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标题: 大全天天问(你愿帮我吗) [打印本页]

作者: 瑜珑 时间: 2004-11-29 11:25
标题: 大全天天问(你愿帮我吗)

Passage 53 (53/63)

Although genetic mutations in bacteria and viruses can lead to epidemics, some epidemics are caused by bacteria and viruses that have undergone no significant genetic change. In analyzing the latter, scientists have discovered the importance of social and ecological factors to epidemics. Poliomyelitis (poliomyelitis: n.小儿麻痹症, 急性骨髓灰白质炎), for example, emerged as an epidemic in the United States in the twentieth century; by then (by then: 到那时候), modern sanitation was able to delay exposure to polio (POLIOMYELITIS) until adolescence or adulthood, at which time polio infection produced paralysis(这里我的逻辑思维真得跟不上趟了,按照我的理解 modern sanitation was able to delay exposure to polio until adolescence or adulthood应该带来的是好事，可是它反而produced paralysis，是我理解错了还是怎么了？谁能帮我？）. Previously, infection had occurred during infancy, when it（it在这里指的是什么呢？如果是infection的话，infection 能provided lifelong immunity without paralysis我的脑子里也转不过弯来）typically provided lifelong immunity without paralysis. Thus, the hygiene that helped prevent typhoid epidemics indirectly fostered a paralytic polio epidemic（这里又突然冒出来一个typhoid epidemics, 还有这个thus 也让我费解）. Another example is Lyme disease, which is caused by bacteria that are transmitted by deer ticks. It occurred only sporadically during the late nineteenth century but has recently become prevalent in parts of the United States, largely due to an increase in the deer population that occurred simultaneously with the growth of the suburbs and increased outdoor recreational activities in the deer’s habitat. Similarly, an outbreak of dengue hemorrhagic fever became an epidemic in Asia in the 1950’s because of ecological changes that caused Aedes aegypti, the mosquito that transmits the dengue virus, to proliferate. The stage is now set in the United States for a dengue epidemic because of the inadvertent introduction and wide dissemination of another mosquito, Aedes albopictus.

哪个好心的ＣＤer 能帮我分析分析这篇文章的思路啊

作者: 瑜珑 时间: 2004-11-29 12:53

Passage 53 (53/63)

Although genetic mutations in bacteria and viruses can lead to epidemics, some epidemics are caused by bacteria and viruses that have undergone no significant genetic change. In analyzing the latter, scientists have discovered the importance of social and ecological factors to epidemics. Poliomyelitis (poliomyelitis: n.小儿麻痹症, 急性骨髓灰白质炎), for example, emerged as an epidemic in the United States in the twentieth century; by then (by then: 到那时候), modern sanitation was able to delay exposure to polio (POLIOMYELITIS) until adolescence or adulthood, at which time polio infection produced paralysis. Previously, infection had occurred during infancy, when it typically provided lifelong immunity without paralysis. Thus, the hygiene that helped prevent typhoid epidemics indirectly fostered a paralytic polio epidemic. Another example is Lyme disease, which is caused by bacteria that are transmitted by deer ticks. It occurred only sporadically during the late nineteenth century but has recently become prevalent in parts of the United States, largely due to an increase in the deer population that occurred simultaneously with the growth of the suburbs and increased outdoor recreational activities in the deer’s habitat. Similarly, an outbreak of dengue hemorrhagic fever became an epidemic in Asia in the 1950’s because of ecological changes that caused Aedes aegypti, the mosquito that transmits the dengue virus, to proliferate. The stage is now set in the United States for a dengue epidemic because of the inadvertent introduction and wide dissemination of another mosquito, Aedes albopictus.

文章结构很简单，第一句提出一个总结。第二句可以说是对第一句的细化或者是进一步解释。接下来作者就这个细化给出了三个例子来证明它的正确性。

我的难点在于对第一个例子的理解，表述习惯跟我的逻辑思维不配套，让我感觉有些前言不搭后语，很突兀。可是它的内部应该是有很清晰的联系的。一定要习惯它的思路抓住这个联系。

1. The passage suggests that a lack of modern sanitation would make which of the following most likely to occur?

(A) An outbreak of Lyme disease

(B) An outbreak of dengue hemorrhagic fever

(D) An epidemic of paralytic polio among infants（C）

(E) An epidemic of paralytic polio among adolescents and adults

文章虽然有时侯不分段，但是里边的信息是分层的，比如这里的三个例子可

以视为三个层次，层次与层次之间切不可混淆。通过信息不在同一层可以很轻松地排除A和B。

小词一定要注意，这里的hygiene和sanitation可以理解成同一个意思。正确选项C，其实是对原文句子的paraphrase,正话反说。

2. According to the passage, the outbreak of dengue hemorrhagic fever in the 1950’s occurred for which of the following reasons?

(A) The mosquito Aedes aegypti was newly introduced into Asia.

(B) The mosquito Aedes aegypti became more numerous.

(D) Individuals who would normally acquire immunity to the dengue virus as infants were not infected until later in life.（B）

(E) More people began to visit and inhabit areas in which mosquitoes live and breed.

宁愿某个信息没有记也不可以记错信息。小词确实很重要，B中的numerous 在这里可以说是proliferate 的解释。出题者还往往把不同层次的信息混在一个选项中，如果我们读文章的时候不是很严谨，只读个大概，做题的时候往往会中了他的圈套。

3. It can be inferred from the passage that Lyme disease has become prevalent in parts of the United States because of which of the following?

(A) The inadvertent introduction of Lyme disease bacteria to the United States

(B) The inability of modern sanitation methods to eradicate Lyme disease bacteria

(D) The spread of Lyme disease bacteria from infected humans to noninfected humans（E）

(E) An increase in the number of humans who encounter deer ticks

4. Which of the following can most reasonably be concluded about the mosquito Aedes albopictus on the basis of information given in the passage?

(A) It is native to the United States.

(B) It can proliferate only in Asia.

(D) It caused an epidemic of dengue hemorrhagic fever in the 1950’s.（C）

(E) It replaced Aedes aegypti in Asia when ecological changes altered Aedes aegypti’s habitat.

5. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?

(A) A paradox is stated, discussed and left unresolved.

(B) Two opposing explanations are presented, argued, and reconciled.

(D) A generalization is stated and is then followed by three instances that support the generalization.（D）

(E) An argument is described and is then followed by three counterexamples that refute the argument.

6. Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the author’s assertion about the cause of the Lyme disease outbreak in the United States?

(A) The deer population was smaller in the late nineteenth century than in the mid-twentieth century.

(B) Interest in outdoor recreation began to grow in the late nineteenth century.

(D) Outdoor recreation enthusiasts routinely take measures to protect themselves against Lyme disease.（A）

(E) Scientists have not yet developed a vaccine that can prevent Lyme disease.

这题其实是道逻辑题

条理一定要清晰；分层信息切不可混淆；注意paraphrase;他还擅长把信息混淆，给读者似是而非的感觉，特别是在考场上，我们有时候对某个信息有印象但没有把握，回原文看的化又担心时间问题，这样就上了他的当了

作者: wangyu73cn 时间: 2004-11-29 13:56

Poliomyelitis (poliomyelitis: n.小儿麻痹症, 急性骨髓灰白质炎), for example, emerged as an epidemic in the United States in the twentieth century; by then (by then: 到那时候), modern sanitation was able to delay exposure to polio (POLIOMYELITIS) until adolescence or adulthood, at which time polio infection produced paralysis(这里我的逻辑思维真得跟不上趟了,按照我的理解 modern sanitation was able to delay exposure to polio until adolescence or adulthood应该带来的是好事，可是它反而produced paralysis，是我理解错了还是怎么了？谁能帮我？）

二十世纪初的卫生条件使人们在儿童时期不易患这种病，在儿童时期患病可能不会让人瘫痪。但人们一旦在成年时期患病而在儿童时期没有患病，则这种病会让人瘫痪的。潜台词是：儿童时期虽然患病，但可以接受，成人时期患病则不可忍受，这种现象也就是文章的第二句意思的一个很特别、很奇怪的示例阐述。

Previously, infection had occurred during infancy, when it（it在这里指的是什么呢？如果是infection的话，infection 能provided lifelong immunity without paralysis我的脑子里也转不过弯来）typically provided lifelong immunity without paralysis.

这句是说，在二十世纪初之前，一般人是在婴儿期感染上面那种病的，it指infection这件事。婴儿期染病可提供终生免疫力，这样长大了也不会再感染，也就不会瘫痪了。这句实际上是对上述奇怪的现象的解释。

Thus, the hygiene that helped prevent typhoid epidemics indirectly fostered a paralytic polio epidemic（这里又突然冒出来一个typhoid epidemics, 还有这个thus 也让我费解）.

这里是将上述的思路再清理一下，因此有了thus这个词。而typhoid这个东东我们大家都不知是什么，如果想进一步确认，请查字典吧。不过只要知道卫生条件可以防止这种疾病发生即可。潜台词也就是说：卫生条件的改善可以防病，但也可以使人患病。挺有意思。

其实，好像之前的OG链接中已经将此问题研讨过了，建议看看流沙置顶帖第3楼中的链接。

[此贴子已经被作者于2004-11-29 13:58:13编辑过]

作者: 瑜珑 时间: 2004-11-29 14:21

wangyu73cn真是个大好人．看了你的解释，我对这段文字有点感觉了．

作者想要澄清的一点是modern sanitation 和poliomyelitis 之间存在着一种pardox的关系．而我在阅读的时候偏偏跟着自己的思路走觉得modern的东西必然带来的是advantage，不可能是disadvantage，所以我就很容易痛苦地饶在里边出不来了．

怪不得人家说做gmat（特别是逻辑）时要做傻子．

再次感谢wangyu73cn！祝你今天吃得好，睡得好，心情更好

作者: 瑜珑 时间: 2004-11-29 14:47

Passage 42 (42/63)

Historians sometimes forget that history is continually being made and experienced before it is studied, interpreted, and read. These latter activities have their own history, of course, which may impinge in unexpected ways on public events. It is difficult to predict when “new pasts” will overturn established historical interpretations and change the course of history.

In the fall of 1954, for example, C. Vann Woodward delivered a lecture series at the laceType w:st="on">UniversitylaceType> of laceName w:st="on">VirginialaceName> which challenged the prevailing dogma concerning the history, continuity, and uniformity of racial segregation in the South. He argued that the Jim Crow (Jim Crow: n. 〈贬〉黑人) laws of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries not only codified traditional practice but also were a determined effort to erase the considerable progress made by Black people during and after Reconstruction in the 1870’s. This revisionist view of Jim Crow legislation grew in part from the research that Woodward had done for the NAACP legal campaign during its preparation for Brown v. Board of Education. The Supreme Court had issued its ruling in this epochal desegregation case a few months before Woodward’s lectures.

The lectures were soon published as a book, The Strange Career of Jim Crow. Ten years later, in a preface to the second revised edition, Woodward confessed with ironic modesty that the first edition “had begun to suffer under some of the handicaps that might be expected in a history of the American Revolution published in 1776.” That was a bit like hearing Thomas Paine apologize for the timing of his pamphlet Common Sense, which had a comparable impact. Although Common Sense also had a mass readership, Paine had intended to reach and inspire: he was not a historian, and thus not concerned with accuracy or the dangers of historical anachronism. Yet, like Paine, Woodward had an unerring sense of the revolutionary moment, and of how historical evidence could undermine the mythological tradition that was crushing the dreams of new social possibilities. Martin Luther King, Jr., testified to the profound effect of The Strange Career of Jim Crow on the civil rights movement by praising the book and quoting it frequently.

1C. The “new pasts” mentioned in line 6 can best be described as the

(A) occurrence of events extremely similar to past events

(B) history of the activities of studying, interpreting, and reading new historical writing

(D) overturning of established historical interpretations by politically motivated politicians（C）

(E) difficulty of predicting when a given historical interpretation will be overturned

2D. It can be inferred from the passage that the “prevailing dogma” (line 10) held that

(A) Jim Crow laws were passed to give legal status to well-established discriminatory practices in the South

(B) Jim Crow laws were passed to establish order and uniformity in the discriminatory practices of different southern states

(D) the continuity of racial segregation in the South was disrupted by passage of Jim Crow laws（D）

(E) the Jim Crow laws of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were passed to reverse the effect of earlier Jim Crow laws

3. Which of the following is the best example of writing that is likely to be subject to the kinds of “handicaps” referred to in line 27?

(A) A history of an auto manufacturing plant written by an employee during an auto-buying boom

(B) A critique of a statewide school-desegregation plan written by an elementary school teacher in that state

(C) A newspaper article assessing the historical importance of a United States President written shortly after the President has taken office

(D) A scientific paper describing the benefits of a certain surgical technique written by the surgeon who developed the technique（C）

(E) Diary entries narrating the events of a battle written by a soldier who participated in the battle

4. The passage suggests that C. Vann Woodward and Thomas Paine were similar in all of the following ways EXCEPT:

(A) Both had works published in the midst of important historical events.

(B) Both wrote works that enjoyed widespread popularity.

(D) The works of both had a significant effect on events following their publication.（E）

(E) Both were able to set aside worries about historical anachronism in order to reach and inspire.

5. The attitude of the author of the passage toward the work of C. Vann Woodward is best described as one of

(A) respectful regard

(B) qualified approbation (approbation: n.官方批准, 认可, 嘉许)

(D) pointed criticism（B）

(E) fervent advocacy

6. Which of the following best describes the new idea expressed by C. Vann Woodward in his laceType w:st="on">UniversitylaceType> of laceName w:st="on">VirginialaceName> lectures in 1954?

(A) Southern racial segregation was continuous and uniform.

(B) Black people made considerable progress only after Reconstruction.

(D) Jim Crow laws did not go as far in codifying traditional practice as they might have.（E）

(E) Jim Crow laws did much more than merely reinforce a tradition of segregation.

这篇文章我觉得很抽象，可能是对背景知识不熟悉吧，ＣＤ上有没有对它进行过讨论？有的话能不能给个连接？没有的话哪个好心人能不能给我讲一下你是如何来读这篇文章的？

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