天山-4-5 criticisms = unconvinced? - ChaseDream

noting that Archaeopteryx lithographica— the oldest known bird— appears in the fossil record about 150 million years ago, where-

(10) maniraptor theropods— the closest known relatives of birds— date only to about 115 million years ago. But investigators have now uncovered bones that evidently belong to nonavian maniraptors dating to the time of

(15) Archaeopteryx. In any case, failure to find fossils of a predicted kind does not rule out their existence in an undiscovered deposit. Skeptics also argue that the fused clavicles

(20) unfused clavicles of theropods. This objection was reasonable when only early theropod clavicles had been discovered, but fossilized theropod clavicles that look just like the wishbone of Archaeopteryx

(25) have now been unearthed. Finally, some scientists argue that the complex lungs of birds could not have evolved from theropod lungs, an assertion that cannot be supported or falsified at the moment, because no fossil

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Q5:

A. compare the development of two hypotheses concerning the evolutionary origin of birds

B. suggest revisions to the standard theory of the evolutionary history of birds

C. evaluate the usefulness of fossil evidence in determining the evolutionary history of birds

D. challenge the theory that birds evolved from ground-dwelling theropod dinosaurs

E. respond to criticisms of the theory that birds evolved from ground-dwelling theropod dinosaurs

此题给出的答案选E，但偶选了D，原因是E中的criticisms 是不是太严厉了，科学家们只是怀疑而已，没有批评，虽然作者罗列了一些事实，确实是对科学家们的怀疑的一个respond.

还是e对，因为作者是对这些疑问否定态度的，如15行，in any case---, 总体还是批评的态度。希望大家聚叙讨论。

D选项只是站在了criticisms的角度；但文章，其实作者是超然独立，引用论据来评论一方对另一方的criticism，故此E更合适一些。

请问B选项中的 standard theory 是不是指birds evolved from ground-dwelling theropod dinosaurs，？？

我觉得本文作者并不是完全独立于事外，他还是比较倾向于原来的意见。个人想法。

由原文看來standard theory 是指birds evolved from ground-dwelling theropod dinosaurs,

但是the author的中心是以birds evolved from ground-dwelling theropod dinosaurs為論據

我覺得關鍵應該是"suggest revisions"，the author just cites others evidences to reject scientists

同意作者倾向于为恐龙变鸟的理论辩护。从L12 和 L23两个BUT的强转折及L28～31强调“反正古生物学记录里就没见过化石肺”可以看出作者倾向。

B错，因为作者只为恐龙变鸟的理论辩护，并没有谈到什么standard theory，也没有建议revise the other theories。

In any case, failure to find fossils of a predicted kind does not rule out their existence in an undiscovered deposit.
意思是：未能发现某种推测物种的化石，并不能排除其存在于未知埋藏地的可能。

Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as an argument made by scientists
who are unconvinced that birds evolved from theropod dinosaurs?

A. There are no known theropod dinosaur fossils dating from a period after the time of Archaeopteryx.

B. There are no known theropod dinosaur fossils that indicate the structure of those dinosaurs’ lungs.

E.Theropod dinosaurs had certain bones that look just like those of Archaeopteryx. Answer:

Although many lines of evidence indicate that birds evolved from ground-dwelling theropod dinosaurs, some scientists remain unconvinced.
尽管有很多证据表明鸟源自陆生兽脚恐龙，但一些科学家仍有异议。

They argue that theropods appeared too late to have given rise to birds, noting that Archaeopteryx lithographica— the oldest known bird— appears in the fossil record about 150 million years ago, where-as the fossil remains of various nonavian maniraptor theropods— the closest known relatives of birds— date only to about 115 million years ago.
他们认为，兽脚恐龙的出现较鸟类还要晚些。

But investigators have now uncovered bones that evidently belong to nonavian maniraptors dating to the time of Archaeopteryx.
但调查发现了一类兽脚恐龙的骨骼，他们于始祖鸟同代。

In any case, failure to find fossils of a predicted kind does not rule out their existence in an undiscovered deposit.
无论如何，未能发现某种推测物种的化石，并不能排除其存在于未知埋藏地的可能。

Skeptics also argue that the fused clavicles (the “wishbone”) of birds differ from the unfused clavicles of theropods.
持怀疑态度的人还认为鸟和兽脚恐龙的锁骨不同。

This objection was reasonable when only early theropod clavicles had been discovered, but fossilized theropod clavicles that look just like the wishbone of Archaeopteryx have now been unearthed.
只有在早起兽脚恐龙的锁骨被发现时，这一异议才能成立，但已有化石仅表明其锁骨类似于始祖鸟的。

Finally, some scientists argue that the complex lungs of birds could not have evolved from theropod lungs, an assertion that cannot be supported or falsified at the moment, because no fossil lungs are preserved in the paleontological record.
最后，肺有差异一点，也没有考古发现支持。

Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as an argument made by scientists who are unconvinced that birds evolved from theropod dinosaurs?

A. There are no known theropod dinosaur fossils dating from a period after the time of Archaeopteryx. 反

B. There are no known theropod dinosaur fossils that indicate the structure of those dinosaurs’ lungs. 反

C. Theropod dinosaurs appear in the fossil record about 150 million years ago. 反

E.Theropod dinosaurs had certain bones that look just like those of Archaeopteryx. 反

以下是引用wangyu73cn在2005-7-21 12:06:00的发言：

Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as an argument made by scientists who are unconvinced that birds evolved from theropod dinosaurs?

A. There are no known theropod dinosaur fossils dating from a period after the time of Archaeopteryx. 反

B. There are no known theropod dinosaur fossils that indicate the structure of those dinosaurs’ lungs. 反

C. Theropod dinosaurs appear in the fossil record about 150 million years ago. 反

D. Theropod dinosaurs did not have fused clavicles. 是论据

E.Theropod dinosaurs had certain bones that look just like those of Archaeopteryx. 反

   Although many lines of evidence indicate
   that birds evolved from ground-dwelling
   theropod dinosaurs, some scientists remain
Line unconvinced. They argue that theropods
(5) appeared too late to have given rise to birds,

noting that Archaeopteryx lithographica—the
oldest known bird—appears in the fossil
record about 150 million years ago, whereas
the fossil remains of various nonavian
(10) maniraptor theropods—the closest known
relatives of birds—date only to about 115
million years ago. But investigators have
now uncovered bones that evidently belong
to nonavian maniraptors dating to the time of
(15) Archaeopteryx. In any case, failure to find
fossils of a predicted kind does not rule out
their existence in an undiscovered deposit.
Skeptics also argue that the fused clavicles
(the “wishbone”) of birds differ from the
(20) unfused clavicles of theropods. This
objection was reasonable when only early
theropod clavicles had been discovered,
but fossilized theropod clavicles that look
just like the wishbone of Archaeopteryx
(25) have now been unearthed. Finally, some
scientists argue that the complex lungs of
birds could not have evolved from theropod
lungs, an assertion that cannot be supported
or falsified at the moment, because no fossil
(30) lungs are preserved in the paleontological
record.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

In the context of the passage, the phrase “fossils of a predicted kind” (line 16) most likely
refers to which of the following?
A. Theropod fossils with fused clavicles
B. Theropod fossils that are similar in structure to Archaeopteryx fossils

C. Theropod fossils dating back more than 150 million years
D. Fossils indicating the structure of theropod lungs
E. Fossils indicating the structure of Archaeopteryx lungs

那话的上面是有关于化石的年代的，文中说到dating to the time of Archaeopteryx,那只能说明是150，不可能是more than 150

而那句话下面说的关于clavicles的，just like the wishbone(fused clavicles) of Archaeopteryx have now been unearthed.,所以我认为A更加正确。

They argue that theropods
(5) appeared too late to have given rise to birds,
15
noting that Archaeopteryx lithographica—the
oldest known bird—appears in the fossil
record about 150 million years ago, whereas
the fossil remains of various nonavian
(10) maniraptor theropods—the closest known
relatives of birds—date only to about 115
million years ago. 怀疑者认为始祖鸟化石发现再150million年前，而那种獣115million所以怀疑鸟不是起源于那种獣But investigators have
now uncovered bones that evidently belong
to nonavian maniraptors dating to the time of
(15) Archaeopteryx.现在发现那种獣的骨头再始祖鸟的时期有，也就是150million年的那个时期，写到者作者其实暗含着假设：既然说鸟起源于那种獣，那么那种獣的化石肯定要比鸟还早，但现在没有发现比150million更早的那种獣的化石。解下来引出下面一句，没发现不代表没有。所以预测的化石指的是比150million早的獣的化石。否则不能反对怀疑者的论点 In any case, failure to find
fossils of a predicted kind does not rule out
their existence in an undiscovered deposit.

以下是引用a-ga在2005-7-4 22:16:00的发言：
求助--In any case, failure to find fossils of a predicted kind does not rule out their existence in an undiscovered deposit.請問這句該怎麼解讀??我轉不過來.謝先了!

在任何情况下,没有找到预测的物种化石不能否认它们的存在(转义,原文是不能证明这些化石在没有被发现的废墟中)

以下是引用wangyu73cn在2005-7-21 12:06:00的发言：

Skeptics also argue that the fused clavicles (the “wishbone”) of birds differ from the unfused clavicles of theropods.
持怀疑态度的人还认为鸟和兽脚恐龙的锁骨不同。

Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as an argument made by scientists who are unconvinced that birds evolved from theropod dinosaurs?

A. There are no known theropod dinosaur fossils dating from a period after the time of Archaeopteryx. 反

B. There are no known theropod dinosaur fossils that indicate the structure of those dinosaurs’ lungs. 反

C. Theropod dinosaurs appear in the fossil record about 150 million years ago. 反

D. Theropod dinosaurs did not have fused clavicles. 是论据

E.Theropod dinosaurs had certain bones that look just like those of Archaeopteryx. 反

可是原文只说了differ from,并没有说did not have 啊,这是怎么回事呢?请nn们指教

Although many lines of evidence indicate
that birds evolved from ground-dwelling
theropod dinosaurs, some scientists remain
unconvinced. They argue that theropods
(5) appeared too late to have given rise to birds,
noting that Archaeopteryx lithographica – the
oldest known bird – appears in the fossil
record about 150 million years ago, where
-as the fossil remains of various nonavian
(10) maniraptor theropods – the closest known
relatives of birds – date only to about 115
million years ago. But investigators have
now uncovered bones that evidently belong
to nonavian maniraptors dating to the time of
(15) Archaeopteryx. In any case, failure to find
fossils of a predicted kind does not rule out
their existence in an undiscovered deposit.
Skeptics also argue that the fused clavicles
(the “wishbone”) of birds differ from the
(20) unfused clavicles of theropods. This
objection was reasonable when only early
theropod clavicles had been discovered,
but fossilized theropod clavicles that look
just like the wishbone of Archaeopteryx
(25) have now been unearthed. Finally, some
scientists argue that the complex lungs of
birds could not have evolved from theropod
lungs, an assertion that cannot be supported
or falsified at the moment, because no fossil
(30) lungs are preserved in the paleontological
record.

T-4-Q6

In the context of the passage, the phrase “fossils of a predicted kind”(line 16) most likely refers to which of the following?

why A? 我选了c，作者说fossiles of a predicted kind是否定前面科学家的怀疑，而A的clavicles在后面，似乎和这个没什么关系啊...

1、C选项more than错，原文说about 150 million years ago 和dating to the time,不一定是150m years以前

2、A中fossils with错，原文说找到fossilized clavicles而不是fossils with clavicles

B对，原文那句是承上启下，既说150m ago左右的fossil又说后面的clavicles