The term “episodic memory” was
introduced by Tulving to refer to what he----
considered a uniquely human capacity—
Line the ability to recollect specific past events,
(5) to travel back into the past in one’s own
mind—as distinct from the capacity simply
to use information acquired through past
experiences. Subsequently, Clayton et al.
developed criteria to test for episodic-------
(10) memory in animals. According to these
criteria, episodic memories are not of
individual bits of information; they involve
multiple components of a single event
“bound” together. Clayton sought to------
(15) examine evidence of scrub jays’ accurate
memory of “what,” “where,” and “when”
information and their binding of this infor-
mation. In the wild, these birds store food
for retrieval later during periods of food
(20) scarcity. Clayton’s experiment required
jays to remember the type, location, and
freshness of stored food based on a unique
learning event. Crickets were stored in one
location and peanuts in another. Jays
(25) prefer crickets, but crickets degrade
more quickly. Clayton’s birds switched------
their preference from crickets to peanuts
once the food had been stored for a certain
length of time, showing that they retain
(30) information about the what, the where,
and the when. Such experiments cannot,-----
however, reveal whether the birds were
reexperiencing the past when retrieving the
information. Clayton acknowledged this by
using the term “episodic-like” memory
Q4:
The primary purpose of the passage is to(是选Ｂ 吗）
Q7: (a 还是e)
It can be inferred from the passage that both Tulving and Clayton would agree with which of the following statements?
The term “episodic memory” was introduced by Tulving to refer to what he considered a uniquely human capacity，the ability to recollect specific past events, to travel back into the past in one’s own mind—as distinct from the capacity simply to use information acquired through past experiences.
第一句说明了Tulving的概念，即“episodic memory”是专属于人类的，这种能力不仅指简单利用过去的信息，而且指能将信息综合成对过去事件的再现。
Subsequently, Clayton et al developed criteria to test for episodic memory in animals.
第二句，Clayton等人则试图定义动物的episodic memory。其实这里的动物的episodic memory已与Tulving 所指的人类的“episodic memory”有些不同了，是在原来基础上，进一步发展的新认知。而本文就是强调介绍了这种新认知。
According to these criteria, episodic memories are not of individual bits of information; they involve multiple components of a single event “bound” together.
第三句，进一步阐述了新认知中对episodic memories的理解标准，实际上在此标准方面和Tulving基本没有区别。即都确认了“简单利用过去信息”和“将信息综合成对过去事件再现”这两种能力。
Clayton sought to examine evidence of scrub jays’ accurate memory of “what,” “where,” and “when” information and their binding of this information.
第四句是说Clayton力求对scrub jays的两种能力进行实验确认。
In the wild, these birds store food for retrieval later during periods of food scarcity.
第五句介绍这些鸟的特点，即能反映物体、地点和时间这三方面信息。
Clayton’s experiment required jays to remember the type, location, and freshness of stored food based on a unique learning event.
第六句介绍实验内容。
Crickets were stored in one location and peanuts in another.
第七句介绍实验标的物。
Jays prefer crickets, but crickets degrade more quickly.
第八句介绍鸟的偏好差异。
Clayton’s birds switched their preference from crickets to peanuts once the food had been stored for a certain length of time, showing that they retain information about the what, the where, and the when.
第九句是说鸟的偏好反映其对不同物体、地点和时间的确认能力，即第一种能力。
Such experiments cannot, however, reveal whether the birds were reexperiencing the past when retrieving the information.
第十句是说实验并不能证明鸟表现了第二种能力。
Clayton acknowledged this by using the term “episodic-like” memory.
第十一句是说Clayton也承认这一点实验缺陷，从而将这种记忆能力进一步定义为“episodic-like” memory，而其论点未发生根本转变
由上述，可将文章分为层次，第1句是提出一个概念。第2、3句提出文章中心论题。第4－9句是说实验情况。第10、11提出实验的缺陷。
Q4:
The primary purpose of the passage is to(是选Ｂ 吗)
A. explain how the findings of a particular experiment have been interpreted and offer an alternative interpretation. 没有其他解释出现，只是一种修正罢了。
B. describe a particular experiment and point out one of its limitations. 文章重点就是对新的认知进行论述。
所以，建议答案为B。
Q7: (a 还是e)
It can be inferred from the passage that both Tulving and Clayton would agree with which of the following statements? 相同点。第一人是，第二人是
所以，建议答案为A。
以上请指正。
The term “episodic memory” was introduced by Tulving to refer to what he considered a uniquely human capacity，the ability to recollect specific past events, to travel back into the past in one’s own mind—as distinct from the capacity simply to use information acquired through past experiences.
第一句说明了Tulving的概念，即“episodic memory”是专属于人类的，这种能力不仅指简单利用过去的信息，而且指能将信息综合成对过去事件的再现。
Subsequently, Clayton et al developed criteria to test for episodic memory in animals.
第二句，Clayton等人则试图定义动物的episodic memory。其实这里的动物的episodic memory已与Tulving 所指的人类的“episodic memory”有些不同了，是在原来基础上，进一步发展的新认知。而本文就是强调介绍了这种新认知。
According to these criteria, episodic memories are not of individual bits of information; they involve multiple components of a single event “bound” together.
第三句，进一步阐述了新认知中对episodic memories的理解标准，实际上在此标准方面和Tulving基本没有区别。即都确认了“简单利用过去信息”和“将信息综合成对过去事件再现”这两种能力。
Clayton sought to examine evidence of scrub jays’ accurate memory of “what,” “where,” and “when” information and their binding of this information.
第四句是说Clayton力求对scrub jays的两种能力进行实验确认。
In the wild, these birds store food for retrieval later during periods of food scarcity.
第五句介绍这些鸟的特点，即能反映物体、地点和时间这三方面信息。
Clayton’s experiment required jays to remember the type, location, and freshness of stored food based on a unique learning event.
第六句介绍实验内容。
Crickets were stored in one location and peanuts in another.
第七句介绍实验标的物。
Jays prefer crickets, but crickets degrade more quickly.
第八句介绍鸟的偏好差异。
Clayton’s birds switched their preference from crickets to peanuts once the food had been stored for a certain length of time, showing that they retain information about the what, the where, and the when.
第九句是说鸟的偏好反映其对不同物体、地点和时间的确认能力，即第一种能力。
Such experiments cannot, however, reveal whether the birds were reexperiencing the past when retrieving the information.
第十句是说实验并不能证明鸟表现了第二种能力。
Clayton acknowledged this by using the term “episodic-like” memory.
第十一句是说Clayton也承认这一点实验缺陷，从而将这种记忆能力进一步定义为“episodic-like” memory，而其论点未发生根本转变
由上述，可将文章分为层次，第1句是提出一个概念。第2、3句提出文章中心论题。第4－9句是说实验情况。第10、11提出实验的缺陷。
Q4:
The primary purpose of the passage is to(是选Ｂ 吗)
A. explain how the findings of a particular experiment have been interpreted and offer an alternative interpretation. 没有其他解释出现，只是一种修正罢了。
B. describe a particular experiment and point out one of its limitations. 文章重点就是对新的认知进行论述。
所以，建议答案为B。
Q7: (a 还是e)
It can be inferred from the passage that both Tulving and Clayton would agree with which of the following statements? 相同点。第一人是，第二人是
所以，建议答案为A。
以上请指正。
谢谢大哥,我明白了.还谢谢你把整篇文章都分析了一遍,获益非浅
WANGYU好耶！！
完全赞同！
The term “episodic memory” was
introduced by Tulving to refer to what he
considered a uniquely human capacity— 人类专有
Line
the
ability to recollect specific past events,
(5)to
travel back into the past
in one’s ownr 特点是travel back ，及后文的reexperiencing
mind—as distinct from the
capacity simply 不同于只bind过去的经验，
to use information acquired through
past
experiences.
Subsequently,
Clayton et al. 此后Clayton把此理论测试于动物
developed
criteria to test for episodic
(10) memory in animals.
According to these
criteria, episodic memories are not of
individual bits of information; they involve
multiple components of a single event
“bound” together. Clayton sought to
(15) examine evidence of scrub jays’ accurate
memory of “what,” “where,” and “when”
information and their binding of this infor-
mation. In the wild, these birds store food
for retrieval later during periods of food
(20) scarcity. Clayton’s experiment required
jays to remember the type, location, and
freshness of stored food based on a
unique
learning event. Crickets were stored in one
location and peanuts in another. Jays
(25) prefer crickets, but crickets degrade
more quickly. Clayton’s birds switched
their preference from crickets to peanuts
once the food had been stored for a certain
length of time, showing that they retain
(30) information about the what, the where,
and the when. Such experiments cannot,
however, reveal whether the birds were 结论是此理论测试于动物，不能得出动物
reexperiencing the past when retrieving the 也reexperiencing the past
information.
Clayton acknowledged this by
using the term “episodic-like”
memory.
It can be
inferred from the passage that both Tulving and Clayton would agree with which
of the following statements?
Tulving“as distinct from the capacity simply to use information acquired through pastexperiences”
Tulving“as distinct from the capacity simply to use information acquired through pastexperiences”
I chose E first, now I think A is correct.
问题是”would", 仅问对一个观点看法。 T虽没提animal 的事， 并不表他不能对观点判断。 他提出的term 含“ to recollect specific past events, to travel back into the past in one's own mind". 两个条件。 当然他同意A。
E： Clayton 没证明动物能binding info. 相反， 文章中说”cannot reveal reexpericencing",意思不能binding info together. 正因为些， C acknowleged "episodi-like". 所以C 不能同意E。
支持A但是和weiyu斑竹不同，我理解的是reexperience是与binding同意思的
The term “episodic memory” was
introduced by Tulving to refer to what he
considered a uniquely human capacity—
Line the ability to
recollect[DS1] specific past events,
(5) to travel back into the past in one’s own
mind—as distinct from the capacity simply
to use information acquired through past
experiences. Subsequently, Clayton et al.
developed criteria to test for episodic
(10) memory in animals. According to these
criteria, episodic memories are not of
individual bits of information; they involve
multiple components of a single event
“bound” together. Clayton sought to
(15) examine evidence of scrub jays’ accurate
memory of “what,” “where,” and “when”
information and their binding of this infor-
mation[DS2] . In the wild, these birds store food
for retrieval later during periods of food
(20) scarcity. Clayton’s experiment required
jays to remember the type, location, and
freshness of stored food based on a unique
learning event. Crickets were stored in one
location and peanuts in another. Jays
(25) prefer crickets, but crickets degrade
more quickly. Clayton’s birds switched
their preference from crickets to peanuts
once the food had been stored for a certain
length of time, showing that they retain
(30) information about the what, the where,
and the when. Such experiments cannot,
however, reveal whether the birds were
reexperiencing the past when retrieving the
information.
首先清楚一点reexperience和recollect是一个意思，都是EM这种记忆的一个特征
兰色部分是Clyton这个人开始研究了，紫色表示他证明出了前部分“what,where,and when”，绿色部分的however表示他没有证明出来后面的部分，文中最后一句“Clayton acknowledged this by using the term “episodic-like” memory.”说明他自己也看出了鸟的Memory是和人不同的（前一个人的观点），只能够collect information而有可能不能够recollect information/experience the past
补充一下，can not reveal whether的意思是实验结果不能说明“是否有这种能力”所以主旨题4题选B，Clyton科学家也承认实验有缺陷，所以有可能鸟儿没有这种能力，所以称他们为“episodic-like” memory
这篇文章的答案我选BCEA
这样说来，第6题就该选E，A控制不同的腐败时间是不对的，至于C，见楼上也是不对的，鸟是没有binding/recollect/reexprience的功能的
至于没有很多人选E的原因是因为都没有去分析这一句话
Clayton’s experiment required
jays to remember the type, location, and
freshness of stored food based on a unique
learning event
这是一个实验：Clayton通过不同的事件让鸟去记住了where,when,what
在选择实验中，鸟儿就能根据对不同事件的记忆记得两种东东的位置
证明鸟儿有前面的那种功能，但是鸟儿是没有reexpeirence功能的
所以该选E：distinguish one learning event from a subsequent learning event
和战友们讨论一下这篇文章的主旨，第一问的主旨题 有没有人支持D的？
我好像觉得这个文章的主题，主要是在说Clayton不同意Tulving的观点。他稍稍再定义了一下episodic memory 的 criteria，然后就用一个实验证明了鸟类符合episodic memory 的 criteria，也就是Tulving的观点不对。T认为unique to human的东西Clayton认为动物也能做到，他开始实验时的初始目的就很明确——证明一下鸟类是不是能把所有的what when...都搞清楚，结果成功了。我个人觉得最最后的那个句子不是全文的重点，他只是告诉大家，当然我们不可能知道鸟类是不是思维经历了一个reexperience，但是他说他至少可以证明鸟类有一个相似的memory，鸟类的理解不是single的片面，而是各方面联系在一起的。所以全文的重点还是他通过这个实验否定了Tulving的观点，证明了鸟类有similar的episodic-like memory，所以T在第一句讲的那个unique to human 的观点不对
也就是说全文的主旨是D选项
请大家指正我一下
| 欢迎光临 ChaseDream (https://forum.chasedream.com/) | Powered by Discuz! X3.3 |