8. Of 2,500 people who survived a first heart attack, those who did not smoke had their first heart attack at a median age of 62. However, of those 2,500, people who smoked two packs of cigarettes a day had their first heart attack at a median age of 51. On the basis of this information, it can be concluded that nonsmokers tend to have a first heart attack eleven years later than do people who smoke two packs of cigarettes a day.
The conclusion is incorrectly drawn from the information given because this information does not include
(A) the relative severity of heart attacks suffered by smokers and nonsmokers
(B) the nature of the different medical treatments that smokers and nonsmokers received after they had survived their first heart attack
(C) how many of the 2,500 people studied suffered a second heart attack
(D) the earliest age at which a person who smoked two packs a day had his or her first heart attack（E）
(E) data on people who did not survive a first heart attack
我对此问题的理解：举例来说：
张不抽烟，62岁第一次发作心脏病
李抽烟， 51岁第一次发作心脏病
-----à张比李晚11年。
问论证错误出在哪。
我觉得是错误不确定双方的年龄啊，如果张比李大11岁，他们就会在同一年第一次发作心脏病。
但答案是：没包括第一次发作心脏病就去世的人的data. 好像不相关啊。不管去不去世，只要知道年龄就可以了啊
"Of 2,500 people who survived a first heart attack"
攻击与统计数字调查相关的题目的一个典型做法是，攻击数据UNREPRESENTATIVE.
这里E 对数据的代表性提出质疑, 因为这里的结论没有说是针对那些who survied a first heart attack, 而是一个general的结论(non-smoker, people who smoke)
喔，原来需要如此地细心啊。因为数学不好，一看到数字就紧张的不得了，忘了更重要的东西了！
...我把重点放在median 预想的答案是average有关的 对E没有感觉...
哦 哦哦哦哦哦哦哦哦哦哦哦哦哦哦哦哦哦
Of 2,500 people who survived a first heart attack, those who did not smoke had their first heart attack at a median age of 62. However, of those 2,500, people who smoked two packs of cigarettes a day had their first heart attack at a median age of 51. On the basis of this information, it can be concluded that nonsmokers tend to have a first heart attack eleven years later than do people who smoke two packs of cigarettes a day.
刚做到这个题没想到大家进度差不多啊哈哈。。。俺也来理解一下，现象一，在2500人中从第一次H.A中活过来的人（加了限制），同时这些人又是不吸烟的，他们的平均H.A.的年龄是62.现象二说的是2500人中抽烟的平均H.A.的年龄是51（无现象一的限制）。所以现象一和二之间有一个gap。而结论的推论方法是是inductive（归纳推论法）错在了，从这两个有gap的现象中推出的。 所以结论一定是错误的。而此题相当于问的是如果结论正确，前提应该包括哪些现象？所以D的内容应该被扩展到前提中去。
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