前一阵在总结语法，应小郁的要求将自己的心得总结贴出来，不过本人的语法很菜，看了以后希望各位不要我身上扔菜叶，有不对的地方请大N们多指点！！
With在og中的用法总结（仅代表个人观点）:
1）with紧跟在中心词后作定语表限定修饰，例如，og141和og152中，with表限定，who表非限定；og102，with与that均表限定；og229d与og200中with表限定。
2）主语，with短语，谓语+宾语。在此种结构中，例如，og179，og205，with短语结构作为状语修饰主语，如果with结构放在句末则有歧义，不知是修饰主语还是宾语，例如og212e。
3）主语与with有逗号隔开，形式有“with短语，主句”和“主句，with”，with短语修饰主句中的主语，with表示“有”的意思，例如，og19，og158。
4）主语+谓语+宾语，with短语。with短语修饰宾语，with表示“有”的意思，例如，og114。
总结：从1）2）3）4）可以看出，with紧跟修饰语作定语时表限定，with与修饰词用逗号隔开则作为状语表示非限定，
例如og102. Except for a concert performance that the composer himself staged in 1911, Scott Joplin's ragtime opera Treemonisha was not produced until 1972, sixty-one years after its completion.
(A) Except for a concert performance that the composer himself staged（正确答案）
(B) Except for a concert performance with the composer himself staging it（可以推断此句中with希望与that同样表限定，此选项的错误点在staging时态问题。此外，With后可以用doing形式，不过with短语是作为副词作状语，不能修饰名词，参照og192选项D）
(E) With the exception of a concert performance with the staging done by the composer himself（表达的不简洁）
例如og78. The root systems of most flowering perennials either become too crowded, which results in loss in vigor, and spread too far outward, producing a bare center.
(C) with the result of loss of vigor, or spreading（应用with结构不存在正确性问题，只是相对resulting不简洁。而且可以推断此处with结构与which与resulting均表非限定）
(D) resulting in loss of vigor, or spread。（正确答案）
5）with短语作副词时不可以修饰名词，
例如og192. Cajuns speak a dialect brought to southern
（C）to which English, Spanish, and Italian words have been added（正确答案）
（D）with English, Spanish, and Italian words having been added to it （with短语作副词时不可以修饰名词。此外，having done永远不可以做后置定语修饰名词！这条可以作为绝对错误原则，排除选项！）
6）一般用法，with词组，例如crowd with（og170），along with（og 201），associated with（og 219），credit with（og 226），face with（og 247），comparison with（og 254），collision with（og 257）。
总之，with介词短语，从功能上来讲，介词短语可以做主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语等，主要看with短语在句中的位置和相对应的功能，来判断是否合乎句子的逻辑表达。
好贴！
添加一句： with 短语的逻辑主语要与句意所要表达的修饰词一致。不能有歧义。
对，这一条很重要，谢谢joe11
我想问一下with跳跃修饰的问题 OG104
The diet of the ordinary Greek in classical times was largely vegetarian-----vegetables, fresh cheese, oatmeal, and meal cakes, with meat as a rarity.
以前上XDF的时候老师说这里的with 可以跳跃修饰vegetarian
可是遇到了另一题 大全补充题3
The department defines a private passenger vehicle as one registered to an individual with a gross weight of less than 8,000 pounds.
(A) as one registered to an individual with a gross weight of less than 8,000 pounds
(B) to be one that is registered to an individual with a gross weight of less than 8,000 pounds
(C) as one that is registered to an individual and that has a gross weight of less than 8,000 pounds
(D) to have a gross weight less than 8,000 pounds and being registered to an individual
(E) as having a gross weight of less than 8,000 pounds and registered to an individual
答案是C 我选了A 为什么这里的with就不能跳跃修饰vehicle呢？
到底with 跳跃修饰的规则是怎么样的？
上一句中有“———”后面的例举是对vegetarian的解释和进一步说明。
而下面的那道题，如果修饰的话，with 会被理解为修饰individal，逻辑不通的。
The department defines a private passenger vehicle as one registered to an individual with a gross weight of less than 8,000 pounds.
with的修饰造成歧义，不知with修饰individual，或vehicle，或得partment。此题可以从OG212题中得到例证。
212. The Baldrick Manufacturing Company has for several years followed a policy aimed at decreasing operating costs and improving the efficiency of its distribution system.
(A) aimed at decreasing operating costs and improving
(E) with the aim to decrease operating costs and to improve
The best choice, A, Also, with the aim... improve can easily be construed as referring to the Baldrick Manufacturing Company and so does not refer unequivocally to policy.(不管是谁with the aim 只要有两种可能性，就是有歧异)
我认为，ETS使用with是喜欢的原则是：
with短语表解释说明时，表非限定，此时，一般会用逗号隔开，或跳跃修饰。例如，OG114，OG179，OG205。
with短语表限定时才紧跟修饰词后。例如，OG141，OG152。
而with没有用逗号隔开时，又表示非限定的解释说明，往往就会造成修饰歧义。例如，OG212
我想问一下with跳跃修饰的问题 OG104
The diet of the ordinary Greek in classical times was largely vegetarian-----vegetables, fresh cheese, oatmeal, and meal cakes, with meat as a rarity.
以前上XDF的时候老师说这里的with 可以跳跃修饰vegetarian
可是遇到了另一题 大全补充题3
The department defines a private passenger vehicle as one registered to an individual with a gross weight of less than 8,000 pounds.
(A) as one registered to an individual with a gross weight of less than 8,000 pounds
(B) to be one that is registered to an individual with a gross weight of less than 8,000 pounds
(C) as one that is registered to an individual and that has a gross weight of less than 8,000 pounds
(D) to have a gross weight less than 8,000 pounds and being registered to an individual
(E) as having a gross weight of less than 8,000 pounds and registered to an individual
答案是C 我选了A 为什么这里的with就不能跳跃修饰vehicle呢？
到底with 跳跃修饰的规则是怎么样的？
小姿MM，第一题，XDF要跳让他们跳吧，咱不跳；这里的with meat as a rarity，是独立主格结构修饰它前面的所有的部分。
于是第二题，也就是不存在跳不跳的问题了。直接就说明with嫁给了离它最近的那个名词。
我不认为with可以往前跳过名词去修饰另一个名词；当然对于OG212例子我觉得不能认为可以充足地反驳到以上观点。
212中with the aim 首先是介词短语，介词短语放在主谓宾结构后面，会有歧义，见楼主的第2条，同样的歧义还出现在：OG263 256 262 等。
记住：介词短语既想嫁给离它最近的名词，也想嫁给前面的谓语动词，所以，看到它要小心点儿。
非常开心又见到了一个JERRY，而且实力超强！加油。
前一阵在总结语法，应小郁的要求将自己的心得总结贴出来，不过本人的语法很菜，看了以后希望各位不要我身上扔菜叶，有不对的地方请大N们多指点！！
With在og中的用法总结（仅代表个人观点）:
1）with紧跟在中心词后作定语表限定修饰，例如，og141和og152中，with表限定，who表非限定；og102，with与that均表限定；og229d与og200中with表限定。
2）主语，with短语，谓语+宾语。在此种结构中，例如，og179，og205，with短语结构作为状语修饰主语，如果with结构放在句末则有歧义，不知是修饰主语还是宾语，例如og212e。
…………
总之，with介词短语，从功能上来讲，介词短语可以做主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语等，主要看with短语在句中的位置和相对应的功能，来判断是否合乎句子的逻辑表达。
有两个地方值得讨论一下：
1、状语只修谓语，不修主语；我觉得“状语修饰主语”应改为：“介宾短语补充说明逗号前面的内容”
2、介词短语可以做主语，这可能是笔误。介宾短语不可以做主语，即使是倒装，也不能认为它是主语，同理there is a desk 这句中也不能认为there 就是主语。
记住：介词短语既想嫁给离它最近的名词，也想嫁给前面的谓语动词，所以，看到它要小心点儿。
太形象生动了，记住了记住了
我觉得with的使用应该分为两种情况
1. ,+with引导的独立主格结构, 在句末修饰前面的句子或动作
2. with引导的介词短语, 这时和其他介词短语一样, 在主谓宾句子中如果想作状语或修饰主语的定语, 就要把介词短语提至谓语动词之前以避免产生歧义, 如果是作修饰宾语的定语, 好象一般采用分词短语或从句, 很少有独立的介词短语在句末的(不管前面是否加逗号)
这只是我目前观察的, 如果大家有发现介词短语在主谓宾句末作正确答案的, 请指正.
不是很少，就是没有，嘿嘿
谢谢jerryguan的支持！
谢谢jerryguan给我指出这么多错误！
可惜我不是“实力超强”，而是屡战屡败的常败将军，希望有一天能杀G成功。
2）主语，with短语，谓语+宾语。在此种结构中，例如，og179，og205，with短语结构作为状语修饰主语，如果with结构放在句末则有歧义，不知是修饰主语还是宾语，例如og212e。
疑问：状语也可以修饰主语吗？主语不是一般应该是名词性质的词或短语或句子吧！
感谢12楼和15楼的总结。我在大全中试了试，发现几乎所有题都符合二位的观点。只有下面两个题有例外。正像大家说的，独立的with介词短语在句末绝对是不太好的选项，但不一定是必错项。
OG113. Visitors to the park have often looked up into the leafy canopy and saw monkeys sleeping on the branches, whose arms and legs hang like socks on a clothesline.
(A) saw monkeys sleeping on the branches, whose arms and legs hang
(B) saw monkeys sleeping on the branches, whose arms and legs were hanging
(C) saw monkeys sleeping on the branches, with arms and legs hanging
(D) seen monkeys sleeping on the branches, with arms and legs hanging（D）
(E) seen monkeys sleeping on the branches, whose arms and legs have hung
Choices A, B, and C use have... saw where have... seen is required. Choices A, B, and E awkwardly separate the relative clause beginning whose arms and legs... from monkeys, the noun it modifies. Choices A and E also confusingly use the present tense hang and the present perfect have hung, respectively; neither verb conveys clearly that, at the time the monkeys were spotted sleeping, their arms and legs were hanging in the manner described. Choice D, the best answer, not only forms a correct and clear sentence by supplying the present perfect verb have... seen, but also solves the problem of the whose... clause by using the appropriately placed adverbial phrase with arms and legs hanging... to modify sleeping.
大全985
Those who have visited the
(A) seen layers of sediment in the gaping canyon, with different colors that mark
(B) see layers of sediment in the gaping canyon, whose different colors mark
(C) been seeing layers of sediment in the gaping canyon, whose different colors are markers of
(D) been able to see layers of sediment in the gaping canyon, with different colors marking（D）
(E) seen layers of sediment in the gaping canyon, marking by different colors
补充一点：
6）with/without + S1 + doing/based on/介词短语/adj./noun + SVOà做独立主格结构 OG25
我想问一下with跳跃修饰的问题 OG104
The diet of the ordinary Greek in classical times was largely vegetarian-----vegetables, fresh cheese, oatmeal, and meal cakes, with meat as a rarity.
以前上XDF的时候老师说这里的with 可以跳跃修饰vegetarian
可是遇到了另一题 大全补充题3
The department defines a private passenger vehicle as one registered to an individual with a gross weight of less than 8,000 pounds.
(A) as one registered to an individual with a gross weight of less than 8,000 pounds
(B) to be one that is registered to an individual with a gross weight of less than 8,000 pounds
(C) as one that is registered to an individual and that has a gross weight of less than 8,000 pounds
(D) to have a gross weight less than 8,000 pounds and being registered to an individual
(E) as having a gross weight of less than 8,000 pounds and registered to an individual
答案是C 我选了A 为什么这里的with就不能跳跃修饰vehicle呢？
到底with 跳跃修饰的规则是怎么样的？
小姿MM，第一题，XDF要跳让他们跳吧，咱不跳；这里的with meat as a rarity，是独立主格结构修饰它前面的所有的部分。
这里的with + N,也是在句尾的介词短语。
12
used to say what position or state someone or something is in, or what is happening, when someone does something
She was knitting, with the television on.--介词短语在句尾，独立主格结构 with+S+adj.
---from longman
看了上面的例子，独立主格也可以在句尾，在修饰没有歧义的情况下，表示一种状态，就像longman里解释的一样
OG113. Visitors to the park have often looked up into the leafy canopy and saw monkeys sleeping on the branches, whose arms and legs hang like socks on a clothesline.
(A) saw monkeys sleeping on the branches, whose arms and legs hang
(B) saw monkeys sleeping on the branches, whose arms and legs were hanging
(C) saw monkeys sleeping on the branches, with arms and legs hanging
(D) seen monkeys sleeping on the branches, with arms and legs hanging（D）
(E) seen monkeys sleeping on the branches, whose arms and legs have hung
Choices A, B, and C use have... saw where have... seen is required. Choices A, B, and E awkwardly separate the relative clause beginning whose arms and legs... from monkeys, the noun it modifies. Choices A and E also confusingly use the present tense hang and the present perfect have hung, respectively; neither verb conveys clearly that, at the time the monkeys were spotted sleeping, their arms and legs were hanging in the manner described. Choice D, the best answer, not only forms a correct and clear sentence by supplying the present perfect verb have... seen, but also solves the problem of the whose... clause by using the appropriately placed adverbial phrase with arms and legs hanging... to modify sleeping.
我认为选项D的with结构有歧义。with是修饰visitors还是monkeys? OG认为是修饰monkeys, 但是如何排除with不是修饰visitors呢？请指教。
我想：with的独立主格结构除了可以修饰主语，起解释说明作用外，还可以表示伴随，既是“伴随”，那么动作理应紧跟在伴随对象后，起补充说明作用。翻译过来就是seen monkeys sleeping on the branches and seen their arms and legs hanging...
请讨论。
GMAT 的SC最终考的还是一个逻辑。
在og113和og985中，with 虽然处在句末，从语法上可能指代两个对象，但是从逻辑上，很容易判断其逻辑主语，免于指代混乱的状况。
The rule is a means to an end, but not a set of rigid intructment which should be used without the our own rationale.
欢迎指正：）
好贴！
牛贴啊 受益良多
感谢12楼和15楼的总结。我在大全中试了试，发现几乎所有题都符合二位的观点。只有下面两个题有例外。正像大家说的，独立的with介词短语在句末绝对是不太好的选项，但不一定是必错项。
OG113. Visitors to the park have often looked up into the leafy canopy and seen monkeys sleeping on the branches, with arms and legs hanging like socks on a clothesline.
大全985 Those who have visited the个人认为jerrryguan和davidcooper说的应该是正确的，兄弟的这两个例子并不是例外，因为这两个with在这里都是独立主格，而不是介词短语；with介词短语放在句末不是好选项，应该这个可以作为GMAT的一条判断原则吧
记号，值得慢慢研究
补充一个例子
The traditional view supposes that the upper mantle of the earth behaves as a liquid when it is subjected to small forces for long periods and that differences in temperature under oceans and continents are sufficient to produce convection in the mantle of the earth with rising convection currents under the mid-ocean ridges and sinking currents under the continents.
当 主＋谓＋宾＋with＋分词
我认为的优先级
1.谓语的固定搭配
2.状语
3.宾语修饰语（这种应该很少）
弱问一下：with引导独立主格和with引导介词短语在形式上有什么区别？
弱问一下：with引导独立主格和with引导介词短语在形式上有什么区别？
同问？？？大牛帮着解答一下
同问
个人认为jerrryguan和davidcooper说的应该是正确的，兄弟的这两个例子并不是例外，因为这两个with在这里都是独立主格，而不是介词短语；with介词短语放在句末不是好选项，应该这个可以作为GMAT的一条判断原则吧
这两个例子都是独立主格结构放在句末，表示解释说明；
很少有独立的介词短语在句末的(不管前面是否加逗号)
这只是我目前观察的, 如果大家有发现介词短语在主谓宾句末作正确答案的, 请指正.
果然如此......
这个帖子真牛~~~
Up!
高，实在是高！又搞定一个问题点
不是很少，就是没有，嘿嘿
152. When the technique known as gene-splicing was invented in the early 1970's, it was feared that scientists might inadvertently create an "Andromeda strain," a microbe never before seen on Earth that might escape from the laboratory and it would kill vast numbers of humans who would have no natural defenses against it.
(A) it would kill vast numbers of humans who would have no natural defenses against it
(B) it might kill vast numbers of humans with no natural defenses against it
(C) kill vast numbers of humans who would have no natural defenses against it(虚拟语气没有错)
(D) kill vast numbers of humans who have no natural defenses against them
(E) kill vast numbers of humans with no natural
defenses against them
This sentence requires parallel verb forms within the relative clause that might escape... and kill. C, the best choice, uses parallel verb forms that are followed appropriately by the conditional would have in the who clause that modifies humans. Choices A and B each violate parallel construction by introducing a new independent clause, it would kill... and it might kill... Though choices D and E begin by observing parallelism, the use of them at the end of each creates a problem of pronoun reference: them cannot refer to the singular microbe.
In addition, choices B, D, and E lack would and thus do not express the conditional.
E选项，OG 没说with- 在句末修饰宾语 不可啊？
不是很少，就是没有，嘿嘿
jerryyang 发表于 2004-11-24 00:56
前一阵在总结语法，应小郁的要求将自己的心得总结贴出来，不过本人的语法很菜，看了以后希望各位不要我身上 ...
jerryyang 发表于 2004-11-24 00:56
前一阵在总结语法，应小郁的要求将自己的心得总结贴出来，不过本人的语法很菜，看了以后希望各位不要我身上 ...
jerryyang 发表于 2004-11-24 00:56
前一阵在总结语法，应小郁的要求将自己的心得总结贴出来，不过本人的语法很菜，看了以后希望各位不要我身上 ...
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