目中的人中心肌衰退的比例超过常人。这说明：2做GMAT题目中导致心肌功能衰退。所以，3做GMAT不好。但就算证据正确，由于4做GMAT题目的人往往在做题目之前已经是心力衰竭者，所以不能说明做GMAT题目导致心功能衰退。并且5做GMAT可以开发智力中，所以6做GMAT好。7请做GMAT题目吧！
1. 是支持中间结论2(mid conclusion)的evidence；
2. 是mid conclusion，支持conclusion3；
3. 是conclusion，
4和5也是evidence，它们反对2和3，其实是反对1->2->3的论证(argument, argument=evidence+conclusion)；
4. 是通过指出A->B本身的错误(类似于flaw)对1->2进行削弱，
5. 是通过C->B对2->3进行削弱的。4, 5均支持conclusion6的成立。
7. 和本文的逻辑推导无关，称作suggestion，其位置一般在文章的最后。

2)掌握作者的感情态度：
引导词：However, nevertheless, although, but,
选项中通过两个黑体字句的引导
Newton developed mathematical concepts and techniques that are fundamental to modern calculus.  Leibniz developed closely analogous concepts and techniques.  It has traditionally been thought that these discoveries were independent.  Researchers have, however, recently discovered notes of Leibniz’s that discuss one of Newton’s books on mathematics. Several scholars have argued that since the book includes a presentation of Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques, and since the notes were written before Leibniz’s own development of calculus concepts and techniques, it is virtually certain that the traditional view is false.  A more cautious conclusion than this is called for, however. Leibniz’ notes are limited to early sections of Newton’s book, sections that precede the ones in which Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques are presented.

3)有时候看到转折词出现在两个黑体字中，不一定是相反：
Aroca City currently funds its public schools through taxes on property.  In place of this system, the city plans to introduce a sales tax of three percent on all retail sales in the city.  Critics protest that three percent of current retail sales falls short of the amount raised for schools by property taxes.  The critics are correct on this point.  Nevertheless, implementing the plan will probably not reduce the money going to Aroca’s schools. Several large retailers have selected Aroca City as the site for huge new stores, and these are certain to draw large numbers of shoppers from neighboring municipalities, where sales are taxed at rates of six percent and more.  In consequence, retail sales in Aroca City are bound to increase substantially.

3. 黑体字解题步骤：
1）时间充裕的情况：
本帖隐藏的内容
** 读全文找出核心论点(不是中间论点) 读出转折含义核心论点通常躲在转折之后和句尾。
** 看boldface句同前后句的关系(无转折既是逻辑上的延续)分清是boldface句为其中某句服务还是某句为boldface句服务。
** 推出两个boldface句之间的逻辑关系；前一半BF, 是一个事实? 是一个论断? 是一个证据? 是一个假设? 或者是一个中间结论? 如果体会出, 是一个假设, 那么选项中说第一部分是其他什么的, 就被排除了。没有什么必杀选项只有理解文章才可以。

2）时间不充裕：
本帖隐藏的内容
** 比较文章看是否相关，是不是两句话都在讨论一件事情；
** 注意标志词：
a. However前面就是作者challenge,disagree，call into question的东西，后面就是作者support的东西，可能是全文的conclusion, position等等;
b. Since, Because是原因，选项中常出现 evidence,explanation, based，consideration等词。
c. if...then, should be 是一种判断的依据，选项中常出现 judgement 等词;
d. Therefore, argue that... 就肯定是conclusion了;
e. it shows等等是例证，选项中常出现 ...based ... finding，in support of, evidence 等词;

4. 黑体字复习方法：
本帖隐藏的内容
1）熟读概念铭记于心；逻辑题目充当成分概念的题目；
2）熟悉标志词和转折词，把握住出题方向；
3）认真理解每一句话,BF题目读懂了，就一定能做对了；

逻辑黑体字

概要：逻辑黑体字是GMAT考试中的基本问题，他是属于所有题型中的对句子功能性作用考察的问题。黑体字题目要求考生对逻辑段落中的每一句话的作用和功能需要极其熟悉。读全文要对文章烂熟于心。

1. 黑体字题的题型：
1）单一黑体字部分：
判断单一黑体字部分在题干中的作用或者扮演的角色；
Hunter:  Hunters alone are blamed for the decline in Greenrock National Forest’s deer population over the past ten years.  Yet clearly, black bears have also played an important role in this decline. In the past ten years, the forest’s protected black bear population has risen sharply, and examination of black bears found dead in the forest during the deer hunting season showed that a number of them had recently fed on deer.
In the hunter’s argument, the boldface portion plays which of the following roles?
2）两个黑体字部分：
判断两个黑体字部分分别在题干中起什么作用或扮演什么角色；
A product that represents a clear technological advance over competing products can generally command a high price. Because technological advances tend to be quickly surpassed and companies want to make large profits while they still can, many companies charge the greatest price the market will bear when they have such a product.  But large profits on the mew product will give competitors a strong incentive to quickly match the mew product’s capabilities.  Consequently, the strategy to maximize overall profit from a new product is to charge less than the greatest possible price.
In the argument above, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

2. 黑体字解题策略：
1）熟悉GMAT逻辑中专用术语的表达和引导词：
** Conclusion: author’s main claim
引导词：conclusion, conclude, assert that, think that, claim, position, it can be made that... consequently, obviously, clearly, hence, therefore, thus...
** premise： a piece of evidence(fact or claim) that supports the author’s conclusion.
引导词：because of, since, due to, as a result of
** Intermediate Conclusion: both a conclusion and a premise, it supports the final conclusion.
Is it the case that a (he’s more likely to get caught) is true, therefore B (he will probably end up in jail is true).
The red one is the intermediate conclusion and the blue one is the final conclusion.
** Counterpoint: goes against the author’s conclusion.
** background: set the context for an argument
** Consideration: a factor to be considered in forming a judgment or decision
例：Safety is the most important consideration in choosing a car.
当你在形成一个想法的时候，你必须去思考的。是考虑问题该关注的因素
** Evidence: A thing or things helpful in forming a conclusion or judgment
例：Scientists weigh the evidence for and against a hypothesis.
结论支持或者反对你所提出的结论。
** judgment:有主观判断的，一种推断出来的依据；
The expert has therefore recommended that because the officers’ time spent obtaining approval is largely wasted, the watch commander’s approval no longer be required.
引导词：it is fause/ill concieved; it should be rejected as... / no longer required, it is unjustified, it is reasonable.....
例子：
做GMAT题目中的人中心肌衰退的比例超过常人。这说明：2做GMAT题目中导致心肌功能衰退。所以，3做GMAT不好。但就算证据正确，由于4做GMAT题目的人往往在做题目之前已经是心力衰竭者，所以不能说明做GMAT题目导致心功能衰退。并且5做GMAT可以开发智力中，所以6做GMAT好。7请做GMAT题目吧！
1. 是支持中间结论2(mid conclusion)的evidence；
2. 是mid conclusion，支持conclusion3；
3. 是conclusion，
4和5也是evidence，它们反对2和3，其实是反对1->2->3的论证(argument, argument=evidence+conclusion)；
4. 是通过指出A->B本身的错误(类似于flaw)对1->2进行削弱，
5. 是通过C->B对2->3进行削弱的。4, 5均支持conclusion6的成立。
7. 和本文的逻辑推导无关，称作suggestion，其位置一般在文章的最后。

2)掌握作者的感情态度：
引导词：However, nevertheless, although, but,
选项中通过两个黑体字句的引导
Newton developed mathematical concepts and techniques that are fundamental to modern calculus.  Leibniz developed closely analogous concepts and techniques.  It has traditionally been thought that these discoveries were independent.  Researchers have, however, recently discovered notes of Leibniz’s that discuss one of Newton’s books on mathematics. Several scholars have argued that since the book includes a presentation of Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques, and since the notes were written before Leibniz’s own development of calculus concepts and techniques, it is virtually certain that the traditional view is false.  A more cautious conclusion than this is called for, however. Leibniz’ notes are limited to early sections of Newton’s book, sections that precede the ones in which Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques are presented.

3)有时候看到转折词出现在两个黑体字中，不一定是相反：
Aroca City currently funds its public schools through taxes on property.  In place of this system, the city plans to introduce a sales tax of three percent on all retail sales in the city.  Critics protest that three percent of current retail sales falls short of the amount raised for schools by property taxes.  The critics are correct on this point.  Nevertheless, implementing the plan will probably not reduce the money going to Aroca’s schools. Several large retailers have selected Aroca City as the site for huge new stores, and these are certain to draw large numbers of shoppers from neighboring municipalities, where sales are taxed at rates of six percent and more.  In consequence, retail sales in Aroca City are bound to increase substantially.

3. 黑体字解题步骤：
1）时间充裕的情况：
本帖隐藏的内容
** 读全文找出核心论点(不是中间论点) 读出转折含义核心论点通常躲在转折之后和句尾。
** 看boldface句同前后句的关系(无转折既是逻辑上的延续)分清是boldface句为其中某句服务还是某句为boldface句服务。
** 推出两个boldface句之间的逻辑关系；前一半BF, 是一个事实? 是一个论断? 是一个证据? 是一个假设? 或者是一个中间结论? 如果体会出, 是一个假设, 那么选项中说第一部分是其他什么的, 就被排除了。没有什么必杀选项只有理解文章才可以。

2）时间不充裕：
本帖隐藏的内容
** 比较文章看是否相关，是不是两句话都在讨论一件事情；
** 注意标志词：
a. However前面就是作者challenge,disagree，call into question的东西，后面就是作者support的东西，可能是全文的conclusion, position等等;
b. Since, Because是原因，选项中常出现 evidence,explanation, based，consideration等词。
c. if...then, should be 是一种判断的依据，选项中常出现 judgement 等词;
d. Therefore, argue that... 就肯定是conclusion了;
e. it shows等等是例证，选项中常出现 ...based ... finding，in support of, evidence 等词;

4. 黑体字复习方法：
本帖隐藏的内容
1）熟读概念铭记于心；逻辑题目充当成分概念的题目；
2）熟悉标志词和转折词，把握住出题方向；
3）认真理解每一句话,BF题目读懂了，就一定能做对了；

逻辑黑体字

概要：逻辑黑体字是GMAT考试中的基本问题，他是属于所有题型中的对句子功能性作用考察的问题。黑体字题目要求考生对逻辑段落中的每一句话的作用和功能需要极其熟悉。读全文要对文章烂熟于心。

1. 黑体字题的题型：
1）单一黑体字部分：
判断单一黑体字部分在题干中的作用或者扮演的角色；
Hunter:  Hunters alone are blamed for the decline in Greenrock National Forest’s deer population over the past ten years.  Yet clearly, black bears have also played an important role in this decline. In the past ten years, the forest’s protected black bear population has risen sharply, and examination of black bears found dead in the forest during the deer hunting season showed that a number of them had recently fed on deer.
In the hunter’s argument, the boldface portion plays which of the following roles?
2）两个黑体字部分：
判断两个黑体字部分分别在题干中起什么作用或扮演什么角色；
A product that represents a clear technological advance over competing products can generally command a high price. Because technological advances tend to be quickly surpassed and companies want to make large profits while they still can, many companies charge the greatest price the market will bear when they have such a product.  But large profits on the mew product will give competitors a strong incentive to quickly match the mew product’s capabilities.  Consequently, the strategy to maximize overall profit from a new product is to charge less than the greatest possible price.
In the argument above, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

2. 黑体字解题策略：
1）熟悉GMAT逻辑中专用术语的表达和引导词：
** Conclusion: author’s main claim
引导词：conclusion, conclude, assert that, think that, claim, position, it can be made that... consequently, obviously, clearly, hence, therefore, thus...
** premise： a piece of evidence(fact or claim) that supports the author’s conclusion.
引导词：because of, since, due to, as a result of
** Intermediate Conclusion: both a conclusion and a premise, it supports the final conclusion.
Is it the case that a (he’s more likely to get caught) is true, therefore B (he will probably end up in jail is true).
The red one is the intermediate conclusion and the blue one is the final conclusion.
** Counterpoint: goes against the author’s conclusion.
** background: set the context for an argument
** Consideration: a factor to be considered in forming a judgment or decision
例：Safety is the most important consideration in choosing a car.
当你在形成一个想法的时候，你必须去思考的。是考虑问题该关注的因素
** Evidence: A thing or things helpful in forming a conclusion or judgment
例：Scientists weigh the evidence for and against a hypothesis.
结论支持或者反对你所提出的结论。
** judgment:有主观判断的，一种推断出来的依据；
The expert has therefore recommended that because the officers’ time spent obtaining approval is largely wasted, the watch commander’s approval no longer be required.
引导词：it is fause/ill concieved; it should be rejected as... / no longer required, it is unjustified, it is reasonable.....
例子：
做GMAT题目中的人中心肌衰退的比例超过常人。这说明：2做GMAT题目中导致心肌功能衰退。所以，3做GMAT不好。但就算证据正确，由于4做GMAT题目的人往往在做题目之前已经是心力衰竭者，所以不能说明做GMAT题目导致心功能衰退。并且5做GMAT可以开发智力中，所以6做GMAT好。7请做GMAT题目吧！
1. 是支持中间结论2(mid conclusion)的evidence；
2. 是mid conclusion，支持conclusion3；
3. 是conclusion，
4和5也是evidence，它们反对2和3，其实是反对1->2->3的论证(argument, argument=evidence+conclusion)；
4. 是通过指出A->B本身的错误(类似于flaw)对1->2进行削弱，
5. 是通过C->B对2->3进行削弱的。4, 5均支持conclusion6的成立。
7. 和本文的逻辑推导无关，称作suggestion，其位置一般在文章的最后。

2)掌握作者的感情态度：
引导词：However, nevertheless, although, but,
选项中通过两个黑体字句的引导
Newton developed mathematical concepts and techniques that are fundamental to modern calculus.  Leibniz developed closely analogous concepts and techniques.  It has traditionally been thought that these discoveries were independent.  Researchers have, however, recently discovered notes of Leibniz’s that discuss one of Newton’s books on mathematics. Several scholars have argued that since the book includes a presentation of Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques, and since the notes were written before Leibniz’s own development of calculus concepts and techniques, it is virtually certain that the traditional view is false.  A more cautious conclusion than this is called for, however. Leibniz’ notes are limited to early sections of Newton’s book, sections that precede the ones in which Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques are presented.

3)有时候看到转折词出现在两个黑体字中，不一定是相反：
Aroca City currently funds its public schools through taxes on property.  In place of this system, the city plans to introduce a sales tax of three percent on all retail sales in the city.  Critics protest that three percent of current retail sales falls short of the amount raised for schools by property taxes.  The critics are correct on this point.  Nevertheless, implementing the plan will probably not reduce the money going to Aroca’s schools. Several large retailers have selected Aroca City as the site for huge new stores, and these are certain to draw large numbers of shoppers from neighboring municipalities, where sales are taxed at rates of six percent and more.  In consequence, retail sales in Aroca City are bound to increase substantially.

3. 黑体字解题步骤：
1）时间充裕的情况：
本帖隐藏的内容
** 读全文找出核心论点(不是中间论点) 读出转折含义核心论点通常躲在转折之后和句尾。
** 看boldface句同前后句的关系(无转折既是逻辑上的延续)分清是boldface句为其中某句服务还是某句为boldface句服务。
** 推出两个boldface句之间的逻辑关系；前一半BF, 是一个事实? 是一个论断? 是一个证据? 是一个假设? 或者是一个中间结论? 如果体会出, 是一个假设, 那么选项中说第一部分是其他什么的, 就被排除了。没有什么必杀选项只有理解文章才可以。

2）时间不充裕：
本帖隐藏的内容
** 比较文章看是否相关，是不是两句话都在讨论一件事情；
** 注意标志词：
a. However前面就是作者challenge,disagree，call into question的东西，后面就是作者support的东西，可能是全文的conclusion, position等等;
b. Since, Because是原因，选项中常出现 evidence,explanation, based，consideration等词。
c. if...then, should be 是一种判断的依据，选项中常出现 judgement 等词;
d. Therefore, argue that... 就肯定是conclusion了;
e. it shows等等是例证，选项中常出现 ...based ... finding，in support of, evidence 等词;

4. 黑体字复习方法：
本帖隐藏的内容
1）熟读概念铭记于心；逻辑题目充当成分概念的题目；
2）熟悉标志词和转折词，把握住出题方向；
3）认真理解每一句话,BF题目读懂了，就一定能做对了；

逻辑黑体字

概要：逻辑黑体字是GMAT考试中的基本问题，他是属于所有题型中的对句子功能性作用考察的问题。黑体字题目要求考生对逻辑段落中的每一句话的作用和功能需要极其熟悉。读全文要对文章烂熟于心。

1. 黑体字题的题型：
1）单一黑体字部分：
判断单一黑体字部分在题干中的作用或者扮演的角色；
Hunter:  Hunters alone are blamed for the decline in Greenrock National Forest’s deer population over the past ten years.  Yet clearly, black bears have also played an important role in this decline. In the past ten years, the forest’s protected black bear population has risen sharply, and examination of black bears found dead in the forest during the deer hunting season showed that a number of them had recently fed on deer.
In the hunter’s argument, the boldface portion plays which of the following roles?
2）两个黑体字部分：
判断两个黑体字部分分别在题干中起什么作用或扮演什么角色；
A product that represents a clear technological advance over competing products can generally command a high price. Because technological advances tend to be quickly surpassed and companies want to make large profits while they still can, many companies charge the greatest price the market will bear when they have such a product.  But large profits on the mew product will give competitors a strong incentive to quickly match the mew product’s capabilities.  Consequently, the strategy to maximize overall profit from a new product is to charge less than the greatest possible price.
In the argument above, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

2. 黑体字解题策略：
1）熟悉GMAT逻辑中专用术语的表达和引导词：
** Conclusion: author’s main claim
引导词：conclusion, conclude, assert that, think that, claim, position, it can be made that... consequently, obviously, clearly, hence, therefore, thus...
** premise： a piece of evidence(fact or claim) that supports the author’s conclusion.
引导词：because of, since, due to, as a result of
** Intermediate Conclusion: both a conclusion and a premise, it supports the final conclusion.
Is it the case that a (he’s more likely to get caught) is true, therefore B (he will probably end up in jail is true).
The red one is the intermediate conclusion and the blue one is the final conclusion.
** Counterpoint: goes against the author’s conclusion.
** background: set the context for an argument
** Consideration: a factor to be considered in forming a judgment or decision
例：Safety is the most important consideration in choosing a car.
当你在形成一个想法的时候，你必须去思考的。是考虑问题该关注的因素
** Evidence: A thing or things helpful in forming a conclusion or judgment
例：Scientists weigh the evidence for and against a hypothesis.
结论支持或者反对你所提出的结论。
** judgment:有主观判断的，一种推断出来的依据；
The expert has therefore recommended that because the officers’ time spent obtaining approval is largely wasted, the watch commander’s approval no longer be required.
引导词：it is fause/ill concieved; it should be rejected as... / no longer required, it is unjustified, it is reasonable.....
例子：
做GMAT题目中的人中心肌衰退的比例超过常人。这说明：2做GMAT题目中导致心肌功能衰退。所以，3做GMAT不好。但就算证据正确，由于4做GMAT题目的人往往在做题目之前已经是心力衰竭者，所以不能说明做GMAT题目导致心功能衰退。并且5做GMAT可以开发智力中，所以6做GMAT好。7请做GMAT题目吧！
1. 是支持中间结论2(mid conclusion)的evidence；
2. 是mid conclusion，支持conclusion3；
3. 是conclusion，
4和5也是evidence，它们反对2和3，其实是反对1->2->3的论证(argument, argument=evidence+conclusion)；
4. 是通过指出A->B本身的错误(类似于flaw)对1->2进行削弱，
5. 是通过C->B对2->3进行削弱的。4, 5均支持conclusion6的成立。
7. 和本文的逻辑推导无关，称作suggestion，其位置一般在文章的最后。

2)掌握作者的感情态度：
引导词：However, nevertheless, although, but,
选项中通过两个黑体字句的引导
Newton developed mathematical concepts and techniques that are fundamental to modern calculus.  Leibniz developed closely analogous concepts and techniques.  It has traditionally been thought that these discoveries were independent.  Researchers have, however, recently discovered notes of Leibniz’s that discuss one of Newton’s books on mathematics. Several scholars have argued that since the book includes a presentation of Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques, and since the notes were written before Leibniz’s own development of calculus concepts and techniques, it is virtually certain that the traditional view is false.  A more cautious conclusion than this is called for, however. Leibniz’ notes are limited to early sections of Newton’s book, sections that precede the ones in which Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques are presented.

3)有时候看到转折词出现在两个黑体字中，不一定是相反：
Aroca City currently funds its public schools through taxes on property.  In place of this system, the city plans to introduce a sales tax of three percent on all retail sales in the city.  Critics protest that three percent of current retail sales falls short of the amount raised for schools by property taxes.  The critics are correct on this point.  Nevertheless, implementing the plan will probably not reduce the money going to Aroca’s schools. Several large retailers have selected Aroca City as the site for huge new stores, and these are certain to draw large numbers of shoppers from neighboring municipalities, where sales are taxed at rates of six percent and more.  In consequence, retail sales in Aroca City are bound to increase substantially.

3. 黑体字解题步骤：
1）时间充裕的情况：
本帖隐藏的内容
** 读全文找出核心论点(不是中间论点) 读出转折含义核心论点通常躲在转折之后和句尾。
** 看boldface句同前后句的关系(无转折既是逻辑上的延续)分清是boldface句为其中某句服务还是某句为boldface句服务。
** 推出两个boldface句之间的逻辑关系；前一半BF, 是一个事实? 是一个论断? 是一个证据? 是一个假设? 或者是一个中间结论? 如果体会出, 是一个假设, 那么选项中说第一部分是其他什么的, 就被排除了。没有什么必杀选项只有理解文章才可以。

2）时间不充裕：
本帖隐藏的内容
** 比较文章看是否相关，是不是两句话都在讨论一件事情；
** 注意标志词：
a. However前面就是作者challenge,disagree，call into question的东西，后面就是作者support的东西，可能是全文的conclusion, position等等;
b. Since, Because是原因，选项中常出现 evidence,explanation, based，consideration等词。
c. if...then, should be 是一种判断的依据，选项中常出现 judgement 等词;
d. Therefore, argue that... 就肯定是conclusion了;
e. it shows等等是例证，选项中常出现 ...based ... finding，in support of, evidence 等词;

4. 黑体字复习方法：
本帖隐藏的内容
1）熟读概念铭记于心；逻辑题目充当成分概念的题目；
2）熟悉标志词和转折词，把握住出题方向；
3）认真理解每一句话,BF题目读懂了，就一定能做对了；

逻辑黑体字

概要：逻辑黑体字是GMAT考试中的基本问题，他是属于所有题型中的对句子功能性作用考察的问题。黑体字题目要求考生对逻辑段落中的每一句话的作用和功能需要极其熟悉。读全文要对文章烂熟于心。

1. 黑体字题的题型：
1）单一黑体字部分：
判断单一黑体字部分在题干中的作用或者扮演的角色；
Hunter:  Hunters alone are blamed for the decline in Greenrock National Forest’s deer population over the past ten years.  Yet clearly, black bears have also played an important role in this decline. In the past ten years, the forest’s protected black bear population has risen sharply, and examination of black bears found dead in the forest during the deer hunting season showed that a number of them had recently fed on deer.
In the hunter’s argument, the boldface portion plays which of the following roles?
2）两个黑体字部分：
判断两个黑体字部分分别在题干中起什么作用或扮演什么角色；
A product that represents a clear technological advance over competing products can generally command a high price. Because technological advances tend to be quickly surpassed and companies want to make large profits while they still can, many companies charge the greatest price the market will bear when they have such a product.  But large profits on the mew product will give competitors a strong incentive to quickly match the mew product’s capabilities.  Consequently, the strategy to maximize overall profit from a new product is to charge less than the greatest possible price.
In the argument above, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

2. 黑体字解题策略：
1）熟悉GMAT逻辑中专用术语的表达和引导词：
** Conclusion: author’s main claim
引导词：conclusion, conclude, assert that, think that, claim, position, it can be made that... consequently, obviously, clearly, hence, therefore, thus...
** premise： a piece of evidence(fact or claim) that supports the author’s conclusion.
引导词：because of, since, due to, as a result of
** Intermediate Conclusion: both a conclusion and a premise, it supports the final conclusion.
Is it the case that a (he’s more likely to get caught) is true, therefore B (he will probably end up in jail is true).
The red one is the intermediate conclusion and the blue one is the final conclusion.
** Counterpoint: goes against the author’s conclusion.
** background: set the context for an argument
** Consideration: a factor to be considered in forming a judgment or decision
例：Safety is the most important consideration in choosing a car.
当你在形成一个想法的时候，你必须去思考的。是考虑问题该关注的因素
** Evidence: A thing or things helpful in forming a conclusion or judgment
例：Scientists weigh the evidence for and against a hypothesis.
结论支持或者反对你所提出的结论。
** judgment:有主观判断的，一种推断出来的依据；
The expert has therefore recommended that because the officers’ time spent obtaining approval is largely wasted, the watch commander’s approval no longer be required.
引导词：it is fause/ill concieved; it should be rejected as... / no longer required, it is unjustified, it is reasonable.....
例子：
做GMAT题目中的人中心肌衰退的比例超过常人。这说明：2做GMAT题目中导致心肌功能衰退。所以，3做GMAT不好。但就算证据正确，由于4做GMAT题目的人往往在做题目之前已经是心力衰竭者，所以不能说明做GMAT题目导致心功能衰退。并且5做GMAT可以开发智力中，所以6做GMAT好。7请做GMAT题目吧！
1. 是支持中间结论2(mid conclusion)的evidence；
2. 是mid conclusion，支持conclusion3；
3. 是conclusion，
4和5也是evidence，它们反对2和3，其实是反对1->2->3的论证(argument, argument=evidence+conclusion)；
4. 是通过指出A->B本身的错误(类似于flaw)对1->2进行削弱，
5. 是通过C->B对2->3进行削弱的。4, 5均支持conclusion6的成立。
7. 和本文的逻辑推导无关，称作suggestion，其位置一般在文章的最后。

2)掌握作者的感情态度：
引导词：However, nevertheless, although, but,
选项中通过两个黑体字句的引导
Newton developed mathematical concepts and techniques that are fundamental to modern calculus.  Leibniz developed closely analogous concepts and techniques.  It has traditionally been thought that these discoveries were independent.  Researchers have, however, recently discovered notes of Leibniz’s that discuss one of Newton’s books on mathematics. Several scholars have argued that since the book includes a presentation of Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques, and since the notes were written before Leibniz’s own development of calculus concepts and techniques, it is virtually certain that the traditional view is false.  A more cautious conclusion than this is called for, however. Leibniz’ notes are limited to early sections of Newton’s book, sections that precede the ones in which Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques are presented.

3)有时候看到转折词出现在两个黑体字中，不一定是相反：
Aroca City currently funds its public schools through taxes on property.  In place of this system, the city plans to introduce a sales tax of three percent on all retail sales in the city.  Critics protest that three percent of current retail sales falls short of the amount raised for schools by property taxes.  The critics are correct on this point.  Nevertheless, implementing the plan will probably not reduce the money going to Aroca’s schools. Several large retailers have selected Aroca City as the site for huge new stores, and these are certain to draw large numbers of shoppers from neighboring municipalities, where sales are taxed at rates of six percent and more.  In consequence, retail sales in Aroca City are bound to increase substantially.

3. 黑体字解题步骤：
1）时间充裕的情况：
本帖隐藏的内容
** 读全文找出核心论点(不是中间论点) 读出转折含义核心论点通常躲在转折之后和句尾。
** 看boldface句同前后句的关系(无转折既是逻辑上的延续)分清是boldface句为其中某句服务还是某句为boldface句服务。
** 推出两个boldface句之间的逻辑关系；前一半BF, 是一个事实? 是一个论断? 是一个证据? 是一个假设? 或者是一个中间结论? 如果体会出, 是一个假设, 那么选项中说第一部分是其他什么的, 就被排除了。没有什么必杀选项只有理解文章才可以。

2）时间不充裕：
本帖隐藏的内容
** 比较文章看是否相关，是不是两句话都在讨论一件事情；
** 注意标志词：
a. However前面就是作者challenge,disagree，call into question的东西，后面就是作者support的东西，可能是全文的conclusion, position等等;
b. Since, Because是原因，选项中常出现 evidence,explanation, based，consideration等词。
c. if...then, should be 是一种判断的依据，选项中常出现 judgement 等词;
d. Therefore, argue that... 就肯定是conclusion了;
e. it shows等等是例证，选项中常出现 ...based ... finding，in support of, evidence 等词;

4. 黑体字复习方法：
本帖隐藏的内容
1）熟读概念铭记于心；逻辑题目充当成分概念的题目；
2）熟悉标志词和转折词，把握住出题方向；
3）认真理解每一句话,BF题目读懂了，就一定能做对了；

逻辑黑体字

概要：逻辑黑体字是GMAT考试中的基本问题，他是属于所有题型中的对句子功能性作用考察的问题。黑体字题目要求考生对逻辑段落中的每一句话的作用和功能需要极其熟悉。读全文要对文章烂熟于心。

1. 黑体字题的题型：
1）单一黑体字部分：
判断单一黑体字部分在题干中的作用或者扮演的角色；
Hunter:  Hunters alone are blamed for the decline in Greenrock National Forest’s deer population over the past ten years.  Yet clearly, black bears have also played an important role in this decline. In the past ten years, the forest’s protected black bear population has risen sharply, and examination of black bears found dead in the forest during the deer hunting season showed that a number of them had recently fed on deer.
In the hunter’s argument, the boldface portion plays which of the following roles?
2）两个黑体字部分：
判断两个黑体字部分分别在题干中起什么作用或扮演什么角色；
A product that represents a clear technological advance over competing products can generally command a high price. Because technological advances tend to be quickly surpassed and companies want to make large profits while they still can, many companies charge the greatest price the market will bear when they have such a product.  But large profits on the mew product will give competitors a strong incentive to quickly match the mew product’s capabilities.  Consequently, the strategy to maximize overall profit from a new product is to charge less than the greatest possible price.
In the argument above, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

2. 黑体字解题策略：
1）熟悉GMAT逻辑中专用术语的表达和引导词：
** Conclusion: author’s main claim
引导词：conclusion, conclude, assert that, think that, claim, position, it can be made that... consequently, obviously, clearly, hence, therefore, thus...
** premise： a piece of evidence(fact or claim) that supports the author’s conclusion.
引导词：because of, since, due to, as a result of
** Intermediate Conclusion: both a conclusion and a premise, it supports the final conclusion.
Is it the case that a (he’s more likely to get caught) is true, therefore B (he will probably end up in jail is true).
The red one is the intermediate conclusion and the blue one is the final conclusion.
** Counterpoint: goes against the author’s conclusion.
** background: set the context for an argument
** Consideration: a factor to be considered in forming a judgment or decision
例：Safety is the most important consideration in choosing a car.
当你在形成一个想法的时候，你必须去思考的。是考虑问题该关注的因素
** Evidence: A thing or things helpful in forming a conclusion or judgment
例：Scientists weigh the evidence for and against a hypothesis.
结论支持或者反对你所提出的结论。
** judgment:有主观判断的，一种推断出来的依据；
The expert has therefore recommended that because the officers’ time spent obtaining approval is largely wasted, the watch commander’s approval no longer be required.
引导词：it is fause/ill concieved; it should be rejected as... / no longer required, it is unjustified, it is reasonable.....
例子：
做GMAT题目中的人中心肌衰退的比例超过常人。这说明：2做GMAT题目中导致心肌功能衰退。所以，3做GMAT不好。但就算证据正确，由于4做GMAT题目的人往往在做题目之前已经是心力衰竭者，所以不能说明做GMAT题目导致心功能衰退。并且5做GMAT可以开发智力中，所以6做GMAT好。7请做GMAT题目吧！
1. 是支持中间结论2(mid conclusion)的evidence；
2. 是mid conclusion，支持conclusion3；
3. 是conclusion，
4和5也是evidence，它们反对2和3，其实是反对1->2->3的论证(argument, argument=evidence+conclusion)；
4. 是通过指出A->B本身的错误(类似于flaw)对1->2进行削弱，
5. 是通过C->B对2->3进行削弱的。4, 5均支持conclusion6的成立。
7. 和本文的逻辑推导无关，称作suggestion，其位置一般在文章的最后。

2)掌握作者的感情态度：
引导词：However, nevertheless, although, but,
选项中通过两个黑体字句的引导
Newton developed mathematical concepts and techniques that are fundamental to modern calculus.  Leibniz developed closely analogous concepts and techniques.  It has traditionally been thought that these discoveries were independent.  Researchers have, however, recently discovered notes of Leibniz’s that discuss one of Newton’s books on mathematics. Several scholars have argued that since the book includes a presentation of Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques, and since the notes were written before Leibniz’s own development of calculus concepts and techniques, it is virtually certain that the traditional view is false.  A more cautious conclusion than this is called for, however. Leibniz’ notes are limited to early sections of Newton’s book, sections that precede the ones in which Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques are presented.

3)有时候看到转折词出现在两个黑体字中，不一定是相反：
Aroca City currently funds its public schools through taxes on property.  In place of this system, the city plans to introduce a sales tax of three percent on all retail sales in the city.  Critics protest that three percent of current retail sales falls short of the amount raised for schools by property taxes.  The critics are correct on this point.  Nevertheless, implementing the plan will probably not reduce the money going to Aroca’s schools. Several large retailers have selected Aroca City as the site for huge new stores, and these are certain to draw large numbers of shoppers from neighboring municipalities, where sales are taxed at rates of six percent and more.  In consequence, retail sales in Aroca City are bound to increase substantially.

3. 黑体字解题步骤：
1）时间充裕的情况：
本帖隐藏的内容
** 读全文找出核心论点(不是中间论点) 读出转折含义核心论点通常躲在转折之后和句尾。
** 看boldface句同前后句的关系(无转折既是逻辑上的延续)分清是boldface句为其中某句服务还是某句为boldface句服务。
** 推出两个boldface句之间的逻辑关系；前一半BF, 是一个事实? 是一个论断? 是一个证据? 是一个假设? 或者是一个中间结论? 如果体会出, 是一个假设, 那么选项中说第一部分是其他什么的, 就被排除了。没有什么必杀选项只有理解文章才可以。

2）时间不充裕：
本帖隐藏的内容
** 比较文章看是否相关，是不是两句话都在讨论一件事情；
** 注意标志词：
a. However前面就是作者challenge,disagree，call into question的东西，后面就是作者support的东西，可能是全文的conclusion, position等等;
b. Since, Because是原因，选项中常出现 evidence,explanation, based，consideration等词。
c. if...then, should be 是一种判断的依据，选项中常出现 judgement 等词;
d. Therefore, argue that... 就肯定是conclusion了;
e. it shows等等是例证，选项中常出现 ...based ... finding，in support of, evidence 等词;

4. 黑体字复习方法：
本帖隐藏的内容
1）熟读概念铭记于心；逻辑题目充当成分概念的题目；
2）熟悉标志词和转折词，把握住出题方向；
3）认真理解每一句话,BF题目读懂了，就一定能做对了；

逻辑黑体字

概要：逻辑黑体字是GMAT考试中的基本问题，他是属于所有题型中的对句子功能性作用考察的问题。黑体字题目要求考生对逻辑段落中的每一句话的作用和功能需要极其熟悉。读全文要对文章烂熟于心。

1. 黑体字题的题型：
1）单一黑体字部分：
判断单一黑体字部分在题干中的作用或者扮演的角色；
Hunter:  Hunters alone are blamed for the decline in Greenrock National Forest’s deer population over the past ten years.  Yet clearly, black bears have also played an important role in this decline. In the past ten years, the forest’s protected black bear population has risen sharply, and examination of black bears found dead in the forest during the deer hunting season showed that a number of them had recently fed on deer.
In the hunter’s argument, the boldface portion plays which of the following roles?
2）两个黑体字部分：
判断两个黑体字部分分别在题干中起什么作用或扮演什么角色；
A product that represents a clear technological advance over competing products can generally command a high price. Because technological advances tend to be quickly surpassed and companies want to make large profits while they still can, many companies charge the greatest price the market will bear when they have such a product.  But large profits on the mew product will give competitors a strong incentive to quickly match the mew product’s capabilities.  Consequently, the strategy to maximize overall profit from a new product is to charge less than the greatest possible price.
In the argument above, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

2. 黑体字解题策略：
1）熟悉GMAT逻辑中专用术语的表达和引导词：
** Conclusion: author’s main claim
引导词：conclusion, conclude, assert that, think that, claim, position, it can be made that... consequently, obviously, clearly, hence, therefore, thus...
** premise： a piece of evidence(fact or claim) that supports the author’s conclusion.
引导词：because of, since, due to, as a result of
** Intermediate Conclusion: both a conclusion and a premise, it supports the final conclusion.
Is it the case that a (he’s more likely to get caught) is true, therefore B (he will probably end up in jail is true).
The red one is the intermediate conclusion and the blue one is the final conclusion.
** Counterpoint: goes against the author’s conclusion.
** background: set the context for an argument
** Consideration: a factor to be considered in forming a judgment or decision
例：Safety is the most important consideration in choosing a car.
当你在形成一个想法的时候，你必须去思考的。是考虑问题该关注的因素
** Evidence: A thing or things helpful in forming a conclusion or judgment
例：Scientists weigh the evidence for and against a hypothesis.
结论支持或者反对你所提出的结论。
** judgment:有主观判断的，一种推断出来的依据；
The expert has therefore recommended that because the officers’ time spent obtaining approval is largely wasted, the watch commander’s approval no longer be required.
引导词：it is fause/ill concieved; it should be rejected as... / no longer required, it is unjustified, it is reasonable.....
例子：
做GMAT题目中的人中心肌衰退的比例超过常人。这说明：2做GMAT题目中导致心肌功能衰退。所以，3做GMAT不好。但就算证据正确，由于4做GMAT题目的人往往在做题目之前已经是心力衰竭者，所以不能说明做GMAT题目导致心功能衰退。并且5做GMAT可以开发智力中，所以6做GMAT好。7请做GMAT题目吧！
1. 是支持中间结论2(mid conclusion)的evidence；
2. 是mid conclusion，支持conclusion3；
3. 是conclusion，
4和5也是evidence，它们反对2和3，其实是反对1->2->3的论证(argument, argument=evidence+conclusion)；
4. 是通过指出A->B本身的错误(类似于flaw)对1->2进行削弱，
5. 是通过C->B对2->3进行削弱的。4, 5均支持conclusion6的成立。
7. 和本文的逻辑推导无关，称作suggestion，其位置一般在文章的最后。

2)掌握作者的感情态度：
引导词：However, nevertheless, although, but,
选项中通过两个黑体字句的引导
Newton developed mathematical concepts and techniques that are fundamental to modern calculus.  Leibniz developed closely analogous concepts and techniques.  It has traditionally been thought that these discoveries were independent.  Researchers have, however, recently discovered notes of Leibniz’s that discuss one of Newton’s books on mathematics. Several scholars have argued that since the book includes a presentation of Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques, and since the notes were written before Leibniz’s own development of calculus concepts and techniques, it is virtually certain that the traditional view is false.  A more cautious conclusion than this is called for, however. Leibniz’ notes are limited to early sections of Newton’s book, sections that precede the ones in which Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques are presented.

3)有时候看到转折词出现在两个黑体字中，不一定是相反：
Aroca City currently funds its public schools through taxes on property.  In place of this system, the city plans to introduce a sales tax of three percent on all retail sales in the city.  Critics protest that three percent of current retail sales falls short of the amount raised for schools by property taxes.  The critics are correct on this point.  Nevertheless, implementing the plan will probably not reduce the money going to Aroca’s schools. Several large retailers have selected Aroca City as the site for huge new stores, and these are certain to draw large numbers of shoppers from neighboring municipalities, where sales are taxed at rates of six percent and more.  In consequence, retail sales in Aroca City are bound to increase substantially.

3. 黑体字解题步骤：
1）时间充裕的情况：
本帖隐藏的内容
** 读全文找出核心论点(不是中间论点) 读出转折含义核心论点通常躲在转折之后和句尾。
** 看boldface句同前后句的关系(无转折既是逻辑上的延续)分清是boldface句为其中某句服务还是某句为boldface句服务。
** 推出两个boldface句之间的逻辑关系；前一半BF, 是一个事实? 是一个论断? 是一个证据? 是一个假设? 或者是一个中间结论? 如果体会出, 是一个假设, 那么选项中说第一部分是其他什么的, 就被排除了。没有什么必杀选项只有理解文章才可以。

2）时间不充裕：
本帖隐藏的内容
** 比较文章看是否相关，是不是两句话都在讨论一件事情；
** 注意标志词：
a. However前面就是作者challenge,disagree，call into question的东西，后面就是作者support的东西，可能是全文的conclusion, position等等;
b. Since, Because是原因，选项中常出现 evidence,explanation, based，consideration等词。
c. if...then, should be 是一种判断的依据，选项中常出现 judgement 等词;
d. Therefore, argue that... 就肯定是conclusion了;
e. it shows等等是例证，选项中常出现 ...based ... finding，in support of, evidence 等词;

4. 黑体字复习方法：
本帖隐藏的内容
1）熟读概念铭记于心；逻辑题目充当成分概念的题目；
2）熟悉标志词和转折词，把握住出题方向；
3）认真理解每一句话,BF题目读懂了，就一定能做对了；

作者: alimofei 时间: 2013-9-14 23:22
谢谢分享

作者: 大头妹27 时间: 2013-9-15 03:05
那黑脸题怎么办？

作者: Phyllisqu 时间: 2013-9-15 06:24
thanks~~~~~~

作者: fairypp 时间: 2013-9-16 12:16
LZ辛苦了~~~

作者: dakuandakuan 时间: 2013-9-16 14:23
thank you so so so so much

作者: ashlyzhu 时间: 2013-9-16 15:43
啊啊啊啊啊啊啊啊啊啊啊啊啊啊啊啊

作者: ashlyzhu 时间: 2013-9-16 15:49

Spencer125 发表于 2013-8-8 19:56
亲，我也是此方法的fans.因为之前试过很多逻辑方法，什么陈文斌的方法。都是经不住考验的。但对于此方法， ...

这个方案存在于前提之中的，这题我觉得考的是方案的可行性，答案就是ridership的增长不在peak hours,以此来评估方案是可行的。。。

作者: 认真点认真点 时间: 2013-9-16 16:33
顶顶顶顶顶顶顶顶

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