IR好难啊我觉得我要跪了。。。JJ里面的挺多的，RNA那道，carry-on luggage饼图那道（不过都没时间了乱选的T_T），各个国家生产粮食 有一道巨恶心的multi。有个forum，关于organic/nonorganic farm，列了一个表，里面是两个的不同特点。一个speaker 说了五点，好像是支持non-organic，另一个说了五点，好像是支持organic 还有一道，一个人说国家raise fund来修桥很浪费，有些人说要保持它原来的风貌更浪费钱，虽然修桥很urgent但这个方式来fundraising不好。另一个人说但是这些桥必须要修才能保证安全，总不能把桥都关了等有了钱再来修吧。问题是他们两个disagree on how____the fundrasing, but agree on how ___ the repair. 选项有unlikely,possible, urgent,还有两个不记得了。。完全乱猜的
语法，有一道是美国小孩经常看到cereal 的广告什么什么“ during breakfast" or as snacks during daytime. 引号部分划线，但划线之前没有as，下面的选项也没有有as的，有些什么 when they are having breakfast ，我就选了A 有一道有破折号中间插入解释的，破折号后面的谓语应该和主语一致 还有一道 “Group of people/ People/ Diversity of people/Group” involved in XXX is as diverse as La*#%（一个单词组不认识，可能是说当地的人？）我好像选的是group of people? 记不太清了
逻辑，经过我的艰难回忆。。。1. 政府准备在一个地方修建一栋很高的公寓楼，但是周围的居民反对，因为这么多人来了之后会导致traffic on the street堵塞。但是政府说，这里离地铁站很近，所以这些人都不需要车。问weaken政府的理由的。我选的 有大部分住得离地铁站更近的人都有车 2. 有一个实验，给一些人a variety of snacks, 给另一些人只有corn chips, 在实验之前问他们，都觉得能够有a variety of snacks可以选择的人会更满意，但是结果发现只有corn chips的人更满意。好像是问assumption，不记得选项了 3. 有一个地方的环保主义者开始把那些他们认为是non-native 的植物弄走以保护环境，但是有一些他们认为是外来者带来的non-native植物其实在几千年前的化石中有发现，是native的，其中就有一种S植物。S植物非常invasive，科学家们认为这种native的植物才是在破坏环境。好像问的是support科学家的观点作者: ericxin 时间: 2013-3-14 05:21
谢谢楼主，沾点喜气啊作者: RomanNYU 时间: 2013-3-14 06:17
感谢楼主，你在哪个纽约考点考得？作者: 绯舞 时间: 2013-3-14 06:50
我住queens，在 rego park 的考点考的作者: Bolivia2012 时间: 2013-3-14 07:59
恭喜楼主啊。。
V2 3）是发现火山和某种东西oxxx xxxxxx的形成关系，科学家找了很多indirect的evidence其中提到有个an opening of earth surface 有题 还有一题的选项也是
V3(V26) 2讲copper deposite，超长，估计有五十多行，一屏幕半，第一段定义了下，第二段讲说什么这个东西和火山是由关系的，但是从已经知道的科学知识又发现时不可能 有关系的，然后就提议说可以找indirect的联系，第三段讲copper的一种证实说在形成的时候有 the opening of the earth's surface,所以是与火山有关的，这一段里面有个高亮的，但是忘了是什么了，最后一段还举了个例子说太平洋还是什么的trim是很活动的，且是由火山 地震多发的，但是copper又??????反正就是说有关系了
2.1.1. lava V1 by easy2010(2/25/2011) 第二个是lava特别和某星球的rilly有关 有反驳不是这样 辩护如果。。。样那应该。。。样 事实却相反 v2 by Tinayamap(2/25/2011) 还有一篇是Mars和lunar上的lava什么可能是形成的岩浆。。。不晓得。。的对比。 V3 by gesteven (02/25/2011 北美620，Q47 V28) 1. 有一篇是讲神马火山岩浆的，说岩浆分了多少种，忘了…… V4 by sammm (v34)(2/26/11) 阅读: 1）很短，一段，具体内容记不清了。。有主旨题。讲一种什么物质，跟Mars有关的 V5 by lhq8820 (2/25/11) 3、完全没看懂的一片。主要讲larva什么的。我词汇有限，一直记得那个东西是幼虫的意思呀，但看到最后，好像整篇文章在讲一种类似岩石这类的东西一样，总之没看懂。这个词也不一定正确，大概是这个构造。原谅我...这篇确实做得超郁闷。 1：主要说科学家一直研究一种lava（又称C）是什么东西。有人认为C和一种I的物质是一样的。 2：反驳第一段的观点，就说C什么冷却快，还是什么的哦... V6 by cyy鬼鬼 (51,35) 3/1/11 1.Mars 上有一种C开头的lava，以前呢科学家一直觉得它是rilly（lunar上常见的）的一种，然后后来说它其实很特殊，根本不是那个的一种，是一种新的！然后就说了它的很多特点，就是什么东西比较低，然后所以就什么流的慢还是什么的，然后凝固的也很慢，可以让里面的东西沉淀下来，而且也会形成很长的东西。还说这个C的特点，和地球上有一种rare carbonized lava是一样的！ （1）只记得有一道问地球上那个carbonized lava 有什么特点？就定位最后两句话，说那个C的low 【】，然后这个low【】和地球上那个是一样的，就选这个low 【】。具体单词不记得了。 （2）哦还有。最后一句话高亮了，就是它moving slowly什么的，问作用。我选的是“来解释为什么会有东西deposit下来” V7 by 七鸿朱砂 Q48 V27 620 3/1/2011 第二篇记忆有些模糊，说的是火星上的一种岩浆，分了三四段好像。结构就是举了一个理论，接着再举别的证据反驳这个理论。这一篇读第一遍时候结构没看得那么清晰，中间很多however, 大家见到了仔细记一下细节梳理下结构。 第三篇很长很长，一屏半吧。。这篇内容也没有太难。。可是目前我怎么想不起来了。。。。。 V8 by zznn1988 3/16/2011 M51 V36 2.1.1. lava 题 carbonized lava 有什么特点 就是选low (意思是慢流动率） 还有一题我忘了问什么了，好像主旨 问我的选项里有is cxx, not rxx（不是这样拼的，不认识这个词啊，r开头的） 最后一句话高亮 问moving slowlyxx,问作者mention这个是为了suggest what。我选的是 为了explain xx最后deposit as sediment. V9 by zch19883012 m50 v40 750 3/16/2011 金星岩浆的就是几个专业的词有点绕，其他的还好，逻辑结构很清晰，就是有一题，那个最后高亮的，好像是说火星岩浆流动的慢，in order to什么的，选的是能够deposit神马的，反正就是沉积之类的，有点迷惑，考的时候注意下 V10 by alexiameizi 690 3/16/2011 [月度]lava 这东西是Venus和Moon上的，一种理论认为这玩意儿和一种ordinary的岩石or一种岩石which is hotter and 神马（adj）很像，这里有考题，还有理论认为不是的。然后失忆。还有一句话我记得在最后一段，有考题，说某种岩石只有地球上有，是加强题，我选的是那岩石里也有地球上岩石的物质。还有就是有一个理论不成立是因为岩浆的量没有大到一定程度，即使达到了，也不可能，因为这样会覆盖在另一层之上，我们就不可能发现那一层 V11by 760， M 51, V41 3， Venus上lava那篇 还有mars water 那篇, 记得有点混了 a, 写作手法(应该是mars那篇）， lz 选的是提出一种现象，给出一种解释，而后又对这种解释提出质疑 b, mars 那篇,作者同意那个说法， lz 选的是那些沟渠是water under the surpace冲击形成的（文中对应subsurface) c, 两个都问了 主旨题，不难 v12 by tracychenli 730 3/22/2011 lava 的那个虽然我有词不认识。。DEMO!LZ大学science curriculum选的是earth science！。有帮助哎！ 说那个canali是venus上的一种lava，它的特点是粘度(visocity）比较低，所以流的远，还说了它的meander很浅，所以一旦喷发，岩浆都会溢出来什么的（学过哎！）然后这种canali在其他lunar rilly是没有的。。然后地球上和这个相似的就是carbonized lava和XXXX也叫kilom。。什么的lava，区别就是不能像canali那样流一定的距离。。。 最后一段有个高亮，说是它流的很慢的作用。。。我选的也是沉淀什么的 还有第一题，我选的是canali在venus比在lunar上要充足。。。其它的看看都不对嘛。。。 其他题目暂时想不起来了。。。 有空的同学可以科普一下http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/EPO/Bray/bray1.pdf P.S.和月度JJ的2.1.6是一个东西呢,...作者: 绯舞 时间: 2013-3-15 06:43
好像都不是。。
那篇文章说的是under the sea 的火山，有说lava怎么melt怎么形成，然后说它会在往上的过程中和周围的物质发生元素交换什么的，但是这种痕迹只在较深（或者是较浅）的地方有，另外一段就没有。第二段，有科学家猜测是因为速度太快了来不及交换，但是实验证明在那种压强下是不可能快的。然后又提出一种假设说是之前交换完了，就不再交换了
2.2.1. ★火山熔岩的来由 V1 duke3d001 750, wade777, echosweet 700 & yueqianchen 关键词：45KM, Olivine, Orthopyroxene (referenced by gitarrelieber)。这篇文章的题目不难，狗的骨架也很清晰。 第一段讲火山爆发来源于Mantle中的Lava，而Lava来源于Melt ，Melt在向地表上升的过程中会与Mantle中的Rock反应并不断互相交换物质、变化结构，即吸收Orthopyroxene并排出Olivine。 第二段说一个跟理论不太相符的事情，一种海底里的lava sample，在距离地表45千米突然发现已经停止这种物质交换，Melt的结构不变了。一种假设是那里的Mantle太松散了，使Melt无法与他们接触并交换物质，但立即被否定了(因为45KM还很深东西都很软，没有裂缝)。另一种假设是Melt在之前的上升过程中已经吸收了足够的Orthopyroxene， 并将能排出的Olivine都排了，无法继续反应。 1 darkchoco 710是什么可以证明这种exchange的存在：熔岩的成分 2 gyz12 740 一道文章最后句定位：Olivine的用完了,exchange就停止了 3 gyz12 740 一道是选chemical composition为特征 sashimiyuki 720 V37 选“lab experiments” indicate 那个melt 的变化的，没有选chemical composition, 细节题定位后决定的，确认后到现在还没有深深后悔过 4 tianmo0512 是什么发生反应：选melt 5 feifeizoe 750 V39 文中什么情况下描述了那种正常的exchange：lab experiment中实现了那种现象 6 The author mention “the melt to rise so rapidly” in order to：提出了一种hypothesis，这种hypothesis在后面被反驳
(疑似)原文未缩减 gitarrelieber (sereneys 730 V40 基本确认) 节选自The Origin of the Land under the Sea (Scientific American Magazine @ February 2009) Author: Peter B. Kelemen
Knowledge of the intense heat and pressure in the mantle led researchers to hypothesize in the late 1960s that ocean crust originates as tiny amounts of liquid rock known as melt—almost as though the solid rocks were “sweating.” Even a minuscule release of pressure (because of material rising from its original position) causes melt to form in microscopic pores deep within the mantle rock. Explaining how the rock sweat gets to the surface was more difficult. Melt is less dense than the mantle rocks in which it forms, so it will constantly try to migrate upward, toward regions of lower pressure. But what laboratory experiments revealed about the chemical composition of melt did not seem to match up with the composition of rock samples collected from the mid-ocean ridges, where eruptedmelt hardens. Using specialized equipment to heat and squeeze crystals from mantle rocks in the laboratory, investigators learned that the chemical composition of melt in the mantle varies depending on the depth at which it forms; the composition is controlled by an exchange of atoms between the melt and the minerals that makeup the solid rock it passes through. The experiments revealed that as melt rises, it dissolves one kind of mineral, orthopyroxene, and precipitates, or leaves behind, another mineral, olivine. Researchers could thus infer that the higher in the mantle melt formed, the more orthopyroxene it would dissolve, and the more olivine it would leave behind.(melt上升时， 溶解Ort产生Oli, 所以melt higher， 溶解的Ort越多，产生的/留在身后的Oli也越多) Comparing these experimental findings with lava samples from the mid-ocean ridges revealed that almost all of them have the composition of melts that formed at depths greater than 45kilometers. This conclusion spurred a lively debate about how meltis able to rise through tens of kilometers of overlying rock while preserving the composition appropriate for a greater depth. If melt rose slowly in smallpores in the rock, as researchers suspected, it would be logical to assume that all melts would reflect the composition of the fashallowest part of the mantle,at 10 kilometers or less. Yet the composition of most mid-ocean ridge lavas amples suggests their source melt migrated through the uppermost 45 kilometers of the mantle without dissolving any orthopyroxene from the surrounding rock. But how? （疑大概为狗狗第一段的背景内容）
In the early 1970s scientists proposed an answer: the melt must make the last leg of its upward journey along enormous cracks. Open cracks would allow the melt to rise so rapidly that it would not have time to interact with the surrounding rock, nor would melt in the core of the crack ever touch the sides. Although open cracks are not a natural feature of the upper mantle— the pressure is simply too great—some investigators suggested that the buoyant force of migrating melt might sometimes be enough to fracture the solid rock above, like an icebreaker ship forcing its way through polar pack ice. Adolphe Nicolas of the University of Montpellier in France and his colleagues discovered tantalizing evidence for such cracks while examining unusual rock formations called ophiolites. Typically, when oceanic crust gets old and cold, it becomes so dense that it sinks back into the mantle along deep trenches known as subduction zones, such as those that encircle the Pacific Ocean. Ophiolites, on the other hand, are thick sections of old seafloor and adjacent, underlying mantle that are thrust up onto continents when two of the planet’s tectonic plates collide. A famous example, located in the Sultanate of Oman, was exposed during the ongoing collision of the Arabian and Eurasian plates. In this and other ophiolites, Nicolas’s team found unusual, light-colored veins called dikes, which they interpreted as cracks in which melt had crystallized before reaching the seafloor. The problem with this interpretation was that the dikes are filled with rock that crystallized from a melt that formed in the uppermost reaches of the mantle, not below 45 kilometers, where most mid-ocean ridge lavas originate. In addition, the icebreaker scenario may not work well for the melting region under mid-ocean ridges: below about 10 kilometers, the hot mantle tends to flow like caramel left too long in the sun, rather than cracking easily.
To explain the ongoing mystery, I began working on an alternative hypothesis for lava transport in the melting region. In my dissertation in the late 1980s, I developed a chemical theory proposing that as rising melt dissolves orthopyroxene crystals, it precipitates a smaller amount of olivine, so that the net result is a greater volume of melt. Our calculations revealed how this dissolution process gradually enlarges the open spaces at the edges of solid crystals, creating larger pores and carving a more favorable pathway through which melt can flow. As the pores grow, they connect to form elongate channels. In turn, similar feedbacks drive the coalescence of several small tributaries to form larger channels. Indeed, our numerical models suggested that more than 90 percent of the melt is concentrated into less than 10 percent of the available area. That means millions of microscopic threads of flowing melt may eventually feed into only a few dozen, high porosity channels 100 meters or more wide. Even in the widest channels, many crystals of the original mantle rock remain intact, congesting the channels and inhibiting movement of the fluid. That is why melt flows slowly, at only a few centimeters a year. Over time, however, so much melt passes through the channels that all the soluble orthopyroxene crystals dissolve away, leaving only crystals of olivine and other minerals that the melt is unable to dissolve. As a result, the composition of the melt within such channels can no longer adjust to decreasing pressure and instead records the depth at which it last “saw” an orthopyroxene crystal. One of the most important implications of this process, called focused porous flow, is that only the melt at the edges of channels dissolves orthopyroxene from the surrounding rock; melt within the inner part of the conduit can rise unadulterated.作者: athenawujj 时间: 2013-3-15 15:40
顶～～沾沾喜气～～～作者: 绯舞 时间: 2013-3-15 22:57
是这个考古！！ 我也觉得是那个原文的缩减~作者: 蓝柏 时间: 2013-3-15 23:43
太感谢了！！狗主威武！~作者: bitworse 时间: 2013-3-16 13:18
支持。。。。
1：主要说科学家一直研究一种lava（又称C）是什么东西。有人认为C和一种I的物质是一样的。