ChaseDream

标题: 代词指代大家火速前来啊…… [打印本页]

作者: enkyklios 时间: 2013-6-30 21:28
标题: 代词指代大家火速前来啊……
神奇的语法之三；代词指代有无规律（上）？

引言；
关于代词的规律语法书上鲜有论述，论坛里也没有见到有什么总结，或者就算是有一些总结，最后也会落到 “代词用法之妙，存乎一心，可意会而不可言传” 他们说的或者是正确的，但是楼主愚笨没有办法以心印心去掌握这么微妙的用法。于是楼主一直以来有个习惯，每当我见到论坛里有人提问代词方面的问题，我就把它复制下来放到我专门建的一个贴子里，时间一长，也收集了一些题目。楼主不敢欺心要发现什么规律，只是试图把它分门别类以方便大家从结构方面研究指代的问题。

注意；我们说的代词只是指示代词---it they them……。对于关系代词that which的指代及其跳跃请见“代词指代有无规律（下）”

进入正题
首先我是把指代问题分为三种情况；
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句子内部的指代；指代主语、指代宾语、指代定语，状语
句子之间的指代；指代主语、指指宾语，指代定语，其它
特殊情况的指代；无指代，向后指代，整句指代，代词指代的一致性，所有格的指代。
一些例题的错误分析；
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句子内部的指代

例1；
指代状语中名词；
Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, a technique called proton-induced X-ray emission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it,is finding uses in medicine, archaeology, and criminology.
这是一个句中指代，后一状语中it指代前一状语中substance（这种情况下可以指代介词后的名词）

例2；
指代定语
The board is investigating the compensation packages of several executives in order to determine how muchTHEY may have been improperly awarded.
同一句子里；they存在于状语中指代前边定语several executive（这种情况下也可以指代介词短语后边的名词）

例3；
Although William Pereira first gained national recognition for his movie set designs, including those for the 1942 film “Reap the Wild Wind,” future generations will remember him as the architect of the Transamerica Tower, the Malibu campus of Pepperdine University, and the city of Irvine.
(A) including those for the 1942 film “Reap the Wild Wind,” future generations
E) including those for the 1942 film “Reap the Wild Wind,” future generations
答案为E
同一句子中；including作为定语修饰designs, those又回头指代design.-----允许

例4；

The filibuster, a parliamentary device that slows the snail’s pace that prevails even in the best of times in congressional sessions and tests the endurance of everyone associated with it, seems more and more an anachronism in the age of telecommunications.
(A) sessions and tests the endurance of everyone associated with it, seems
The answer is A.
这个比较复杂，两个定语从句，其之指代另一个。归根结底还是定语指代定语

例5；
In December of 1987 an automobile manufacturer pleaded no contest to criminal charges of odometer tampering and agreed to pay more than $16 million in civil damages for cars that were test-driven with their odometers disconnected.
A) cars that were test-driven with their odometers disconnected
(D) having test-driven cars with their odometers disconnected
答案为D
for having test-driven cars with their odometers disconnected 整个作状语，with their odometers作定语修饰cars. their指代cars

句子之间的指代

句子之间的指代；一般来讲是两个句子之间的指代，这时后一句子中的成份可以指代前边句子的；主语（最常见）、宾语、整个句子……

1.主语指代

例1；
Without adequate amounts of sleep, people’s newly acquired skills and also new factual information may
not get properly encoded into their memory circuits.
C. If they do not have adequate amounts of sleep, people's newly acquired skills and even
D. If people do not get adequate amounts of sleep, newly acquired skills and even

正确答案为D
C中they指代了所有格people's中的people所以错

例2；
in the late 1997, the chambers inside the pyramid of the Pharaoh Menkaure at Giza were closed to visitors for cleaning and repair due to moisture exhaled by tourists, which raised its humidity to such levels so that salt from the stone was crystallizing and fungus was growing on the walls.
c. because tourists were exhaling moisture, which had raised the humidity within them to levels such that salt from the stone would crystallize
e. because moisture exhaled by tourists had raised the humidity within them to such levels that salt from the stone was crystallizing

E; 代词 them指代前一句子主语chambers。
我们看C中because已经自起一句了，所以moisture的定语which从句句中指代tourists而没办法越过because去向前指代。

例3；
Althoughpeople in France consume fatty foods at a rate comparable to the United States, their death rates from heart disease are far lower in France.
B.people in France and the United States consume fatty foods at about the same rate, the
C.fatty foods are consumed by people in France at a comparable rate to the United States's, their

这题答案是B，我们只是看看A中的问题，还是指代主语
在A中their death rates 指代people in france 这时法国人的死亡率在法国是很低的，这是一个很别扭的表达，另外还有比较对像的问题，
倒不是因为their 指代不清，如果改成their death rates are far lower than American's 我认为未必存在指代不清的现像（指代清不清楚会因句子变化而变化）。

例4
Several years ago the diet industry introduced a variety of appetite suppressants, but some of these drugs caused stomach disorders severe enough to have them banned by the Food and Drug Administration.
(A) stomach disorders severe enough to have them
(D) such severe stomach disorders that they were
The answer is D.

结果从句They 指代前边主句主语drugs

2.宾语指代

例
If you say that you have yet to do something, you mean that you have never done it, especially when this is surprising or bad.

主句中代词it指代前一条件句中的宾语something.

3.句子指代

例1
Besides adding complementary flavors to many foods, hot sauces stimulate the release of endorphins in the brain, just as exercise does, and these have a pain-relieving effect like morphine's.

The Achaemenid empire of Persia reached the Indus Valley in the fifth century B.C., bringing the Aramaic script with it, from which was derived both northern and southern Indian alphabets.
(A) the Aramaic script with it, from which was derived both northern and
(B) the Aramaic script with it, and from which deriving both the northern and the
(C) with it the Aramaic script, from which derive both the northern and the
(D) with it the Aramaic script, from which derives both northern and
(E) with it the Aramaic script, and deriving from it both the northern and

一些特殊情况

错误例子分析；

完善中……
期待大家的参与……

作者: enkyklios 时间: 2013-6-30 21:45
对于以下问题同样欢迎大家跟贴探讨

Ravaged by civil war for many years after it gained independence from Portugal,Angola is now one of Africa's success stories:its economy grew by 21% last year, and parliamentary elections are to be held later this week.

重要

Heavy commitment by an executive to a course of action, especially if it has worked well in the past, makes it likely to miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpret them when they do appear.

A. Heavy commitment by an executive to a course of action, especially if it has worried well in the past, makes it likely to miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpret them when they do appear.
B. An executive who is heavily committed to a course of action, especially one that worked well in the past, makes missing signs of incipient trouble or misinterpreting ones likely when they do appear.
C. An executive who is heavily committed to a course of action is likely to miss or misinterpret signs of incipient trouble when they do appear, especially if it has worked well in the past.
D. Executives’ being heavily committed to a course of action, especially if it has worked well in the past, makes them likely to miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpreting them when they do appear.
E. Being heavily committed to a course of action, especially one that has worked well in the past, is likely to make an executive miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpret them when they do appear.
正确选项 E

"It's been difficult the last two years notbeing on the show as I always had a great time and the last time that I did do it, it was such a brilliant year. So at some point of course I'm going to comeback and do the show

and the last time 并列到句子的先行词
The filibuster, a parliamentary device that slows the snail’s pace that prevails even in the best of times in congressional sessions and tests the endurance of everyone associated with it, seems more and more an anachronism in the age of telecommunications.
同一that后并列谓语，and前无逗号，所以不能并列到上一个that。
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While depressed property values can hurt some large investors, they are potentially devastating for homeowners, whose equity-in many cases representing a life's savings--can plunge or even disappear.
A they are potentially devastating for homeowners, whose
B they can potentially devastate homeowners in that their
C for homeowners they are potentially devastating, because their
D for homeowners, it is potentially devastating in that their
E it can potentially devastate homeowners,whose

2、To Josephine Baker, Paris was her home long before it wasfashionable to be an expatriate,

and she remained in France during the Second World Waras a performer and an intelligence

agent for the Resistance.

(A) To Josephine Baker, Paris was her home long before it wasfashionable to be an expatriate

(B) For Josephine Baker, long before it wasfashionable to be an expatriate, Pariswas her home

(D) Long before it was fashionable to be anexpatriate, Josephine Baker made Parisher home

(E) Long before it was fashionable being anexpatriate, Pariswas home to Josephine Baker

The normative model of strategic decision-making suggests that executives examine a firm’s external environment and internal conditions, and in using the set of objective criteria they derive from these analyses, can decide on a strategy.　　

A、conditions, and in using the set of objective criteria they derive from these analyses, can decide
B、conditions, and they use the set of objective criteria derived from these analyses in deciding
C、 conditions and, in using the set of objective criteria derived from these analyses, deciding
D、conditions and, using the set of objective criteria derived from these analyses, decide
E、conditions and, in their use of the set of objective criteria they derive from these analyses, they decide

作者: grantji97 时间: 2013-6-30 22:03
谢谢，有点意思

作者: bejamin1111 时间: 2013-6-30 22:05
顶了！不错！！！！！！！！！！！

作者: enkyklios 时间: 2013-6-30 22:50

The Olympic Games helped to keep peace among the pugnacious states of the Greek world when they proclaimed a sacred truce for the festival month
这句话是错的。OG上解释说they既可以指代Games 又可以指代states。但manhattan上面说代词在句子主语的位置上，通常会被认为指代与其平行句子的主语。
那么根据此原则，they不是应该仅仅指代Games吗，不会是states。所以应该没有指代问题呀？？？？求作答，我是越学越模糊了

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作者: enkyklios 时间: 2013-7-1 02:21
Rising inventories, when unaccompanied correspondingly by increases in sales, can lead to production cutbacks that would hamper economic growth.
(A) when unaccompanied correspondingly by increases in sales, can lead
(B) when not accompanied by corresponding increases in sales, possibly leads
(C) when they were unaccompanied by corresponding sales increases, can lead
(D) if not accompanied by correspondingly increased sales, possibly leads
(E) if not accompanied by corresponding increases in sales, can lead

Beatrix Potter, in her book illustrations, carefully coordinating them with her narratives, capitalized on her keen observation and love of the natural world.
(A)Beatrix Potter, in her book illustrations, carefully coordinating them with her narratives,
(B)In her book illustrations, carefully coordinating them with her narratives, Beatrix Potter
(C)In her book illustrations, which she carefully coordinated with her narratives, Beatrix Potter
(D)Carefully coordinated with her narratives, BeatrixPotter, in her book illustrations
(E)Beatrix Potter, in her book illustrations, carefully coordinated them with her narratives and

A mutual fund having billions of dollars in assets will typically invest that money in hundreds of companies, rarely holding more than one percent of the shares of any particular corporation.

a. companies, rarely holding more than one percent

b. companies, and it is rarely to hold at least one percent or more

c. companies and rarely do they hold more than one percent

d. companies, so that they rarely hold more than one percent.

e. Companies, rarely do they hold one percent or more

Japanese researchers are producing a series of robots that can identify human facial expressions, to which they will then respond; their goal is primarily creating a robot that will empathize with us.
(A) expressions, to which they will then respond; their goal is primarily creating
(B) expressions, then responding to them; primarily to create
(C) expressions and then respond to them; the researchers' primary goal is to create
(D) expressions as well as giving a response to them; their primary goal is creation of
(E) expressions and responding to them; primarily, the researchers' goal is creating

答案选对的，C。但我好困惑啊，那个C里面的them没有歧义吗？

In a previous design, the weight of the discus used in track competition is concentrated in a mental center, but now it is lined with lead around the perimeter, thereby improving stability in flight and resulting in longer throws.

A. In a previous design, the weight of the discus used in track competition is concentrated in a mental center, but now it is

B. According to a previous design, the weight of the discus used in track competition was concentrated in a metal center, but now it is

C. Once designed with its weight concentrated in a mental center, the discus used in track competition is now

D. The discus used in track competition, once designed with its weight concentrated in a metal center, but now

E. The discus used in track competition was once designed having its weight concentrated in a metal center and now

Scientists claim that the discovery of the first authenticated mammal bones in amber could provide important clues of determining, in addition to how, when mammals colonized the islands of the West Indies.

A. of determining, in addition to how, when mammals colonized the islands of the West Indies

B. in the determination of how and when the islands of the West Indies were colonized by mammals

C. to determine how mammals colonized the islands of the West Indies and when they did

D. for determining when the islands of the West Indies were colonized by mammals and how they were

E. for determining how and when mammals colonized the islands of the West Indies 正确

At a Friday night press conference, US President Barack Obama promised to seek answers on what had motivated the bombers and whether they had help

In ancient Thailand, much of the local artisans’ creative energy was expended on the creation of Buddha images and on construction and decoration of the temples in which they were enshrined

From the bark of the paper birch tree the Menomini crafted a canoe about twenty feet long and two feet wide, with small ribs and rails of cedar,（句尾逗号隔开作定语） which could carry four persons or eight hundred pounds of baggage so light that a person could easily portage it around impeding rapids.

According to some analysts, whatever its merits, the proposal to tax away all capital gains on short-term investments would, if enacted, have a disastrous effect on Wall Street trading and employment.

(A) its merits, the proposal to tax
(B) its merits may be, the proposal of taxing
(C) its merits as a proposal, taxing
(D) the proposal's merits, to tax
(E) the proposal's merits are, taxing

Research during the past several decades on the nature of language and the processes that produce and make it understandable has revealed great complexity instead of underlying simplicity.
(A) that produce and make it understandable has revealed great complexity instead of underlying simplicity
(B) of producing and understanding it have revealed not underlying simplicity but great complexity
(C) by which it is produced and understood has revealed not underlying simplicity but great complexity
(D) by which it is produced and understood have revealed great complexity rather than underlying simplicity
(E) by which one produces and understands it have revealed great complexity instead of underlying simplicity

The first English settlers to establish a permanent colony in America did it not at Plymouth but along the shore of the James River west of Chesapeake Bay.

A.it not at Plymouth but
B.so not at Plymouth but（宾语指代定语中的不定式）
C.not at Plymouth but instead
D.not at Plymouth but did so
E.it not at Plymouth but rather
答案是B
The police have significantly reduced violent crime and are pleased with themselves for doing so状语指代谓语

Whereas the use of synthetic fertilizers has greatly expanded agricultural productivity in many parts of the world, an increase in their use can create serious environmental problems such as water pollution, and their substitution for more traditional fertilizers may accelerate soil structure deterioration and soil erosion.

Affording strategic proximity to the strait of Gibraltar, Morocco was also of interest to the French throughout the first half of the twentieth century because they assumed that if they did not hold it, their grip on Algeria was always insecure.
主语亦可指代状语介词短语后的名词

(A) if they did not hold it, their grip on Algeria was always insecure
(B) without it their grip on Algeria would never be secure
(C) their grip on Algeria was not ever secure if they did not hold it
(D) without that, they could never be secure about their grip on Algeria
(E) never would their grip on Algeria be secure if they did not hold it

Many population studies have linked a high-salt diet to high rates of hypertension and shown that in societies where they consume little salt, their blood pressure typically does not rise with age.
(C) shown that in societies where little salt is consumed,
(D) they showed that in societies where little salt is consumed,

C是对的，D是错的

作者: hfwang 时间: 2013-7-1 03:33
ding qi kan kan

作者: hsjh91 时间: 2013-7-1 06:27
多谢楼主分享！！

作者: 豹的速度 时间: 2013-7-1 18:47
我是来赚积分的

作者: enkyklios 时间: 2013-7-4 18:24

In late 1997, the chambers inside the pyramid of the Pharaoh Menkaure at Giza were closed to visitors for cleaning and repair due to moisture exhaled by tourists, which raised its humidity to such levels so that salt from the stone was crystallizing and fungus was growing on the walls.
(A) due to moisture exhaled by tourists, which raised its humidity to such levels so that salt from the stone was crystallizing
(B) due to moisture that tourists had exhaled,  thereby raising its humidity to such levels that salt from the stone would crystallize
(C) because tourists were exhaling moisture, which had raised the humidity within them to levels such that salt from the stone would crystallize
(D) because of moisture that was exhaled by tourists  raising the humidity within them to levels so high as to make the salt from the stone crystallize
(E) because moisture exhaled by tourists had raised  the humidity within them to such levels that salt from the stone was crystallizing

with them作宾语补足语，them前一分句主语chambers.而不是定语中tourists 那么宾语补足语可以指代主语的定语吗？

Neither First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt nor Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins sought recognition by the press, and both cautiously allowed others of the Roosevelt brain trust to take credit for the genesis of historic programs in public employment, relief, and social security that were in large measure what they had been responsible for

A. to take credit for the genesis of historic programs in public employment, relief, and social security that were in large measure what they had been responsible for
B. to take credit for the genesis of historic programs in public employment, relief, and social security for which the two women were in large measure responsible
C. taking credit for the genesis of historic programs in public employment, relief, and social security for which the two women were in large measure responsible
D. taking credit for the genesis of historic programs in public employment, relief, and social security that were in large measure what they were responsible for
E. taking credit for the genesis of historic programs in public employment, relief, and social security which were largely their responsibility
[tr][/tr]

allow sb to do sth that……  中的代词先指代sb而不是主语？  allow sb to do sth that were what they ……还是指导代sb而不是主语？

Unlike most severance packages, which require workers to stay until the last day scheduled to collect, workers at the automobile company are eligible for its severance package even if they find a new job before they are terminated.

A.       the last day scheduled to collect, workers at the automobile company are eligible for its severance package.
B.       the last day they are scheduled to collect, workers are eligible for the automobile company’s severance package
C.       their last scheduled day to collect, the automobile company offers its severance package to workers.
D.       their last scheduled day in order to collect, the automobile company’s severance package is available to workers.
E.       the last day that they are scheduled to collect, the automobile company’s severance package is available to workers.

作者: enkyklios 时间: 2013-7-5 16:29
The thirteen original British colonies in North America, some formed as commercial ventures, others as religious havens, each had a written charter that set forth its form of government and the rights of the colonists.
Asome formed as commercial ventures, others as religious havens, each had a written charter
Bsome being formed as a commercial venture, others as religious havens, all of which had written charters
Csome that formed as commercial ventures, others as religious havens, all had written charters
Dwith some being formed as a commercial venture, others as religious havens, all had a written charter
Ewith some formed as commercial ventures, while others as religious havens, each had a written charter
正确答案为A; 主语为the thirteen colonies ,但是its指代的却不是主语，而是其同位语each

作者: zhuangzhilingy 时间: 2013-7-5 20:48
顶，dddddddddddddddddd

作者: hfwang 时间: 2013-7-5 22:28
句中指代的例句2和4值得推敲

例2的they是宾语从句的一部分，我认为这个应该属于句间指代

例4我觉得原句写得比较搞，有两种理解的可能（暂且存疑）
1. that shows ... and tests ...
2. that shows the pace that prevails ... and tests ...

我按照第2种情况理解，那么it是指代pace

如果按第1种理解的话，我认为原句应该写成 that shows ... and that tests ...

不知对否？

作者: enkyklios 时间: 2013-7-5 22:58

hfwang 发表于 2013-7-5 22:28
句中指代的例句2和4值得推敲

例2的they是宾语从句的一部分，我认为这个应该属于句间指代

关于例2；
主从复合句归根到底还是一个句子，另外在状语中引导名词从句，总体而言更符合句中指代的特点。
我所说的句间指代主要是并列句，和一些偏正句

关于例4；
我认为只能是第一种情况；that shows ... and tests .
这不仅表现在语义上更加的连贯，在逻辑上更加的通顺，还表现在语法上更加合理；

如果是第2种理解
我认为应该a parliamentary device that slows the snail’s pace that prevails even in the best of times in congressionalsessions and that tests the endurance of everyone associated with it,

第一种理解如果要加上that应该是；
a parliamentary device that slows the snail’s pace that prevails even in the best of times in congressional sessions ，and that tests the endurance of everyone associated with it,

另外；pace tests endurance 是不搭配的

当然这只是我一孔之见，不知道hfwang以为然否？

作者: hfwang 时间: 2013-7-5 23:44
我觉得你的句中和句间的区分很有启发。我还想到过段落里的指代情况，虽然SC不考，但作文会涉及到。

并列句毫无疑问归为句间，主从复合句我把定从归为句中，其他的归为句间。这样分的话，定从里超出定从的指代只能是定从所指代的概念。按这个思路，你的句间例句2中C的问题就解决了。句间容易引起歧义，我再想想你的总结。[更正：我的理解不对，我得再考虑考虑］

例4请你再看看，我认为tests和prevails并列而不是和shows并列，如果tests和shows并列的话，像你所说的，加逗号和and that更好

在定从中 that do A and do B 没问题
that do A n that do B and do C也行， B和C都和n相关
that do A n that do B，and that do C这里A和C并列
that do A n that do B and that do C应该是不佳，但语法上我觉得也对，因为是and连的两个定从

作者: enkyklios 时间: 2013-7-5 23:53

hfwang 发表于 2013-7-5 23:44
我觉得你的句中和句间的区分很有启发。我还想到过段落里的指代情况，虽然SC不考，但作文会涉及到。

并列句 ...

关于例4；
这个句子还是挺有意义的。在语法上有没有相关的规定还要再查资料。
但是有一点让我断定只能是第一种情况；那就是主语和谓语的搭配
pace是不能test endurance的。只能是device才能tests

我们可以把pace当成状语，tests endurance with smail pace (这也不一定对）我的意思是说我们可以用蜗牛的速度来考验大家的忍耐力，而不用让pace自己作主语来考验

作者: hfwang 时间: 2013-7-6 00:04

enkyklios 发表于 2013-7-5 23:53
关于例4；
这个句子还是挺有意义的。在语法上有没有相关的规定还要再查资料。
但是有一点让我断定只能是第 ...

所以我说这句比较搞。

我以前问过一个A of B of C的问题，我现在的理解这个结构是一层套一层，即A (of B (of C)) 而不可能是 A （of B）（of C）。我就把这个概念套在that 。。。that上了。

作者: enkyklios 时间: 2013-7-6 01:00

hfwang 发表于 2013-7-6 00:04
所以我说这句比较搞。

我以前问过一个A of B of C的问题，我现在的理解这个结构是一层套一层，即A (of B ...

我觉得你说的也有道理，如果它可以并列第一个that那么更应该能够并列第二个that.

作者: enkyklios 时间: 2013-7-6 03:27
你说的是对的；
释文；
这种企图用拖延而有意妨碍议案通过的手段，使得国会议程一拖再拖，即使在议会进展的最顺利的情况下，进展还是像蜗牛爬行般缓慢，极大地折磨着与会人士的忍耐力。这种手段，越看越与这个通信时代格格不入。(或者说像是落后社会的产物)

作者: justinlee17 时间: 2013-7-11 11:09
谢谢整理！辛苦

作者: Spencer125 时间: 2013-7-11 18:21
顶 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

作者: xiqiong 时间: 2013-7-11 18:28
哈～　果断顶一下咯～

作者: buqichuang 时间: 2013-7-14 17:31
谢谢，有点意思

作者: 包子不包子 时间: 2013-7-14 20:29
thxthxthxthxthxthxthxthx

作者: hfwang 时间: 2013-7-15 04:01
今天把代词翻了一遍，又用你的例句画了画树状图，你总结的很好

第3点我认为先主后宾，而且宾语修饰语中含有的代词更可能带主语。比如你的句中指代的例句4。最好能有单复数区别主和宾。

不过GMAT如果单考代词的话一般都是明显不对。

作者: enkyklios 时间: 2013-7-15 04:05

hfwang 发表于 2013-7-15 04:01
今天把代词翻了一遍，又用你的例句画了画树状图，你总结的很好

第3点我认为先主后宾，而且宾语修饰语中含 ...

谢谢
关于先主后宾在隐藏部分里作了讨论，你可能没有看到，
我也听说过这个说法，但是苦于没有例句能够证实，别人拿出的例句在我看来都是错误的。

为什么说例四是主语优先指代呢？

作者: hfwang 时间: 2013-7-15 04:17

enkyklios 发表于 2013-7-15 04:05
谢谢
关于先主后宾在隐藏部分里作了讨论，你可能没有看到，
我也听说过这个说法，但是苦于没有例句能够 ...

2. Manufacturers rate batteries in watt-hours; if they rate the watt-hour higher, the longer the battery can be expected to last.

这个不是很convincing，但OG专门把they拎出来批判了一下。

指代宾语的句子OG中还真不多见。

作者: enkyklios 时间: 2013-7-15 04:23

hfwang 发表于 2013-7-15 04:17
2. Manufacturers rate batteries in watt-hours; if they rate the watt-hour higher, the longer the ba ...

这是个错误的句子吧，我记得我还回贴讨论过这个题呢，
而且这个也不能说明优先指代主语啊

作者: hfwang 时间: 2013-7-15 04:47

enkyklios 发表于 2013-7-15 04:23
这是个错误的句子吧，我记得我还回贴讨论过这个题呢，
而且这个也不能说明优先指代主语啊 ...

所以说不convincing吗。哈哈

我们需要找一个主宾数量上一致，代词想代宾语但错误地指代了主语的错句。我以后留意。

作者: enkyklios 时间: 2013-7-15 04:56

hfwang 发表于 2013-7-15 04:47
所以说不convincing吗。哈哈

我们需要找一个主宾数量上一致，代词想代宾语但错误地指代了主语的错句。我 ...

对，是需要一个这样的例句，但是我认为理论上应该有一种情况就是；主语和宾语有单复数的区分，指代上也一致但还是会出错，

，根据语法而推穷理当如此，目前还没有证据

作者: 扣肉儿 时间: 2013-7-15 07:44
多谢楼主咯~

作者: justinlee17 时间: 2013-7-16 10:30
response to higher oil prices, window manufacturers have improved the insulating capability of their products; their windows have been built to conserve energy, and they are.
A have been built to conserve energy, and they are
B are built to conserve energy, and they have
C are built to conserve energy, and they do
D are being built to conserve energy, and they have
E had been built to conserve energy, and they are

答案C。
楼主看下这个句子的they指代什么？我觉得已经有their指代manufacturer了，they应该和their指代一个东西啊，但我觉得是windows.

作者: enkyklios 时间: 2013-7-16 14:21

justinlee17 发表于 2013-7-16 10:30
response to higher oil prices, window manufacturers have improved the insulating capability of their ...

windows是对的，在一个句子里，they和they,them和them都应该指代的是同一个东西，但是their和they可以指代不同的东西。

这是三个句间指代，第二句补充说明第一句，第二个句子和第三个句子是递进的关系---他们是有来……，他们也确实做到了。
指代完全没有歧义

作者: enkyklios 时间: 2013-7-16 19:26

justinlee17 发表于 2013-7-16 10:30
response to higher oil prices, window manufacturers have improved the insulating capability of their ...

类似的；it和its也可以指代不同
According to a recent poll, owning and living in a freestanding house on its own land is still a goal of a majority of young adults, as it was of earlier generations.

作者: justinlee17 时间: 2013-7-17 01:40

enkyklios 发表于 2013-7-16 19:26
类似的；it和its也可以指代不同
According to a recent poll, owning and living in a freestanding house ...

这个句子也看过几遍了！没想过这个问题！谢谢楼主！

作者: enkyklios 时间: 2013-7-17 01:46

justinlee17 发表于 2013-7-17 01:40
这个句子也看过几遍了！没想过这个问题！谢谢楼主！

不客气

作者: vannyzi 时间: 2013-7-18 15:51
谢谢啦！！！可是为什么要高于5000分

作者: enkyklios 时间: 2013-7-18 17:27

vannyzi 发表于 2013-7-18 15:51
谢谢啦！！！可是为什么要高于5000分

我的总结到回贴部分就完了，后边的只是一些例题分析了。我想等到收集多一些例句再把它公开

作者: djmulder 时间: 2013-7-18 17:38
谢谢楼主！！用word编辑会更好一点！！！

作者: vannyzi 时间: 2013-7-18 23:43

enkyklios 发表于 2013-7-18 17:27
我的总结到回贴部分就完了，后边的只是一些例题分析了。我想等到收集多一些例句再把它公开 ...

好的谢谢哈！！！明天再研究下！

作者: 小白出国 时间: 2013-7-19 00:29
谢谢版主，今天总结到代词了，总结完OG，下来。有规律但是也有很多特例。郁闷，看看你的贴，开拓点思路，换个方式总结一下

作者: 郭happy 时间: 2013-7-24 16:57
谢谢楼主啊

作者: EnglandManu 时间: 2013-7-29 15:59
ding~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

作者: orientalradio 时间: 2013-7-29 16:28
多谢大侠！！

作者: tzsyxxwht 时间: 2013-7-29 18:23
本帖隐藏的内容需要积分高于 5000 才可浏览，您当前积分为 2138 哭

作者: gyli 时间: 2013-7-30 06:02
xuexixuexi

作者: sharonfsc 时间: 2013-7-30 08:23
谢谢~O(∩_∩)O~

作者: zhaoyv666666 时间: 2013-7-30 16:39
谢谢LZ~~

作者: DJLee 时间: 2013-7-31 22:02
谢谢楼主分享

作者: 夏日沫漓 时间: 2013-7-31 23:35
看一看，多谢分享

作者: veronica143 时间: 2013-8-1 09:58
O(∩_∩)O谢谢

作者: dakxt1 时间: 2013-8-2 09:18
厉害收藏

作者: t8611590 时间: 2013-8-2 12:12
thanks and thanks again

作者: waterblue01 时间: 2013-8-2 19:22
为了积分和荣耀！

作者: 就是喜欢名字长 时间: 2013-8-2 21:09
大神推荐，顶一下

作者: xuexue22cn 时间: 2013-8-2 21:11

作者: richardliu6 时间: 2013-8-4 22:23
很有意思，谢谢楼主分享

作者: Lynsey玲 时间: 2013-8-4 23:08
谢谢~~~~

作者: ZOEYZHANG114 时间: 2013-8-6 06:01
thanks A lot

作者: 日光倾城菲 时间: 2013-8-6 19:43
多谢！！！！

作者: meesh 时间: 2013-8-12 10:01
看了这个总结确实有很多还是清晰一些了～加油！

作者: enkyklios 时间: 2013-8-12 10:08

meesh 发表于 2013-8-12 10:01
看了这个总结确实有很多还是清晰一些了～加油！

我认为代词在句中指代的时候句子的主要成份不能指代次要成份（定状语中介词短语中的成份）这时侯因为不存在指代歧义所以完全可以代词前有两个先行词，大家误以为是就近指代或者优先指代主语，

作者: meesh 时间: 2013-8-12 10:23
楼主，我这里有个小疑问想找你探讨一下～
“1. The filibuster, a parliamentary device that slows the snail’s pace that prevails even in the best of times in congressional sessions and tests the endurance of everyone associated with it, seems more and more an anachronism in the age of telecommunications.
(A) sessions and tests the endurance of everyone associated with it, seems
The answer is A.”
这道题，我很纳闷it这是指代什么呢？你说是定语指代定语，可是我觉得好像能说通的就是指代主语the filibuster啊，求赐教！
还有一题： “Besides adding complementary flavors to many foods, hot sauces stimulate the release of endorphins in the brain, just as exercise does, and these have a pain-relieving effect like morphine's. ”
这个these我觉得是指代endorphins因为好像只有这个能解释过去？你把它归位句子指代，难道是指代“hot sauces stimulate the release of endorphins in the brain" ? 感觉说不通啊。
还有第三题我想make sure一下：
”代词不同形式指代可以不一致
response to higher oil prices, window manufacturers have improved the insulating capability of their products; their windows have been built to conserve energy, and they are.
A have been built to conserve energy, and they are
B are built to conserve energy, and they have
C are built to conserve energy, and they do
D are being built to conserve energy, and they have
E had been built to conserve energy, and they are

答案C。 they 是可以和their指代不同的，they 和 they,them和them……指代要做到相同。“
这里的their指代的是window manufacturer而后面的they指的是windows，对吗？
盼回复啊啊啊～～～～！！：）

作者: enkyklios 时间: 2013-8-12 10:55

meesh 发表于 2013-8-12 10:23
楼主，我这里有个小疑问想找你探讨一下～
“1. The filibuster, a parliamentary device that slows the ...

第一题；减慢本己蜗牛般的速度，并检测深受此折磨的……人的耐性。it 指代pace
第二题；不应该是endorphins。我们从后边的like morphine's得到证实。如果前边是endorphins后边应该是like morphine而不应该是's。
第三题你说的对

作者: 小毛团儿 时间: 2013-8-12 11:23
thanks！！！

作者: enkyklios 时间: 2013-8-12 11:33

meesh 发表于 2013-8-12 10:23
楼主，我这里有个小疑问想找你探讨一下～
“1. The filibuster, a parliamentary device that slows the ...

只是你说的有道理，these的问题我还是要再考虑一下

作者: meesh 时间: 2013-8-12 11:44

meesh 发表于 2013-8-12 10:23
楼主，我这里有个小疑问想找你探讨一下～
“1. The filibuster, a parliamentary device that slows the ...

所以这个these 就是“ the release of endorphins"，与后面的like morphine's对称 ?
是这样的，我刚在看manhattan prouns那一章，觉得有几点有点矛盾：
1. manhattan上说 do not use "this" or " these" in place of nouns, 也就是作为代词these后面也要跟名词，比如manhattan 上举例：“ her products are unusual, many consider these unique" 就是错的，在unique后接products或整个换成them才对。那这句话 “Besides adding complementary flavors to many foods, hot sauces stimulate the release of endorphins in the brain, just as exercise does, and these have a pain-relieving effect like morphine's. ”这里的these确可以当作nouns或者noun phrase用，是为什么呢？感觉不是矛盾的吗。。

2. manhattan 上说” nouns in the possessive case ( with 's or s') are often poor antecedents." 可是紧接着其练习上出现了一道这样的题“ The players' helmets need to be repainted before they are used in Sunday's game." 这句子中they确可以refer to “the players's helmets", 这是为什么呢？我就不能理解了。。。求解答！～

作者: enkyklios 时间: 2013-8-12 11:54

meesh 发表于 2013-8-12 11:44
所以这个these 就是“ the release of endorphins"，与后面的like morphine's对称 ?
是这样的，我刚在 ...

经常有人说考试的时候谁能分析的那么透彻，事实上我们从来都是在讨论的时候才会自觉用语法去分析，
这个these我当时一看就是指代句子，刚才回答你的问题才发现在morphine's的问题
我刚才没有编辑好就保存了一下，these指代the release of ……，我想这样指代应该用this。
所以我还是认为these是指代句子。我刚才说考虑一下还是在考虑‘s的问题

作者: meesh 时间: 2013-8-12 12:05

enkyklios 发表于 2013-8-12 11:54
经常有人说考试的时候谁能分析的那么透彻，事实上我们从来都是在讨论的时候才会自觉用语法去分析，
这个t ...

these我感觉平常做题时只要看到单独出现后面没接任何说明的时候一般会马上把该句归纳为不太正确的选项里。。。如果它不能单独指代noun，那还可以指代句子灭。。好纠结，一般看到these单独出现还是比较awkward的吧。。我觉得gmat考以上那种情况还是比较少的吧。。

作者: enkyklios 时间: 2013-8-12 12:12

meesh 发表于 2013-8-12 12:05
these我感觉平常做题时只要看到单独出现后面没接任何说明的时候一般会马上把该句归纳为不太正确的选项里 ...

平常训练时最大可能的搞清楚，然后做题的时候用一些技巧。这个these问题我还要再查一查资料。很多时候一个问题并不是一劳永逸的搞清楚，都是不断的讨论不断的加深理解。有新的发现互想通知啊

作者: meesh 时间: 2013-8-12 13:54

enkyklios 发表于 2013-8-12 12:12
平常训练时最大可能的搞清楚，然后做题的时候用一些技巧。这个these问题我还要再查一查资料。很多时候一 ...

好的！～～

作者: echolove 时间: 2013-8-12 14:11
zhenhao
xiex

作者: marshadis 时间: 2013-8-13 09:54
谢谢分享~~~

作者: Vivian1091 时间: 2013-8-13 11:49
。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。

作者: Vivian1091 时间: 2013-8-15 07:39

他们的例子：Because it was robbed last month, the door to the house is locked.此处it 在从句中做主语，此处它优先指代the door，把the door带入从句后，发现逻辑出现错误，因此指代错误，这个句子错误

我觉得这个例句的解释并不能让人满意
这个句子的错误并不是因为it优先指代door，而是因为it没有指代。这和介词短语在句首是不同的

您这里说的 it不能指代door，是不是因为，it是状语从句中的，the door是主句主语。但如果是介词短语的话，主句中的成分可以指代介词短语和整个介词结构？这个语法点的规律是什么？下面的例子是不是也是您这里归纳的这一点？

关于D选项this不能裸奔所引发的知识点啊（Ron）：
Because there are provisionsof the new maritime code that provide that even tinv islets can be the basisfor claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas, thev havealready stimulated international disputes overuninhabited islands.

(B) Because the new maritime code provides thateven tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields oflarge sea areas, it has already stimulated
(D) Because even tiny islets can be the basisfor claims to the fisheries and oil fields of largesea areas under provisions of the newmaritime code, this has already stimulated
OA B.
choice (d) uses "this" as a standalone pronoun. that's pretty muchnever acceptable in a formal written sentence.

if you're going to use "this", you shoulduse it as an adjective: this thing,this finding, this statistic, etc.

also, here's some "extra credit" knowledge:
there ARE constructions that can stand for the abstract information in anentire clause (unlike pronouns, which are limited to standing for actualnouns). chief among these are the COMMA + NOUN modifiers.
however, the presence of "because" at the beginning of choice (d)would preclude the use of those modifiers as well.代词指代的都是actual none，有一些结构可以指代前面整个句子的abstractinfo，主要的就是“，+none”结构，但是，如果有because出现就不能用这类modifier了。

here's an example:
studies have shown that X is 60 percent of Y, a findingthat has shocked most observers.
studies have shown that X is 60 percent of Y; thisfinding has shocked most observers.

--> both correct. note that "a finding", following the comma, or"this finding", standing alone after the semicolon, stands for theentirety of the clause that comesbefore it; you couldn't use "which" here,because "which" would automatically refer to Y.

because studieshave shown that X is 60 percent of Y, this finding has shocked mostobservers.
--> incorrect. thepresence of "because" at the beginning of the first clause means youcan't use "this finding" anymore.
[这个错误的结构和D是一样的】
i don't have any idea what the actual rule is here, but i do know with 100%certainty that these constructions are allowed and disallowed respectively.

作者: xiaoshuo199183 时间: 2013-8-15 07:57
总结得非常好~感谢~

作者: 鞋鞋鞋 时间: 2013-8-17 08:28
谢谢楼主分享。。。。。。。。

作者: jjjhhh123 时间: 2013-8-17 15:55
~~~~~~~~~~~~~

作者: Yuggy 时间: 2013-8-24 16:24
thanks for sharing

作者: meesh 时间: 2013-8-24 21:48
顶！！！！

作者: weitongxue3 时间: 2013-8-28 17:57
。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。

作者: DIRK4141 时间: 2013-8-29 11:09
1！！！！！！！！！！！！1111

作者: aeonwei 时间: 2013-9-2 14:24
many thanks

作者: mercurysysu 时间: 2013-9-4 21:00
终于找到上篇了，好好学习学习

作者: shmilhero 时间: 2013-9-8 11:06
先看看

作者: weini3011 时间: 2013-9-8 22:50
11111111111111111111111111111

作者: WJYFIGT 时间: 2013-9-13 10:39
feichangganxie

作者: maojiewen 时间: 2013-9-17 15:44
谢谢分享

作者: heat88 时间: 2013-9-19 13:43
借我看看

作者: KristenWEI 时间: 2013-9-21 15:41
为了Prep 52的疑问。。好好学习中。

作者: zc0408 时间: 2013-9-21 16:12
thanks a lot

作者: mu112131 时间: 2013-9-25 12:44
感谢楼主

作者: petite_ivy 时间: 2013-9-29 15:02
有用！谢谢

作者: alaleiLALA 时间: 2013-10-6 20:57
不错不错，是好东西

作者: bageric 时间: 2013-10-12 14:24
总结的不错，参考参考

作者: tttgmat 时间: 2013-10-12 15:49
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD

作者: ball茶烟尚绿 时间: 2013-10-12 19:07
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作者: Christine07l 时间: 2013-10-14 11:49
学习学习

作者: avocadodo 时间: 2013-10-14 12:54
Thx for sharing!

作者: purplelacus 时间: 2013-10-14 16:18
谢谢啊啊啊

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