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标题: GMAT OG13 阅读笔记（6篇/日） [打印本页]

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作者: 1369179610    时间: 2013-1-29 13:54
标题: GMAT OG13 阅读笔记（6篇/日）
看见有同志在使用我的帖子。。。。  提醒一句。。。仅作参考啊，同志们，就连单词都有翻译的不准的地方，文章类型基本都是错的。  那时还太年轻。。。。啥也不懂。。。哈哈。


发帖格式：从后往前：从第23篇（p410）开始往前做,一篇文章一楼。
难句分析（总结规律和句式）  
本文大意  （复述）               
单词总结
题目理解   
难句背诵

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作者: 1369179610    时间: 2013-1-29 17:29
标题: 23
段一 After evidence was obtained in the 1920s that the universe is expanding,（that引导的定语从句后置） it became reasonable to ask: Will the universe continue to expand indefinitely, or is there enough mass in it（介词结构修饰mass，mass做不可数名词的时候表示物质或物质的质量，本文表示物质。it向前指代第一个出现的名词--universe） for the mutual attraction of its constituents（of引导修饰名词的定语后置） to bring this expansion to a halt?


It can be calculated that the critical（临界的） density of matter needed to brake（中止） the expansion and "close" the universe is equivalent to （等同于）three hydrogen atoms per cubic meter.


   But the density of the observable universe—luminous matter in the form of galaxies（以星系形式存在的发光体）—comes to（涉及） only a fraction of this（this向前指代第一个出现的名词--universal density）.


If the expansion of the universe is to stop, there must be enough invisible matter in the universe to exceed the luminous matter in density by a factor of roughly 70（factor是倍数的意思，by a factor of + 数词  是固定用法，表示以几倍）.


既然宇宙是在不断扩大的，那么它是会无限扩张还是有一个足够量的物质可以提供相互吸引力让它停下来呢？那个临界物质密度值相当于每立方3个氢原子，但是可见宇宙的密度只涉及宇宙密度的一小部分。如果宇宙真要停止扩张，不可见的宇宙必须比可见宇宙的密度大将近70倍。




段二  Our contribution to （我们对研究的贡献）the search for this "missing matter"（指不可见的宇宙） has been to study the rotational velocity of galaxies（星系自转速度，星系的速度，光速都用velocity表达） at various distances（相距不同的距离） from their center of rotation.


It has been known for some time that outside the bright nucleus of a typical spiral galaxy luminosity falls off rapidly with distance from the center（随着离中心距离的增大，习惯用法：luminosity do sth. with distance/n meters per minute）.


If luminosity were a true indicator of mass, most of the mass would be concentrated toward the center. Outside the nucleus（介词结构开头的句式--没有逗号） the rotational velocity would decrease geometrically with distance from the center, in conformity with Kepler's law（方式状语后置）.


Instead （副词开头句式--也没有逗号）we have found that the rotational velocity in spiral galaxies either remains constant with increasing distance from the center or increases slightly. This unexpected result indicates that the falloff in luminous mass with distance from the center is balanced by an increase in nonluminous mass.


我们在研究不可见物质的成果是在离中心不同距离的自转速度变化上。发光体离中心越远数量越少。如果物质的量（可以提供吸引力）会随发光体的变化而变化，那么自转速度会随距离成几何级数递减。但是实际上自转速度随距离变化是保持不变或略微上升的，这意味着随发光体的减少，不发光体在增加。

段三
Our findings suggest that as much as 90 percent of the mass of the universe is not radiating at any wavelength with enough intensity to be detected on the Earth. Such dark matter could be in the form of extremely dim stars of low mass,  of large planets like Jupiter, or of black holes（注意：of 是in the form of 的结构并列，并列短语的一种并列句式，最后一个并列加连词or）, either small or massive（定语后置，这是说黑洞或大或小）.


While it has not yet been determined whether this mass is sufficient to close the universe, some physicists consider it significant that estimates（估计值） are converging on（接近） the critical value（临界值）.


我们的发现表明宇宙中90%的物质是不可见的，这些不可见物质可以使不发光的星体，像木星一样的大行星，或黑洞。至于现在宇宙的质量是否可以让扩张停止，将估计值进一步精确很有必要。








本文是问题解决型的文章：
第一段提出问题：宇宙的扩张是否会停止？这与宇宙整体质量有关。物质密度临界值（the critical density of matter）是可以计算的，只是它不全面，没有包括不发光物质。
第二段解决问题：对不发光物质的研究--我们的研究发现虽然发光物质随离中心的距离数量减少但自转速度不变，推知不发光物质的量是随距离增多的。
第三段问题的进展：不发光物质占宇宙90%。这些不发光物质的量是否足够停止宇宙扩张需要临界值的进一步精确。


注意到每段是靠前一段结尾提出的名词来衔接的，整体的逻辑是宇宙的总质量是否可以让宇宙停止扩张----密度的临界值可以说明这点----密度临界值在可见宇宙部分已经确定，在不可见宇宙部分需要进一步精确。







单词
obtain   indefinitely   mass    mutual attraction   constituents   halt   critical density   brake    be equivalent to    observable   luminous matter    in the form of   exceed   by the factor of      rotational velocity of galaxies      spiral galaxy luminosity      fall off     geometrically     in conformity with      falloff in sth.        an increase in sth.     nonluminous     radiate with some wavelength      intensity    dim  be sufficient to do       estimates     be converging on       critical value  








获得    无限期的   物质（的质量）   相互吸引力     成分，组成     停止     密度临界值    中止  
等同于   可观测的   发光物质      以。。形式呈现    超过    以。。。倍      星系自转速度
螺旋发光星系     下降（词组）      几何级数的        遵守
在某方面下降     在某方面上升        不发光的       以某种波长辐射       强烈程度   昏暗的
足够做。。。         估计值（复数）        靠近，聚拢          临界值










题目：
116.The authors' study indicates that, in comparison with  
the outermost （离中心最远的）regions of a typical spiral galaxy, the  
region just outside the nucleus ca n be characterized  
as having  


118.It can be inferred from information presented in the  
passage that if the density of the universe were
equivalent to significantly less than （少于  加在名词前构成名词词组）three hydrogen  
atoms per cubic meter, which of the following would  
be true as a consequence?

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作者: 1369179610    时间: 2013-1-29 22:32
标题: 22(p408)
    While the most abundant and dominant species   前三行，while 引导的状语从句
within a particular ecosystem is often crucial in
perpetuating the ecosystem,/ a "keystone" species,  
here defined as one whose effects are much larger  
than（it） would be predicted from its abundance, can  比较从句可以省略主语（或将than看作代词做主语用),保留谓语。其他的例子：
There is more in it, than meets in the eye.
它的内涵较表面要深。
Don't eat more than is good for you.
不要吃的过量。
There may be more importance in it than would seem.
它的重要意义可能要比看上去大。


also play a vital role. But because complex species
interactions may be involved, identifying a keystone
species by removing the species and observing
changes in the ecosystem is problematic.


关键物种对生态会起很大作用。但因物种间有联系，所以移走一种物种以观其反应值得商榷。




It might seem that certain traits would clearly define a  
species as a keystone species; for example,  
Pisaster ochraceus is often a keystone predator （P ochraceus是一种海星的名字，本句后半段提到了。）
because it consumes and suppresses mussel
populations, which in the absence of this starfish  
can be a dominant species.


某些特征可以确定关键物种，比如海星捕食淡菜。




But such predation on a dominant or potentially dominant   （on：关于，也就是about）
species occurs in systems that do as well as in systems that
do not have species that play keystone roles. Moreover,  
whereas P. ochraceus occupies an unambiguous                （ whereas：鉴于）
keystone role on wave-exposed rocky headlands, in  
more wave-sheltered habitats the impact of
P. ochraceus predation is weak or nonexistent, and  
at certain sites sand burial is responsible for  
eliminating mussels.


但没有关键物种的环境也存在类似现象。比如沙滩掩埋淡菜，这不是海星的功劳。


Keystone status appears to depend on context, whether
of particular geography or of such factors as community  
diversity (for example, a reduction in species
diversity may thrust more of the remaining species  
into keystone roles) and length of species  
interaction (since newly arrived species in particular
may dramatically affect ecosystems).  


关键物种的地位与环境有关，环境包括地理环境和种群多样性，以及物种来到这个区域的时间的长短。




本文是现象解释型的文章。
行文逻辑： 关键物种影响生态程度比其他物种更大---关键物种的确定


移除不行--因为影响生态
找特点不行--因为环境本身可以产生类似特点


所以关键物种是依赖环境存在的，环境包括地理，种群多样，外来物种。




单词：
perpetuate the ecosystem     identify     problematic     suppress    mussel
predation on sth.     whereas     wave-exposed   headlands    sand burial  
eliminate mussels     context     reduction   dramatically








保持生态     定义    成问题的    阻止。。。生长   淡菜
关于。。。的捕食行为   鉴于  从波浪中裸露出来的 岬   沙子的掩埋
消灭淡菜   背景    减少   戏剧性的






题目：
113.
(A) A species of bat is primarily responsible for  
   keeping insect populations within an ecosystem  
   low, and the size of the insect population in turn  
   affects bird species within that ecosystem.
(B) A species of iguana occupies a keystone role on  
   certain tropical islands, but does not play that  
   role on adjacent tropical islands that are            adjacent 临近的
   inhabited by a greater number of animal species.  
(C) Close observation of a savannah ecosystem             savannah 无树大草原      
   reveals that more species occupy keystone
   roles within that ecosystem than biologists had
   previously believed.
(D) As a keystone species of bee becomes more  
   abundant, it has a larger effect on the
   ecosystem it inhabits.  
(E) A species of moth that occupies a keystone role
   in a prairie habitat develops coloration patterns      coloration  染色，着色
   that camouflage it from potential predators.           camouflage  伪装

114.  The passage suggests which of the following about  
the identification of a species as a keystone species?     identification 鉴定




今天听见有 人说阅读，还有逻辑靠翻译是不行的，这点我不同意。但是很多人翻译完了之后发现没有用，或者是做题速度慢，我觉得是缺少复习和背诵，还不够熟练。不论是逻辑还是阅读首先都是必须要读懂，每次读完，里面的单词，词组，句式若还未熟练掌握，下次读不懂是正常的。

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作者: 1369179610    时间: 2013-1-30 02:10
标题: 21(p406)
段一
   According to a recent theory, Archean-age   -age构成名词
gold-quartz vein systems were formed more than  
two billion years ago from magmatic fluids that
originated from molten granite-like bodies deep  
beneath the surface of the Earth.




This theory is contrary to the widely held view that
the systems were deposited from metamorphic fluids,
that is, from fluids that formed during the dehydration  （that is： 即，就是）-ation = -ion ...行为/状态
词缀扩充：
-ion  -ation  -ition   -tion  -sion  -xion 均表示 ...行为，状态
例如：
hesitation 犹豫  competition  竞争  confession 供人 dehydration  干燥
of wet sedimentary rocks.


Conclusion: Recent theory:       vein systems were formed from magamatic fluids.
           contrary to widely held view--vein systems were formed from metamorphic fluids.
新理论：矿脉形成于M。新理论反对旧观点——矿脉形成于变质流体。






段二
    The recently developed theory has considerable  
practical importance. Most of the gold deposits
discovered during the original gold rushes were        original gold rushes 最初的淘金热
exposed at the Earth's surface and were found           be exposed and be found  并列句式
because they had shed trails of alluvial gold                shed（shed，shed）发光；脱落；流出
that were easily traced by simple prospecting  
methods.


Although these same methods still lead
to an occasional discovery, most deposits not yet   not yet 尚未
discovered have gone undetected because they are  
buried and have no surface expression.  


Conclusion:   recent theory has importance, for instance, the trails of alluvial gold.
             However, simple methods are not efficient now.
新理论有使用价值，但现在由于地表的迹象模糊，简单的探测方式已经不再好使。








段三


    The challenge in exploration is therefore to       therefore 可以插在不定式之前 系动词之后
unravel the subsurface geology of an area and  
pinpoint the position of buried minerals.


Methods widely used today include analysis of aerial
images that yield a broad geological overview;
geophysical techniques that provide data on the magnetic,  
electrical, and mineralogical properties of the  
rocks being investigated; and sensitive chemical  
tests that are able to detect the subtle chemical  
halos that often envelop mineralization.


However, none of these high-technology methods are of
any value if the sites to which they are applied have
never mineralized, and to maximize the chances of  
discovery the explorer must therefore pay particular  therefore 可以放在情态动词之后，动词之前
attention to selecting the ground formations most
likely to be mineralized.


Such ground selection relies to varying degrees on
conceptual models, which take into account theoretical
studies of relevant factors.


Conclusion:  challenge in exploration: subsurface geology and the position of minerals.
            modern tech:  aerial images  +  sensitive chemical tests
            practical condition:  areas being mineralized
            area selection: depend on conceptual models.
勘探的关键是地下地形和矿的位置。现代的技术包括航天图片和化学探测技术，但是前提是那片地区被开采过。地区的确定是根据复杂的理论模型确定的。






段四：
These models are constructed primarily from
empirical observations of known mineral deposits
and from theories of ore-forming processes.  
The explorer uses the models to identify those  
geological features that are critical to the formation
of the mineralization being modeled, and then tries
to select areas for exploration that exhibit as many  
of the critical features as possible.  


Conclusion: models are constructed from empirical observations. They are used to identify critical features.The areas containing the most critical features would be selected.


模型是凭经验构成的，可以总结出某地区是否具有矿化的典型特征。有最多矿化特征的地区将被选中。




本文的类型是问题解决型：
第一段提出一个理论，与旧观点对比。
第二段新观点很有用，但也有瑕疵。
第三四段 瑕疵的解决：勘探的关键是地下地形和矿的位置，这个靠现代技术还不够，还要地区的确定--必须是矿化的地区。 矿化地区的筛选是通过模型做到的。






单词：
Archean-age   gold-quartz vein systems    magmatic fluids   originate from  granite-like bodies    
be contrary to     deposit        metamophic   that is    dehydration    sedimentary  gold rush
shed     alluvial gold    prospecting       expression      exploration    subsurface   unravel
pinpoint    aerial images       overview      geophysical      magnetic     electrical   mineralogical
sensitive    halos     envelop    mineralization        mineralize    formation     rely   conceptual
take into account     theoretical     empirical    observations     ore-forming    mineralization




太古时代    金丝水晶矿脉系统      M流质     源于   像花岗岩的物体  
反对     沉淀     变质的    即    干燥   沉积的     淘金热
发光     沙金    勘探      表达       探索      地下    解开，阐明
准确的指出   航天图片   概况    地球物理学的   地磁的  电的  矿物学的
灵敏的    光晕   包含    矿化，含矿物   矿化   形成   依靠   概念上的
考虑    理论上的    经验上的    观察数据    矿物形成的     矿化，含矿物




题目：


be concerned with    methodology  enumerate   divide    furnish




关心的是，研究的是   方法论      列举        分离       提供

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作者: 1369179610    时间: 2013-1-30 04:46
标题: 20(p404)
段一
Frazier and Mosteller 【assert that 】medical            陈述句式：sb.assert that sth.could be done by a move toward sth.
research could be improved by a move toward  
larger, simpler clinical trials of medical treatments.  
Currently, researchers collect far more background  
information on patients 【than is】 strictly required for   比较级省略句式： 比较从句可以省略主语（或将than看作代词做主语用),保留谓语。其他的例子：
There is more in it, than meets in the eye.
它的内涵较表面要深。
Don't eat more than is good for you.
不要吃的过量。
There may be more importance in it than would seem.
它的重要意义可能要比看上去大。
their trials— substantially more than hospitals  
collect —【thereby】 escalating costs of data         【修饰】thereby 连接副词，可以连接从句，分句，句子。其作用类似句子副词（句子副词即可以被看做是句子的副词，与句子的其他成分关系不大。举例：eventually）。




thereby造句：
1.He became a British citizen, thereby gaining the right to vote.
他成了英国公民，因而得到了投票权。
2.I gave him my advice; I hope he may profit thereby.
我已给他劝告了，希望他可以由此受益。
3.I have never been to that city; thereby I don't know much about it.
我从未去过那座城市，因此对它不怎么熟悉。
4.Thereby hangs a tale.
其中有点蹊跷[必有原因]。




collection, storage, and analysis. Although limiting  
information collection could increase the risk that  
researchers will overlook facts relevant to a study,  
Frazier and Mosteller【 contend that】 such risk, never   陈述观点句式：contend that...
entirely eliminable from research, would still be
small in most studies. 【Only in research on entirely     倒装： 副词做状语置于句首，倒装。（这样的副词有：then,only,along）
new treatments are new and unexpected variables  
likely to arise.】  


Conclusion: idea 1: Medical research could be improved by limiting information collection.
           the risk of overlooking some facts during routines is small.


F和M提出：医学研究需要简化对治疗方法的临床实验--这导致浪费。除非是极具创新性的治疗方法，有限的信息没什么实质风险。






段二
    Frazier and Mosteller【 propose】 not only that         陈述性句式 propose not only that...but also that...
researchers limit data collection on individual  
patients but also that researchers enroll more  
patients in clinical trials, 【thereby】 obtaining a more    【修饰】thereby句式
representative sample of the total population with  
the disease under study. Often researchers restrict  
study participation to patients who have no  
ailments besides those being studied. A treatment  
judged successful under these ideal conditions can  
then be evaluated under normal conditions.  
Broadening the range of trial participants, Frazier        
and Mosteller suggest, would enable researchers to            陈述句式  sb suggest
evaluate a treatment's efficacy for diverse patients  
under various conditions and to evaluate its  
effectiveness for different patient subgroups. For
example, the value of a treatment for a progressive  
disease may vary according to a patient's stage of
disease. Patients' ages may also affect a
treatment's efficacy.  




Conclusion:  F&M propose that trials should also enlarge the sample scale. And treatment judged sucessful under ideal conditions should be evaluated in normal conditions.
F和M 认为 临床实验在精简信息收集的同时应扩大样本数量，并且成功的治疗方法应在正常的不同的情况下进一步评估。








本文的类型是结论解释型：


段一提出医学研究要简化和扩大其临床实验。
段一和段二分别解释了什么是简化，什么是扩大——扩大样本数量和多样化治疗方案评估的背景和条件。








单词：


assert    a move toward    clinical trials    treatment     substantially    escalating
overlook    contend       eliminable          individual patient    enroll    representative sample
restrict participation to     ailment       broaden the range of      participants   efficacy
subgroup    progressive     the stage of disease


声称    对。。。的改变      临床实验      治疗方案        充分地       逐步上升
忽视    声称                可消除的      个体病例        登记          代表性样本
限制。。。的参加            微恙          扩大范围        参加者        功效
子群     阶段性的           疾病的阶段






题目：


applicability  prohibitively     concern   substantiate    inherent  
适用性          禁止地           涉及       证实            内在的，固有的




ps:  杨鹏长难句对句子的划分：   省略   倒装    复杂的修饰    大段的插入语，同位语     +    陈述句式

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作者: 1369179610    时间: 2013-2-1 02:17
标题: 19.(p402)
19.（p402）




段一
The majority of successful senior managers do not
closely follow the classical rational model of【 first
clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating  
options, estimating likelihoods of success, making a  
decision, and only then taking action to implement  
the decision.】
难句类型：【复杂的修饰】，本句话【】里的部分是model的具体内容。
主干大意：
大多数成功的资深管理人员并不是严格地遵照经典的理性模型：【】。




Rather, in their day-by-day tactical  
maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is
vaguely termed "intuition" 【to】 manage a network of  
interrelated problems that require them to deal with  
ambiguity, inconsistency,novelty,and surprise; and
【to】 integrate action into the process of thinking.


这两个to是并列关系。


段一用两个句子讲了一件事：资深经理不按公式。而是靠直觉处理问题并将行动和想法结合在一起。








段二
    Generations of writers on management have
recognized that some practicing managers rely
heavily on intuition. In general, however, such  
writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is.
Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others  
view it as an excuse for capriciousness.  


段二：有时直觉会被过分使用，但是作家讲不清直觉是什么，要么是理性的反面，要么是反复无常的借口。






段三：
    Isenberg's recent research on the cognitive  
processes of senior managers reveals that
managers' intuition is neither of these.


【Rather,】 rather直接翻译成‘而是 ’
senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct
ways. First, they intuitively sense when a problem
exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to
perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This  
intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based
on years of painstaking practice and hands-on
experience that build skills. A third function of  
intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and  
practice into an integrated picture, often in  
an "Aha!" experience. Fourth, some managers use
intuition as a check on the results of more rational  
analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with  
the formal decision analysis models and tools,  
and those who use such systematic methods
for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of  
solutions suggested by these methods which run  
counter to their sense of the correct course of  
action. Finally, managers can use intuition to bypass
in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a
plausible solution. Used in this way, intuition is an
almost instantaneous cognitive process in 【which】 a
manager recognizes familiar patterns.


which指的就是process。


段三说isenberg不同意那些作家的看法。直觉是有固定的使用渠道的，一共5个：发现问题，有效地行动，综合信息，检验结果，快速得出结论。总而言之，直觉就是快速地发现了熟悉的解决办法。




段四：


    One of the implications of the intuitive style  
of executive management is that "thinking" is  
inseparable from acting. Since managers often "know"
what is right before they can analyze and explain it,  
they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is
inextricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles,  
in which managers develop thoughts about their  companies
and organizations not by analyzing a  
problematic situation and then acting, but by acting
and analyzing in close concert. Given the great  
uncertainty of many of the management issues that
they face, senior managers often instigate a course  
of action simply to learn more about an issue.  
They then use the results of the action to develop
a more complete understanding of the issue. One
implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action
is often part of defining the problem, not   just of  
implementing the solution.


直觉模式的一个线索（特征）是思维和行动是分不开的。资深经理面对复杂的情况总是先行动，再分析和解释。事实上，行动是定义问题的一部分，而不仅是落实解决办法。








本文的类型是结论解释型：


先第一段：陈述资深经理行为方式：直觉——不按常规模式走。
然后第二段：著述中提到的对直觉的定义。
第三段Isenberg的研究
第四段：直觉行为的一个线索：行动先于分析，行动和思考同时进行。


线路很清晰：引入（1）--理论（2,3）--实践（4）










单词：




closely   follow     classical    rational    clarify     implement the decision
day-by-day    tactical      maneuver      executive      ambiguity  inconsistency
integrate into         practicing manager   capriciousness
well-learned     arbitrary   irrational     painstaking    hands-on     synthesize
intergrated picture      as a check    formal    systematic    leery     run counter to
bypass    in-depth       engender     instataneous      implication    inseperable  inextricably
in close concert      instigate    implement




严格地    遵守    经典的      理性的     使清晰     实施决定
每天     战略上的   策略     总经理      歧义  不连续
与。。。成为一体     在工作的经理人    反复无常
训练有素的   任意的   非理性的    辛苦的，辛勤的    亲手实践的   综合
整合过的图像（轮廓）   作为检察     正式的    系统的   留神的   违反
忽略   深入的   产生    即刻的     暗示  不能分开的   逃不掉地
几乎同时    煽动   落实






题目


stipulate
规定，明确要求
   

---

作者: 1369179610    时间: 2013-2-1 11:15
标题: 18.(p400)
 18.
段一：
In 1955 Maurice Duverger published The Political
Role of Women, the first 【behavioralist】,multinational
comparison of women's electoral participation ever to
use election data and survey data together.


behavioralist：运动，活动清单 后面本应直接连接to use election
data and survey data together.




His study analyzed women's patterns of voting,
political candidacy, and political activism in four
European countries during the first half of the
twentieth century. Duverger's research findings
were that women voted somewhat less frequently
than men (the difference 【narrowing】 the longer
women had the vote) and were slightly more
conservative.  


* narrow在这里做动词，表示限于...范围内


完整的用法是：
narrow sth. down (to sth.)把选择范围缩小到
举例：
We have narrowed down the list to four candidates.
We have narrowed the list down to four candidates.
我们把范围缩小到四位候选者身上。


本段大意：MD出版了一本《妇女政治角色》，这本活动清单首次将选举数据和研究数据结合在一起。研究成果是：妇女投票没那么频繁且倾向于保守。








段二


    Duverger's work set an early standard for the
sensitive analysis of women's electoral activities.  
Moreover, 【to Duverger's credit,】 he placed his
findings in the context of 【many】 of the historical
processes that had 【shaped these activities. 】




|However, since these contexts have changed
over time, Duverger's approach has【 proved】 more
durable than his actual findings. |In addition,  
Duverger's discussion of his findings was hampered  
by his failure to consider certain specific factors  
important to women's electoral participation  
at the time he collected his data: the influence  
of political regimes, the effects of economic  
factors, and the ramifications of political and
social relations between women and men. |Given  
this failure, Duverger's study foreshadowed the  
enduring limitations of the behavioralist approach
to the multinational study of women's political
participation.


* to one's credit  某人值得赞扬的地方是
* many 在这里是名词，许多
* shape these activities 形成，发展这些活动
* prove vi.结果是，原来是（本文释义）    vt.证明




本段大意：
D的优点：建立标准， 给出历史环境，研究方法一直有效
D的缺点：未考虑具体的某些影响因素，因此有局限性。






本文的文章类型：特别套路——评论


逻辑：一本书的特点，成果；这本书的优点，缺点；之后的行为主义方法的局限。










单词：


activism     researching findings   candidacy     conservative
hamper      electoral    regime    ramification  given  foreshadow
enduring




行动主义    研究成果   候选人资格    保守的
妨碍   选举的    政治制度    衍生结果   考虑到  预示着
持久的






题目：


protestant   reinterpret  reconcile    egalitarian


新教徒（的）  重新解释     调停         主张平等的






新东方对阅读的类型划分：


现象解释型   结论解释型  问题解决型   新老观点对比型     特别套路

---

作者: 1369179610    时间: 2013-2-1 15:21
标题: 17.(P398)
17.
第一小层：
     Acting on the recommendation of 【a British
government committee investigating the high  
incidence in white lead factories of illness among  
employees, most of whom were women,】 the Home  
Secretary proposed in 1895 that Parliament 【enact】
legislation that would prohibit women from 【holding
most jobs】 in white lead factories.


难句1：
【复杂的修饰--复杂名词】
"a British government committee" 和 "investigating the high
incidence in white lead factories of illness among employees"
是并列的同位语，most of whom were women 修饰employees。


这一大串名词的意思是：按照“一个英国政府委员会（的建议）即白铅工厂
中工人（大多数得病的人是女性）得病研究调查”的建议






英语思维：
在句首用分词结构做状语，用of+N.结构 和同位语结构进一步扩充内容。








句型1：
sb propose that ...(should) do...
* enact 是制定的意思，在前面有should省略了。
* hold a job in xx factory  在某工厂任职  hold 担任，任职
How long has he held office?
他任职有多久了？


本小层大意：按照委员会（…）调查的建议，本国秘书官提议国会应禁止妇女从事白铅工厂大多数的工作。




第二小层：


   Although the Women's Industrial Defence Committee (WIDC),
formed in 1892 in response to earlier legislative  
attempts to restrict women's labor, did not discount
the white lead trade's potential health dangers, it
opposed the proposal, viewing it 【as yet】 another
instance of limiting women's work opportunities.


*as yet: 直到现在，知道过去某时
举例：
an as yet unpublished report
直到现在也没发表的报告
   As yet little was known of the cease of the disease.
当时人们对于这种疾病治疗方法几乎一无所知。






英语思维：
用of+N.结构进一步界定概念。
例如：known +of the cease +of the disease


本小层大意：
虽然WIDC并非不重视工厂对妇女健康的伤害，但是它否定了建议。


第三小层：
Also opposing the proposal was the Society for
Promoting the Employment of Women (SPEW),
which attempted to challenge it by investigating the
causes of illness in white lead factories. SPEW  
contended, and WIDC concurred, that controllable  
conditions in such factories were responsible for the
development of lead poisoning. SPEW provided  
convincing evidence that lead poisoning could be
avoided if workers were careful and clean and if  
already extant workplace safety regulations were
stringently enforced.


SPEW也不同意这个建议，因为工作环境的控制和安全条例的实施可以避免疾病的发生。




第四小层：
However, 【the Women's Trade Union League (WTUL), which
had ceased in the late 1880s to oppose restrictions on
women's labor】,supported the eventually enacted proposal,
in part because safety regulations were generally not
being enforced in white lead factories, where there were  
no unions (and little prospect of any) to pressure
employers to comply with safety regulations.


停止反对妇女劳力限制的妇女工会


本小层大意：
妇女工会支持这个建议，因为没有联盟迫使安全条例的实施。








本文类型是观点对比型：


一个调查提出建议：限制妇女在铅厂的工作。
WIDC和SPEW不同意   VS  工会同意




单词：


act on     investigate    incidence    white lead factory    arliament   enact
legislation    prohibit     in response to      discount   trade   oppose  as yet
work opportunity     promote    contend   concur   controllable   conditions
extant   stringently     enforce    cease    prospect    pressure...to do  comply with


按照   研究调查     发生率     白铅工厂     国会    制定
法规   禁止   反应   漠视    行业     反对   当时，现在
工作机会    提出    声称   同意    可控的   工作环境
现有的    严格地    实施   停止   前景    迫使做  实施




难句背诵：


 Acting on the recommendation of a British government committee investigating the high incidence in white lead factories of illness among employees, most of whom were women, the Home Secretary proposed in 1895 that Parliament enact legislation that would prohibit women from holding most jobs in white lead factories.




题目：


contention    hygiene   household
论点          卫生      国内的

---

作者: 1369179610    时间: 2013-2-1 18:26
标题: 16(p396)
16.
段一
    It was 【once believed】 that the brain was  
independent of metabolic processes occurring  
elsewhere in the body. In recent studies,【 however,】  
we have discovered that the production and release
in brain neurons of the neurotransmitter serotonin  
(neurotransmitters are compounds that neurons use  
to transmit signals to other cells) depend directly on
the food that the body processes.  


本段大意：once believed：大脑独立于新陈代谢，
         however：大脑神经传递素——血清素的产生和释放依赖于代谢的食物。




段二
    Our 【first studies sought to determine】 whether  
the increase in serotonin observed in rats given
a large injection of the amino acid tryptophan  
might also occur after rats ate meals that change  
tryptophan levels in the blood. 【We found that,】  
immediately after the rats began to eat, parallel  
elevations occurred in blood tryptophan, brain
tryptophan, and brain serotonin levels. 【These  
findings suggested that】 the production and release  
of serotonin in brain neurons were normally coupled
with blood-tryptophan increases. In 【later studies】 we  
found that injecting insulin into a rat's bloodstream  
also caused parallel elevations in blood and brain
tryptophan levels and in serotonin levels. 【We then  
decided to see】 whether the secretion of the animal's
own insulin similarly affected serotonin production.
【We gave】 the rats a carbohydrate-containing meal  
that we knew would elicit insulin secretion. 【As we
had hypothesized,】 the blood tryptophan level and
the concentrations of tryptophan and of serotonin  
in the brain increased after the meal.




本段大意：
first studies sought to determine：注射大量色氨酸的小鼠饭后色氨酸的增长是否会诱发血清素峰值。
We found that：刚吃完饭，血液和大脑里的色氨酸以及大脑中的血清素都达到峰值。
later studies：发现胰岛素注射会达到上个实验同样的效果。
We then decided to see：动物自身的胰岛素是否有同样的作用。
We gave： 碳水化合物（可诱发胰岛素峰值）给小鼠吃
As we had hypothesized：血液大脑的色氨酸值和大脑血清素值达到峰值。




段三
    【Surprisingly, however,】 when we added a large  
amount of protein to the meal, brain tryptophan  
and serotonin levels fell. 【Since protein contains
tryptophan, why should it depress brain tryptophan  
levels?】 【The answer】 lies in the mechanism that  
provides blood tryptophan to the brain cells. This
same mechanism also provides the brain cells with  
other amino acids found in protein, such as tyrosine
and leucine. The consumption of protein increases  
blood concentration of the other amino acids much  
more, proportionately, than it does that of tryptopha  
The more protein is in a meal, the lower is the ratio  
of the resulting blood -tryptophan concentration to  
the concentration of competing amino acids, and
the more slowly is tryptophan provided to the brain.  
【Thus】 the more protein in a meal,the less serotonin  
subsequently produced and released.


段三大意：
Surprisingly, however,：增加蛋白质的食用时，大脑色氨酸和血清素下降了。
Since protein contains tryptophan, why should it depress brain tryptophan  
levels?
The answer：提供血液色氨酸给脑细胞的机制--蛋白质在提供色氨酸的同时提供更多的其他氨基酸，因此相较而言色氨酸的浓度比例降低了，色氨酸提供给大脑的速度也变慢了。
Thus：食物中蛋白质越多，越少的血清素会被产生和释放。




本文类型是结论解释型文章：
文章结构：第一段：结论：大脑血清素受食物代谢控制。
         第二段：饭-胰岛素增加-色氨酸增加-血清素增加。
         第三段：更具体的结论：大脑血清素虽然会因食物代谢增加上升，但是会被蛋白质含量增加抑制。


单词：


metabolic  process   elevation   be coupled with     elicit     secretion   lie in   resulting
新陈代谢的  加工      峰值            联系                     引出     分泌物       在于    结果的


题目：


the lower is the ratio of the resulting blood -tryptophan concentration to  the concentration of competing amino acids


It can be inferred from the passage that which of the  
following would be LEAST likely to be  a  potential  
source of aid to a patient who was not adequately  
producing and releasing serotonin? （双重否定）





when the authors began（开始以后） their first studies, they were aware that ...

             before beginning(开始以前)

---

作者: 1369179610    时间: 2013-2-1 20:47
标题: 15(p394)
15.


    Two works published in 1984 demonstrate
【contrasting】 approaches to writing the history of  
United States women. Buel and Buel's biography of  
Mary Fish (1736-1818) makes little 【effort to place】
her story in the context of recent 【historiography】 on  
women.


*contrasting：极不相同的，迥异的
The book explores contrasting views of the poet's early work.
次数探讨了人们对这位诗人的早期作品截然不同的观点。
*effort to do sth. 尝试
*historigraphy 历史编纂


大意：1984年的两部作品显示了对妇女历史的不同编写方式。B 和他的“MF传”几乎未尝试将MF的故事放在对妇女的历史编纂的背景之下。




Lebsock, meanwhile, attempts not only to
write the history of women in one southern  
community, but also to 【redirect】 two decades of
historiographical debate 【as to】 whether women
gained or lost status in the nineteenth century as
compared with the eighteenth century.

*redirect sth. (to sth.)重新整理，使用
*as to 关于，至于
   大意：同时，L，不仅在写南部委员会的一个妇女的历史，还重新使用了20年间的关于妇女是否失去地位的历史编纂讨论。


Although both books offer the reader the opportunity to
assess this controversy regarding women's status,
only Lebsock's deals with it directly. She examines
several different aspects of women's status, helping
to refine and resolve the issues. She concludes that  
while women gained autonomy in some areas,  
especially in the private sphere, they lost it in many  
aspects of the economic sphere.




大意：虽说两本书都讨论了女权，但是L讨论的更直接，并帮助提炼和分解问题。她总结道：当妇女在尤其是私人范围内获得权力的时候，在经济上诸多方面她们丧失了权力。


【More importantly,】she shows that the debate itself
depends on frame of reference: in many respects,
women lost power in relation to men, for example,
as certain jobs(delivering babies, supervising
schools) were taken over by men.【Yet】 women also gained
power in comparison with their previous status, owning a  
higher proportion of real estate, for example.  


大意：More importantly，讨论本身依赖于参照系：许多方面女人因为男性丧失了权力。
     yet，女性在某方面也更有地位。




【In contrast,】 Buel and Buel's biography provides ample  
raw material for questioning the myth, fostered by  
some historians, of a colonial golden age in the
eighteenth century but does not give the reader  
much guidance in analyzing the controversy over  
women's status.


相较之下：B提供了较多的原始材料质疑由某些历史学家提出的18世纪殖民地女权黄金时期之谜，但是没有提供分析对女权争论的指导。


本文类型是观点对比


B 不涉及历史编纂方法，不直接讨论女权。L涉及历史编纂方法以及对女权讨论更直接。




单词：


controversy    refine   conclude   resolve   autonomy    sphere
frame of reference    in relation to     in comparison with  
ample   foster   colonial  
争论    提炼   得出结论    分解   自主权   范围
参照系    与。。。有关    相比之下  
足够的   促进   殖民的




难句：


Buel and Buel's biography provides ample  
raw material for questioning the myth, fostered by  
some historians, of a colonial golden age in the
eighteenth century.


题目：


prevalent   supervision    speculate    occupations     characterizations
流行的      监督            猜测         职业                  特征描述

---

作者: 1369179610    时间: 2013-2-2 17:14
14.
段一
【 Milankovitch】 proposed in the early twentieth
century that the ice ages were caused by variations  
in the Earth's orbit around the Sun.【 For some  
time】 this theory was considered untestable,  
largely【 because】 there was no sufficiently precise  
chronology of the ice ages with which the orbital  
variations could be matched.  


本段大意：Milankovitch认为冰河世纪是地球轨道变化导致的。For some  
time，这个说法无法被证实，because 没有确切的年代表用于与变化匹配。


段二
To establish such a chronology it is necessary
to determine the relative 【amounts of land ice】that  
existed at various times in the Earth's past.A recent
discovery makes such a determination possible:
relative land-ice volume for a given period can be  
deduced from the ratio of two oxygen isotopes,
16 and 18, found in ocean sediments.Almost
all the oxygen in water is oxygen 16,but a few  
molecules out of every thousand incorporate the
heavier isotope 18.When an ice age begins,the
continental ice sheets grow, steadily reducing the
amount of water evaporated from the ocean that
will eventually return to it.Because heavier isotopes
tend to be left behind when water evaporates  
from the ocean surfaces, the remaining ocean  
water becomes progressively enriched in oxygen  
18. 【The degree of enrichment can be determined】
by analyzing ocean sediments of the period,  
because these sediments are composed of calcium  
carbonate shells of marine organisms, shells that  
were constructed with oxygen atoms drawn from
the surrounding ocean. The higher the ratio of  
oxygen 18 to oxygen 16 in a sedimentary specimen,
the more land ice there was when the sediment  
was laid down.


本段大意：
年代表的确定需要测量the amounts of land ice的变化。计算海底沉淀物的氧18。这是因为沉积物中有贝类，它们吸收周围海洋的氧原子制造自己的壳。壳中含有氧18含量越高，沉积物沉寂下来的那个时期大陆冰越多。


段三
   As an indicator of shifts in the Earth's climate,  
the 【isotope record has two advantages.】 First, it is
a global record: there is remarkably little variation
in isotope ratios in sedimentary specimens taken  
from different continental locations. Second, it is  
a more continuous record than that taken from
rocks on land. Because of these advantages,  
sedimentary evidence can be dated with sufficient  
accuracy by radiometric methods to establish a
【precise chronology of the ice ages.】 The dated
isotope record shows that the fluctuations in  
global ice volume over the past several hundred
thousand years have a pattern: an ice age occurs  
roughly once every 100,000 years. These data have  
established 【a strong connection between】 variations
in the Earth's orbit and the periodicity of the ice  
ages.


同位素标记有两个优点，一个是普遍适用性，一个是持续性。利用这两个优点，年代表可以被精确地测量出来。通过同位素标记发现：每100,000年会出现一次冰河时期，这个现象证明地球轨道变化和冰河时期的周期规律是紧密相连的。


段四
    However, it is important to note that other
factors, such as volcanic particulates or variations
in the amount of sunlight received by the Earth,  
could potentially have affected the climate. The  
advantage of the Milankovitch theory is that it  
is testable; changes in the Earth's orbit can be  
calculated and dated by applying Newton's laws  
of gravity to progressively earlier configurations
of the bodies in the solar system. Yet the lack of
information about other possible factors affecting  
global climate does not make them unimportant.  


其他的因素：火山微粒和阳光的量 也会影响气候。M的理论的优势是它可以被检验，而且通过地球轨道的变化人们可以推知太阳系其他星球的位置。但是被忽略的因素不会因为被忽略了就失去了它本身的重要性。










本文类型是问题解决型：
段一：提出问题——一个假说由于没有年代表而无法证实其真实性。
段二：解决办法：同位素标记法：年代表--冰的数量--氧18
段三：结果：假说是真的
段四：影响结果的其他因素。




单词：


be caused by     variations    untestable   chronology    isotope     deduce    incorporate
evaporate     progressively     enrichment    sediment   calcium carbonate   lay down
radiometric    fluctuation      periodicity   particulate   configuration


由。。。导致     变动      不能证明的    年代表    同位素    推理出来    包含
蒸发         逐步地       浓缩       沉积物     碳酸钙      沉淀下来
放射性测量的    波动，涨落    周期性     微粒     组合，排列






难句背诵：
fluctuations in global ice volume
variations in the amounts of sunlight received by the Earth
*in的用法：表示某一个方面。


When the ice age begins, the continental ice sheets grow, steadily reducing the amount of water evaporated from the ocean that will eventually return to it.
本句话的理解质量直接关系到64题能否作对。
关键点：蒸发的海水以降雨的形式回到大陆冰块上时随即被冰冻，从而不会再流回到海洋中。（因此海洋中氧18的浓度越来越高。）




Yet the lack of information about other possible factors affecting global climate does not make them unimportant.






题目：


consistent    open up   predominated   stretch back   precipitation   susceptible   deterioration
连续的        打开       占支配地位的   展开           降雨             易受影响的     变坏，恶化


inference 题目 要回到原文定位，尤其是那种有些模糊的概念。（67）

　Milankovirch proposed in the early twentieth century that the ice ages were caused by variations in the Earth’s orbit around the Sun. for some time this theory was considered untestable, largely because there was no sufficiently precise chronology of the ice ages with which the orbital variations could be matched.
　　To establish such a chronology it is necessary to determine the relative amounts of land ice that existed at various tines in the Earth’s past. A recent discovery makes such a determination possible: relative land-ice volume for a given period can be deduced from the ratio of two oxygen isotopes, 16 and 18, found in ocean sediments. Almost all the oxygen in water is oxygen 16, but a few molecules out of every thousand incorporate the heavier isotope 18. when an ice age begins, the continental ice sheets grow, steadily reducing the amount of water evaporated from the ocean that will eventually return to it. Because heavier isotopes tend to be left behind when water evaporates from the ocean surfaces, the remaining ocean water becomes progressively enriched in oxygen 18. the degree of enrichment can be determined by analyzing ocean sediments of the period, because these sediments of the period, because these sediments are composed of calcium carbonate shells of marine organisms, shells that were constructed with oxygen atoms drawn from the surrounding ocean. The higher the ratio of oxygen 16 in a sedimentary specimen, the more land ice there was when the sediment was laid down.
　　As an indicator of shifts in the Earth’s climate, the isotope record has two advantages. First, it is a global record: there is remarkably little variation in isotope ratios in sedimentary specimens taken from different continental locations. Second, it is a more continuous record than that taken from rocks on land. Because of these advantages, sedimentary evidence can be dated with sufficient accuary by radiometric methods to establish a precise chronology of the ice ages. The dated isotope record shows that the fluctuations in global ice volume over the past several hundred thousand years have a pattern: an ice age occurs roughly once every 100,000 years. These data have established a strong connection between variations in the Earth’s orbit and the periodicity of the ice ages.
　　However, it is important to note that other factors, such as volcanic particulates or variations in the amount of sunlight received by the Earth, could potentially have affected the climate. The advantage of the Milankovitch theory is that it is testable; changes in the Earth’s orbit can be calculated and dated by applying Newton’s laws of gravity to progressively earlier configurations of the bodies in the solar system. Yet the lack of information about other possible factors affecting global climate does not make them unimportant.
　　米兰科维奇早在二十世纪初就提出冰期是由地球环绕太阳的轨道变化引起的。原先人们认为这一理论是无法证实的，主要是因为没有足够准确的冰期年表可以和轨道变化规律做比照。
　　要建立冰期年表就需要测定以前地球上各个不同时期的陆冰相对存量。最新发现使这种测定成为可能：一个特定时期的相对陆冰量可以从海洋沉积物中氧的同位素O16 和O18 的比例推算出来。在水里，几乎所有的氧都是O16 ，但是，在一千个水分子中，会有几个与O18 结合。冰期开始的时候，大陆冰盖逐渐增大，这使得从海洋蒸发最终又回到海洋的水稳步减少。当水份从海洋表面蒸发时，相对较重的O18 会留下来，所以海水中的O18 会越来越多。通过对这一时期海洋沉积物的分析就可以测定O18的含量，因为这些沉积物是由海洋微生物的碳酸钙骨骼构成的，而这些骨骼又是获取周边海域的氧原子构建的。沉积物样本中O18和O16 的比例越高，这些沉积物形成时期的陆冰面积就越大。
　　作为地球气候转变的标志，这种同位素记录有两大优势。其一，它是全球性的记录，从不同大洲取来的沉积物样本中同位素比例几乎没有区别。其二，与从岩石和土壤中获得的记录相比，它更具有连续性。因为有这些优势，才能通过辐射测量法测定沉积物样本的年代，从而建立准确的陆冰年表。确定年代的同位素记录显示出在过去几十万年中全球冰川变换的规律：冰期大约每100000年出现一次。这些数据还显示出地球轨道变化与冰期周期性之间的紧密联系。
　　然而，要注意的是火山微粒和地球所吸收阳光量的变化也可能是影响气候变化的潜在因素。米兰科维奇理论的优势在于它是可测定的。用牛顿重力定律可以计算出地球轨道变化并确定更早的太阳系天体布局年代。缺少其它影响地球气候的可能因素并不意味已经确定的因素不重要。

---

作者: 1369179610    时间: 2013-2-2 20:12
标题: 13.(p390)
13.


段一
In  Winters v. United States (1908), the Supreme  
Court held that the right to use waters flowing through
or adjacent to the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation  
was reserved to American Indians by the treaty  
establishing the reservation. Although this treaty did
not mention water rights, the Court ruled that the
federal government, when it created the reservation,  
intended to deal fairly with American Indians by  
【reserving】 for them the waters 【without which their  
lands would have been useless.】 Later decisions, 【citing  
Winters,】 established that 【courts can find federal rights
to reserve water for particular purposes if (1) the land  
in question lies within an enclave under exclusive
federal jurisdiction, (2) the land has been formally  
withdrawn from federal public lands —i.e., withdrawn
from the stock of federal lands available for private  
use under federal land use laws —and set aside or
reserved, and (3) the circumstances reveal the  
government intended to reserve water as well as land  
when establishing the reservation. 】


reserve：保持，拥有，保留某种权利
举例：
The management reserves the right to refuse admission.  管理部门有权拒绝接收。
all rights reserved 版权所有








虚拟语气之含蓄条件句的用法-条件暗含在短语中：


What would I have done [without] you? (have done 表示的是已经完结的动作。)


   [But for your help] we couldn't have succeeded in your experiment.


He must have the strenghtn of the hippopotamus, [or] he never could have vanquished that great beast.


[Alone,] he would have been terrified.


It would be easier to do it this way.(to do 表示的是即将发生的动作。)




同位语修饰的使用：（很赞的写作手法~~~）


... was reserved to American Indians by the treaty [establishing the reservsation].


本句中 establishing the reservsation 可以和 the treaty 交换位置或相互代替。


Later decisions, [citing Winters,] established that....


同理，citing winters 可以和 decisions 相互交换位置 或相互代替。






1.find  裁决
 举例：
How do you find the accused?
The jury found him guilty of manslaughter.(过失杀人)
The court found in her favor.


2.in question  提到的，讨论的，质疑的
3.under exclusive jurisdiction  不在管辖范围之内
4.withdraw 收回
5.under laws  在法律管辖下
6.circumstance 事实，情况
7.establish the reservation 确立专用地


本段大意：在W 案里，最高法院将流经印第安保留地的水域判给印第安人。之后的决议 确定法院在以下三种情况可以收回水权:
1)当提到的土地不归联邦管的时候；
2）国有土地以股票等形式回收归国有的时候；
3）在确立专用地的时候联邦打算保留水权和土地权的情况。








段二
Some American Indian tribes have also established  
water rights through the courts based on their  
traditional diversion and use of certain waters prior to
the United States' acquisition of sovereignty. For  
example, the Rio Grande pueblos already existed when
the United States acquired sovereignty over New
Mexico in 1848. Although they at that time became  
part of the United States, the pueblo lands never  
formally constituted a part of federal public lands; in  
any event, no treaty, statute, or executive order has  
ever designated or withdrawn the pueblos from public
lands as American Indian reservations. This fact,  
however, has not barred application of the  Winters
doctrine. What constitutes an American Indian
reservation is a question of practice, not of legal  
definition, and the pueblos have always been treated  
as reservations by the United States. This pragmatic
approach is buttressed by  Arizona v. California (1963),  
wherein the Supreme Court indicated that the manner
in which any type of federal reservation is created  
does not affect the application to it of the Winters
doctrine. Therefore, the reserved water rights of  
Pueblo Indians have priority over other citizens' water  
rights as of 1848, the year in which pueblos must be
considered to have become reservations.  
本段大意：一些部落保留了水权。例如RG村庄，虽然在1848年，它属于美国，但是其土地并不归美国国有。但是这没能阻止W 文件的实施，这个村庄也市场被认为是美国的专用地。不过只要不干预w法案的实施，美国政府是赞同这种灵活处理的。因此，从1848年（RG村庄被看做是美国的专用地）起，印第安人的水权要高于其他公有水权。










本文类型是现象解释型：
段一：现象——w法案中，流经和毗邻印第安专用地的水域使用权归印第安人。原因：本来政府就打算这么做。+w协议例外条款。
段二：深入说明现象：部落还通过法院自己确定水权。举例：RG村庄水权归村庄所有，只要w法案继续施行。










单词：


hold     waters    adjacent to   fort   reservation     reserve    treaty   water rights    rule
fairly    decisions     citing    establish    in question    enclave   diversion    acquisition
pueblo    constitute    executive order   bar   doctrine   pragmatic    buttress   priority over
as of  




认为   水域   毗邻   堡垒   保留地   保留   条款   水权   判决  
公平地   决议   决议   确立   考虑的   飞地（在一个国家领土中的非本国所有的土地）   转移，改变   最高统治权
村庄   等同于   美国总统之行政命令     封锁    法律原则    实际的    支持，鼓励    优先于
自从=as from


难句背诵：


the land in question lies within an enclave under exclusive federal jurisdiction


题目：


rescind      criteria      explicitly     as such    disputing    defer to   prior       primarily
废除          标准           明确地        本身       争论的       遵从       优先的      根本上


60题：文章为何提到这个事实——RG村庄从未从根本上被回收，成为美国的公有土地？
A 暗含解释为甚么之前有观点认为RG不适用于w法案。

---

作者: 1369179610    时间: 2013-2-3 00:42
12.


第一小层：
Among the myths taken as fact by the environmental
managers of most corporations is the belief that
environmental regulations affect all competitors
in a given industry uniformly.


这个说法是非常荒谬的，却被大多数公司的环境经理认为是对的：环境监管在特定行业里对所有竞争者影响相同。







第二小层：


In reality,regulatory costs —and therefore compliance —fall unevenly,
economically disadvantaging some companies and benefiting others.For
example,a plant situated near a number of larger noncompliant competitors
is less likely to attract the attention of local regulators than is an
isolated plant, and less attention means lower costs. Additionally, large
plants can spread compliance costs such as waste treatment across a larger  
revenue base; on the other hand, some smaller plants may not even be subject
to certain provisions such as permit or reporting requirements by virtue of
their size.




实际（生活）中，每个公司监管成本并不一样，这在经济上对一些企业有利，同时对另一些企业不利。例如，在
一堆不守规矩的企业中，而不是单独存在的一个守规矩的企业，更不容易被监管者注意，即更加省钱。此外，大
企业支付得起服从监管的费用，另一方面，小企业可能连许可证和定期报告都不用做。




第三小层：
Finally, older production technologies often continue
to generate toxic wastes that were not regulated when
the technology was first adopted. New regulations
have imposed extensive compliance costs on
companies still using older industrial coal-tfired  
burners that generate high sulfur dioxide and
nitrogen oxide outputs, for example, whereas new  
facilities generally avoid processes that would  
create such waste products.


最终的情况是，旧生产技术继续排放有毒物质，新规定强制施行使它们服从监管成本的过高，然而新的设备通常避免产生那些有毒物质的工序。




第四小层：
By realizing that they have discretion and that not
all industries are affected equally by environmental
regulation,environmental managers can help their
companies to achieve a competitive edge by anticipating  
regulatory pressure and exploring all possibilities  
for addressing how changing regulations will affect  
their companies specifically.  


由于监管者知道他们有决定的自由，并且不同行业受环境监管影响并不相同，所以他们可以通过预见和提前处理环境监管带来的问题帮助自己的企业处于竞争优势。




本文是结论解释型文章：
谬论：环境监管对所有竞争者影响相同。
原因：（由于位置，大小，技术新旧等原因）各公司监管成本不同。
经理可以使公司处于竞争优势。
     
   


单词：
uniformly    in reality      regulatory      compliance    fall  unevenly   situate    waste treatment  
revenue base     be subject to     provision      permit    reporting    by virtue of    toxic
impose     extensive      coal-fired     sulfur dioxide   nitrogen dioxide      outputs   facility
discretion      competitive    anticipating   regulatory    specifically




一致地     事实上    监管的    服从   发生   不平均的    坐落于     废物处理
收入基数   从属，适合     规定   许可证   报告    由于    有毒的  
强加   广阔的     烧煤的    二氧化硫   一氧化氮    产出   设备
决定条件   竞争的   预感，分析    监管的   具体地




难句：
Among the myths taken as fact by the environmental
managers of most corporations is the belief that
environmental regulations affect all competitors
in a given industry uniformly.




Additionally, large plants can spread compliance  
costs such as waste treatment 【across】？ a larger  
revenue base; on the other hand, some smaller
plants may not even be subject to certain  
provisions such as permit or reporting
requirements by virtue of their size.


a plant situated near a number of larger
noncompliant competitors is less likely to attract  
the attention of local regulators than is an isolated  
plant


题目
It  can be inferred from the passage that a large plant  
might have to spend more than a similar 【but】？ smaller
plant on environmental compliance because the larger
plant is  

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作者: 1369179610    时间: 2013-2-3 13:44
标题: 11(p386)
11.


(This passage was adapted from an article written
in 1992.)  


第一小层：
  Some observers have attributed the dramatic  
growth in temporary employment that occurred in  
the United States during the 1980s to increased  
participation in the workforce by certain groups,  
such as first-time or reentering workers, who
supposedly prefer such arrangements.


some observers：1980s' growth in temporary employment is due to increased participation in the workforce by certain groups.
某些观察员观点：1980年短工的增长与劳动力中特殊群体参与的增长有关。




第二小层：
|| However,  
statistical analyses reveal that demographic  
changes in the workforce did not correlate with
variations in the total number of temporary  
workers. Instead, these analyses suggest that
factors affecting employers account for the rise  
in temporary employment.
但分析数据显示，是影响雇主的因素导致的临时工作的上升。




第三小层：
||One factor is product  
demand: temporary employment is favored by
employers who are adapting to fluctuating demand  
for products while at the same time seeking  
to reduce overall labor costs. Another factor
is labor's reduced bargaining strength, which  
allows employers more control over the terms of  
employment.
两个因素：1）产品需求 2）劳动力的讨价还价能力


第四小层：
|| Given the analyses, which reveal that  
growth in temporary employment now far exceeds  
the level explainable by recent workforce entry
rates of groups said to prefer temporary jobs, firms  
should be discouraged from creating excessive  
numbers of temporary positions.
需要抑制公司增加临时工的倾向。




第五小层：
Government policymakers should consider mandating
benefit coverage for temporary employees, promoting
pay equity between temporary and permanent workers,
assisting labor unions in organizing temporary  
workers, and encouraging firms to assign temporary
jobs primarily to employees who explicitly indicate  
that preference.
政府需要为临时工增收，纳入工会管理，鼓励企业优先录取主动倾向做临时工的人临时工作。




本文类型是问题解决型：
问题的界定---问题成因---解决目标---解决办法


单词


supposedly     demographic   correlate with    employer    
fluctuate     overall    bargaining strength      mandate
coverage     equity    primarily


据称     人口统计的     相关    雇主
波动     整体的      议价能力   授权
优势   公平    首先




题目：
correspond to     equitable       facilitate    initiate
与。。。相符       公正的         促进           发起

---

作者: 1369179610    时间: 2013-2-3 17:12
标题: 10 现象解释型的逻辑： 现象--解释--理论不足之处(仍需要进一步探讨的地方)
10.
    In the seventeenth -century Florentine textile
industry, women were employed primarily in low-  
paying, low -skill jobs. To explain this segregation  
of labor by gender, economists have relied on  
the useful theory of human capital. According  
to this theory, investment in human capital —the  
acquisition of difficult job-related skills—generally  
benefits individuals by making them eligible to  
engage in well -paid occupations. Women's role as
child bearers, however, results in interruptions in
their participation in the job market (as compared  
with men's) and thus reduces their opportunities  
to acquire training for highly skilled work. In  
addition, the human capital theory explains why  
there was a high concentration of women workers  
in certain low - skill jobs, such as weaving, but not
in others, such a s combing or carding, by positing  
that because of their primary responsibility in child  
rearing women took occupations that could be
carried out in the home.  
    There were, however, differences in pay scales
that cannot be explained by the human capital
theory. For example, male construction workers  
were paid significantly higher wages than female  
taffeta weavers. The wage difference between  
these two low -skill occupations stems from the
segregation of labor by gender: because a limited
number of occupations were open to women, there
was a large supply of workers in their fields, and
this "overcrowding" resulted in women receiving  
lower wages and men receiving higher wages.  


逻辑链：(现象解释型)
现象——women were employed in low-paying low-skill jobs.
解释——theory of human capital
       difficult skills --->well-paid occupations--->women -- low skill
       ps:theory explains why women prefer certain low-skill jobs
理论缺陷——cannot explain pay scales
       example
       原因：demands and supply


单词：
segregation of labor by gender      acquisition of      eligible  
child bearer    interruptions in      weaving    child rearing   take occupations
pay scales     construction worker    taffeta weaver   describe... as..     articulate
flaw  substantiate    accommodate   domestic      occupational




劳动性别歧视       获得     有资格的
生孩子的人     中断   纺织   养育孩子   工作
工资水平      建筑工    纺织工   这样描述某东西   讲清楚
缺陷   具体支持   适应   家庭的    职业的


难句：


According to this theory,investment in human capital--the acquisition of difficult job-related skills--generally benefits individuals by making them eligible to engage in well-paid occupations.


The human capital theory explain why there was a high concerntration of women workers in certain low-skill jobs, such as weaving, but not in others, such as combing or carding, by poisiting that because of their primary responsibility in child rearing women took occupations that could be carried out in the home.

---

作者: 1369179610    时间: 2013-2-3 19:56
标题: 9.(p382)首句是结论---结论解释型/观点对比型
逻辑简图：logical structure，main idea和tone
句子：    supporting idea 和 evaluation
迁移能力：inference 和 application


注意中心词在文中的同义替换


9.


    【Manufacturers have to do more】 than build large
manufacturing plants to realize economies of scale.  
It is true that as the capacity of a manufacturing  
operation rises, costs per unit of output fall as plant
size approaches "minimum efficient scale," where the  
cost per unit of output reaches a minimum,  
determined roughly by the state of existing technology
and size of the potential market. However, minimum  
efficient scale cannot be fully realized unles s a steady
"throughput" (the flow of materials through a plant) is
attained. The throughput needed to maintain the
optimal scale of production requires careful  
coordination not only of the flow of goods through the
production process, but also of the flow of input from  
suppliers and the flow of output to wholesalers and
final consumers. If throughput falls below a critical  
point, unit costs rise sharply and profits disappear. A
manufacturer's fixed costs and "sunk costs" (original
capital investment in the physical plant) do not
decrease when production declines due to inadequate
supplies of raw materials, problems on the factory  
floor, or inefficient sales networks. 【 Consequently,】  
potential economies of scale are based on the  
physical and engineering characteristics of the  
production facilities—that is, on tangible capital —but
realized economies of scale are operational and  
organizational, and depend on knowledge, skills,  
experience, and teamwork —that is, on organized
human capabilities, or 【intangible capital】.
    The importance of investing in intangible capital  
becomes obvious when one looks at what happens in  
new 【capital -intensive】 manufacturing industries. Such  
industries are quickly dominated, not by the first firms
to acquire technologically sophisticated plants of  
theoretically optimal size, but rather by the first to  
exploit the full potential of such plants. Once some  
firms achieve this, a market becomes extremely hard  
to enter. Challengers must construct comparable  
plants and do so after the first movers have already
worked out problems with suppliers or with new  
production processes. Challengers must create
distribution networks and marketing systems in
markets where first movers have all the contacts and
know-how. And challengers must recruit management  
teams to compete   with those that have already
mastered these functional and strategic activities.










本文逻辑：（结论解释型：结论-解释-举例）
结论：Manufacturers have to do more than build large co.to realize economies of scale.
解释：potential economies of scale are based on both tangible and intangible capital.
举例：Intangible capital are of obvious importance in new capital intensive  manufacturing industries.


单词：
operation     wholesaler    fixed costs     tangible     dominated     sophisticated
optimal        exploit      know-how        


公司         批发商         固定成本         有形的       控制的        复杂的
理想的      利用            诀窍


难句：
It is true that as the capacity of a manufacturing operation rises, costs per unit of output fall as plant size approaches "minimum efficient scale," where the cost per unit of output reaches a minimum，determined roughly by the state of existing technology and size of the potential market.
The "throughput" needed to maintain the optimal scale of production requires careful coordination not only of the flow of goods through the production process, but also of the flow of input from  
suppliers and the flow of output to wholesalers and final consumers."
A manufacturer's fixed costs and "sunk costs" (original capital investment in the physical plant) do not decrease when production declines due to inadequate supplies of raw materials, problems on the factory floor, or inefficient sales networks.

---

作者: 1369179610    时间: 2013-2-4 01:50
标题: 8.（p380）
8.


段一
Current feminist theory, in validating women's own
stories of their experience, has encouraged scholars
of women's history to view the use of women's oral
narratives as the methodology, next to the use of
women's written autobiography, that brings historians
closest to the "reality" of women's lives.


Such narratives, unlike most standard histories（历史记载）, represent
experience from the perspective of women, affirm(承认)
the importance of women's contributions（贡献）, and furnish
present-day women with （提供）historical continuity（连续性） that is  
essential to their identity, individually and collectively.


本层大意：
现在的女权理论在证实妇女自己经历的故事时，鼓励相关史学家使用口述作为仅次于妇女自传的方法，这个方法可以让他们更加近距离地看到真实的妇女生活。
这些叙述，不像标准的历史著述，它是代表着妇女的观点，承认其贡献，并为现代妇女提供她们群体以及个人的身份。


    Scholars of women's history should, however, be  
as cautious 【about】 accepting oral narratives at face
value as they already are 【about】 written memories.  
Oral narratives are【 no more likely than】不会比..更像 are written
narratives to provide a disinterested commentary on  
events or people. Moreover, the stories people tell to  
explain themselves are shaped by narrative devices  
and storytelling conventions, as well as by other  
cultural and historical factors, in ways that the  
storytellers may be unaware of. The political rhetoric  
of a particular era, for example, may influence  
women's interpretations of the significance of their  
experience. Thus a woman who views the Second
World War as pivotal in increasing the social
acceptance of women's paid work outside the home
may reach that conclusion partly and unwittingly  
because of wartime rhetoric encouraging a positive  
view of women's participation in such work.  


本层大意：在表面意思上学者应该像他们对待“写下来的记忆”一样谨慎对待口头叙述。对人，事物口头语言不会比写下来的叙述更能提供一个公平的解说。更何况，故事本身是由叙述方式，讲故事的惯例，习俗以及其他文化，历史因素等被讲述着忽略的方式形成的。
例如，某时期政治辩论术就会影响妇女对她的经历的意义的解释。认为二战是社会接纳妇女外出工作的关键的妇女之所以得出这个结论，在一定程度上是因为当时的政治辩论术在鼓吹这个观点。


本文类型：（结论解释型）


结论：运用口头叙述
解释：更真实地反应妇女的观点
缺陷：女性的观点会受其他因素影响，因此接受口头叙述要谨慎








单词：
feminist   validate   narratives    methodology      next to     autobiography   histories    
affirm     contributions    furnish... with...      continuity     at face value    no more than
moreover     be shaped by      conventions     interpretation    pivotal    acceptance   unwittingly
wartime   rhetoric


女权主义者   证实      叙述      方法论     仅次于         自传      历史记载
承认         贡献      提供      连续性      在表面意思上     不多于
而且       形成       习俗      解释         中枢         接纳      不知情地，无意识地
战争时期    雄辩术




难句：    




Such narratives, unlike most standard histories（历史记载）, represent
experience from the perspective of women, affirm(承认)
the importance of women's contributions（贡献）, and furnish
present-day women with （提供）historical continuity（连续性） that is  
essential to their identity, individually and collectively.


Oral narratives are【 no more likely than】不会比..更像 are written
narratives to provide a disinterested commentary on  
events or people.


题目


refrain from     skeptically     depict ..


避免                   持怀疑地             描绘      

---

作者: 1369179610    时间: 2013-2-4 09:49
标题: 7.(p378)
7.新旧观点对比型
    In 1988 services moved ahead of  
manufacturing as the main product of the United
States economy. But what is meant by "services"?
Some economists define a service as something
that is produced and consumed simultaneously, for  
example, a haircut. The broader, classical definition  
is that a service is an intangible something that
cannot be touched or stored. Yet electric utilities  
can store energy, and computer programmers  
save information electronically. Thus, the classical  
definition is hard to sustain.


新观点：服务是立即消费品
旧观点：服务是无形的资产。
可是由于电力可储存，服务又以电子信息的方式存在电脑里，因此古典定义就值得商榷了
    The United States government's definition is
more practical: services are the residual category
that includes everything that is not agriculture or  
industry. Under this definition, services includes  
activities as diverse as engineering and driving a  
bus. However, besides lacking a strong conceptual
framework, this definition fails to recognize the  
distinction between service industries and service
occupations. It categorizes workers based on their
company's final product rather than on the actual
work the employees perform. Thus, the many
service workers employed by manufacturers—  
bookkeepers or janitors, for example—would
fall under the industrial rather than the services  
category. Such ambiguities reveal the arbitrariness  
of this definition and suggest that, although  
practical for government purposes, it does not  
accurately reflect the composition of the current  
United States economy.  
政府观点：除了工农业的都是服务。但这个观点无法区分服务业和服务性工作：这是因为这个观点是以公司的最终产品来分类的，所以制造商的记账员和看门人也被归为工业，而不是服务业。这个模糊性显示了这个概念的随意性，虽然对于政府来说很好用，但是它没有真正地影响美国的经济构成。


本文是新旧观点对比型：
经济学家的观点，古典观点
政府观点以及缺陷


单词：  


electric utilities       electronically      residual     diverse    conceptual    bookkeeper     janitor
arbitrariness     composition of


电力      电子地      剩余的    多种多样的     观念的，概念的     会计    看门人
任意恣意      组成，构成




题目
pragmatic
实际的    

---

作者: 1369179610    时间: 2013-2-4 11:39
标题: 6.(p374)
6.
段一
    In terrestrial environments, gravity places  
special demands on the cardiovascular systems of
animals. Gravitational pressure can cause blood to  
pool in the lower regions of the body, making it
difficult to circulate blood to critical organs such as  
the brain. Terrestrial snakes, in particular, exhibit
adaptations that aid in circulating   blood against the
force of gravity.  


在陆地环境下，重力会将特殊的要求加在动物的心血循环系统上。重力会让血液自然地淤积在低处，让大脑失血，有一种蛇，很好的适应了这个状况。






段二
    The problem 【confronting】 terrestrial snakes is best
illustrated by what happens to sea snakes when  
removed from their supportive medium. Because the
vertical pressure gradients within the blood vessels  
are counteracted by similar pressure gradients in the  
surrounding water, the distribution of blood
throughout the body of sea snakes remains about
the same regardless of their orientation in space,
provided they remain in the ocean. When removed  
from the water and tilted at various angles with the
head up, however, blood pressure at their midpoint
drops significantly, and at brain level falls to zero.
That many terrestrial snakes in simil ar spatial  
orientations do not experience this kind of circulatory
failure suggests that certain adaptations enable them
to regulate blood pressure more effectively in those
orientations.


confronting：  面临，降临于
the economic problems confronting the country   这个国家所面临的经济问题
陆栖蛇面临的困难用海蛇移到陆地上碰见的困难就很容易清楚了，因为海中压强血液和水是互相抵消的，所以海蛇整个身体上各个点的压强都是一样的，只要它们还在水里。当在陆地上时，不同的角度倾斜血压变化非常快，这是陆栖蛇不会遇见的情况。这说明它们已经很好的适应了这种方向的改变，以及时调整血压。






段三
    One such adaptation is the closer proximity of th
terrestrial snake's heart to its head, which helps to  
ensure circulation to the brain, regardless of the  
snake's orientation in space. The heart of sea snakes
can be located near the middle of the body, a  
position that minimizes the work entailed in  
circulating blood to both extremities. In arboreal  
snakes, however, which dwell in trees and often  
assume a vertical posture, the average distance
from the heart to the head can be as little as 15  
percent of overall body length. Such a location  
requires that blood circulated to the tail of the  
snake travel a greater distance back to the heart,  
a problem solved by another adaptation. When
climbing, arboreal snakes often pause  
momentarily to wiggle their bodies, causing waves
of muscle contraction that advance from the lower  
torso to the head. By compressing the veins and  
forcing blood forward, these contractions  
apparently improve the flow of venous blood
returning to the heart.


这种适应即心脏离头的距离更近。
对比举例：海蛇心脏在身体中间，树蛇的心脏在离头近的一侧，距离只有身体的15%。但是到尾部的血液会更晚回到头部。
由于树蛇经常直立爬行，所以它们靠身体挤压血液快速到达心脏。






本文是问题解决型文章：
问题：重力带给血液循环负担。
解决：陆栖蛇：适应性。
具体：这个适应就是心脏离头更近。 另外，可以通过肌肉收缩，挤压尾部静脉血加速循环。








单词：


demands    cardiovascular       gravitational     pool     exhibit   aid
confronting   supportive       gradients    counteracted by      orientation
provided    tilted      proximity     entail      aboreal      dwell in
posture     average      momentarily    wiggle    muscle contraction   advance
compress    venous blood




令人觉得困难，烦恼的要求   心血管的    重力的    淤积    存在     促进
降临于     有利的          变化率       抵消，中和      方向
条件是     倾斜         距离        承担          树栖      住在
姿势       平均        片刻    扭动      肌肉收缩      前进  
挤压       静脉血




题目


indigenous      inhabit     susceptible  neutralize   tilt
土生土长的       居住        易受影响的   使无效       倾斜

---

作者: 1369179610    时间: 2013-2-4 12:02
标题: 小节~
文章的元素：背景（现象）    结论（观点）   问题      解释（原因）   例子    补充（缺陷）
结论（观点）   问题 始终是十分关键的，因为这是文章存在的意义。




文章架构可简化成：
前提
结论
补充（  肯定结论，提出需弥补的缺陷;  反对结论，提出反前提，反结论。）

---

作者: 1369179610    时间: 2013-2-4 13:10
标题: 5.（p372）
5.


    When Jamaican-born social activist Marcus  
Garvey came to the United States in 1916, he
arrived at precisely the right historical moment.
What made the moment right was the return of
African American soldiers from the First World War  
in 1918, which created an ideal constituency（支持） 【for  
someone】 with Garvey's message of unity（统一团结的使命）, pride,  
and improved conditions（条件） for African American  
communities.


1916年，Marcus 来美国来对了时候，这是具有历史意义的时刻，1918年战士们回来，支持某个人，这个人的理念和Marcus 一致。





    Hoping to participate in the traditional American  
ethos of individual success, many African American  
people entered the armed forces with enthusiasm,  
only to find themselves segregated from white
troops and subjected to numerous indignities. They  
returned to a United States that was as segrega ted  
as it had been before the war. Considering similar
experiences, anthropologist Anthony F. C.
has argued that when a perceptible gap arises  
between a culture's expectations and the reality of  
that culture, the resulting tension can inspire a
revitalization movement: an organized, conscious
effort to construct a culture that fulfills long  
standing expectations.
当现实与希望违背的时候，新兴的运动就会开始，要达到希望。
    Some scholars have argued that Garvey created  
the consciousness from which he built, in the  
1920s, the largest revitalization movement in
African American history. But such an argument
only tends to obscure the consciousness of
identity, strength, and sense of history that already  
existed in the African American community. Garvey  
did not create this consciousness; rather, he gave
this consciousness its political expression.


有些人认为是M开始了这项运动，但是这么认为会给这项运动蒙上灰色的色彩。因此M没有创造这个新的意识，而是给了它一个政治上的解释。


本文类型：现象解释型
现象：运动
解释：种族的隔阂造成的，M只是给这个运动做了政治上的解释。




单词：


Jamaican      perceptible     revitalization   fulfill    obscure
牙买加        可理解的        新生             履行       掩盖


题目：
repudiate  prevailing
否认         主要的

---

作者: 1369179610    时间: 2013-2-4 13:28
标题: 3.（p368）
3.


    Archaeology as a profession faces two major
problems. First, it is the poorest of the poor.
Only paltry sums are available for excavating and  
even less is available for publishing the results  
and preserving the sites once excavated. Yet
archaeologists deal with priceless objects every day.
Second, there is the problem of illegal excavation,
resulting in museum-quality pieces being sold to the  
highest bidder（最高价竞买人）.


两个问题：
1.穷
2.非法挖掘
    I would like to make an outrageous  
suggestion that would at one stroke provide
funds for archaeology and reduce the amount  
of illegal digging. I would propose that scientific
archaeological expeditions and governmental  
authorities sell excavated artifacts on the open
market. Such sales would provide substantial
funds for the excavation and preservation of
archaeological sites and the publication of results.
At the same time, they would break the illegal  
excavator's grip on the market, thereby decreasing  
the inducement to engage in illegal activities.


解决办法：市场经济，一举两得
    You might object that professionals excavate to
acquire knowledge, not money. Moreover, ancient  
artifacts are part of our global cultural heritage,  
which should be available for all to appreciate, not
sold to the highest bidder. I agree. Sell nothing that  
has unique artistic merit or scientific value. But,
you might reply, everything that comes out of the
ground has scientific value. Here we part company.  
Theoretically, you may be correct in claiming
that every artifact has potential scientific value.  
Practically, you are wrong.
驳斥反对意见： 不是所有的物件都是有科学研究价值。
    I refer to the thousands of pottery vessels and  
ancient lamps that are essentially duplicates of
one another. In one small excavation in Cyprus,
archaeologists recently uncovered 2,000 virtually
indistinguishable small jugs in a single courtyard.  
Even precious royal seal impressions known as  
I'melekh handles have been found in abundance  
—more than 4,000 examples so far.
驳斥反对意见： 有的同种物件个数很多。
    The basements of museums are simply not
large enough to store the artifacts that are likely  
to be discovered in the future. There is not enough  
money even to catalog the finds; as a result, they
cannot be found again and become as inaccessible  
as if they had never been discovered. Indeed, with  
the help of a computer, sold artifacts could be more
accessible than are the pieces stored in bulging
museum basements. Prior to sale, each could be
photographed and the list of the purchasers could
be maintained on the computer. A purchaser could  
even be required to agree to return the piece if it
should become needed for scientific purposes.
驳斥反对意见：放在博物馆里找不到。
    It would be unrealistic to suggest that illegal  
digging would stop if artifacts were sold on  the  
open market. But the demand for the clandestine
product would be substantially reduced. Who would
want an unmarked pot when another was available  
whose provenance was known, and that was dated  
stratigraphically by the professional archaeologist
who excavated it?
补充说明：会大幅减少，不是消灭非法挖掘。


文章类型：问题解决
提出问题，解决方案，驳斥反对意见和补充


单词：


partly    outrageous    expedition     grip    inducement    merit    duplicated   essentially
courtyard   seal    impression    bulging   clandestine    provenance   graphically


微不足道    反常的      远征          掌控       引诱        优点       复制的       基本上
院子的     印章     图画          塞满的     秘密的         出处        逼真地

---

作者: 1369179610    时间: 2013-2-4 13:44
标题: 2.（p366）
2.


    Ecoefficiency (measures to minimize environment
impact through the reduction or elimination of waste  
from production processes) has become a goal for  
companies worldwide, with many realizing significant  
cost savings from such innovations. Peter Senge and
Goran Carstedt see this development as laudable but  
suggest that simply adopting ecoefficiency
innovations could actually worsen environmental
stresses in the future.


仅仅是新思想对生态效能没有用~~


Such innovations reduce
production waste but do not alter the number of  
products manufactured nor the waste generated  
from their use and discard; indeed, most companies
invest in ecoefficiency improvements in order to
increase profits and growth.
仅仅是减少了生产污染，并没有减少消费污染，利益驱使。


Moreover, there is no
guarantee that increased economic growth from  
ecoefficiency will come in similarly ecoefficient ways,  
since in today’s global markets, greater profits may  
be turned into investment capital that could easily be  
reinvested in old-style eco-inefficient industries. Even  
a vastly more ecoefficient industrial system could,  
were it to grow much larger, generate more total
waste and destroy more habitat and species than
would a smaller, less ecoefficient economy.
在投资可能还投资旧的技术，而且公司越大绝对污染就越高。


Senge and Carstedt argue that to preserve the global  
environment and sustain economic growth,  
businesses must develop a new systemic approach  
that reduces total material use and total accumulated  
waste.  Focusing exclusively on ecoeffi ciency, which  
offers a compelling business case according to  
established thinking, may distract companies from  
pursuing radically different products and business models.


新的系统的方法需要建立。


本文结构：结论解释型


结论： 方法不好使
     原因：3条
补充：新方法要建立。




单词：


ecoefficiency   laudable    alter   discard   exclusive    compelling    inadvertently
生态效能       值得赞美的    改变     丢弃     专有的        引人入胜的    非故意地

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作者: 1369179610    时间: 2013-2-4 13:53
标题: 1.（p364）
1.


    Biologists have advanced two theories to explain  
why schooling of fish occurs in so many fish species.
Because schooling is particularly widespread among
species of small fish, both theories assume that
schooling offers the advantage of some protection  
from predators.  
两个理论--鱼类为什么集群
    Proponents（支持者） of theory A dispute the assumption that
a school of thousands of fish is highly visible.
Experiments have shown t hat any fish can be seen,
even in very clear water, only within a sphere of 200
meters in diameter. When fish are in a compact group,
the spheres of visibility overlap. Thus the chance of a  
predator finding the school is only slightly greater
than the chance of the predator finding a single fish
swimming alone. Schooling is advantageous to the  
individual fish because a predator's chance of finding  
any particular fish swimming in the school is much  
smaller than its chance of finding at least one of the
same group of fish if the fish were dispersed
throughout an area.
A的支持者：集群使个体相对来说不易被发现
    However, critics of theory A point out that some
fish form schools even in areas where predators are
abundant and thus   little possibility of escaping  
detection exists. They argue that the school continues
to be of value to its members even after detection.  
They advocate theory B, the "confusion effect," which  
can be explained in two different ways.
反对者：  集群本身使目标明显，支持B：混淆视听
    Sometimes, proponents argue, predators simply  
cannot decide which fish to attack. This indecision
supposedly results from a predator's preference for
striking prey that is distinct from the rest of the
school in appearance. In many schools the fish are  
almost identical in appearance, making it difficult for a
predator to select one. The second explanation for  
the "confusion effect" has to do with the sensory  
confusion caused by a large number   of prey moving
around the predator. Even if the predator  


支持者补充：因为一定范围内不论个体还是集体，被发现的几率几乎相同。




本文：观点对比
但是支持A
A,B对比
A补充说明


单词：




tendency
     偏好

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作者: 1369179610    时间: 2013-2-4 14:03
标题: 4.（p370）
4.


    lo and Europa, the inner two of Jupiter's four
largest moons, are about the size of Earth's moon  
and are composed mostly or entirely of rock and  
metal. Ganymede and Callisto are larger and roughly
half ice. Thus, these four moons are somewhat
analogous（相似的） to the planets of the solar system, in which  
the rock-and metal-rich inner planets are distinct from
the much larger gas- and ice -rich outer planets.  
Jupiter's moons are, however, more "systematic":  
many of their properties vary continuously with
distance from Jupiter. For example, lo is ice-free,  
Europa has a surface shell of ice, and while
Ganymede and Callisto are both ice-rich, outermost
Callisto has more.
木星四个卫星的两颗的地理特征


    This compositional gradient has geological
parallels, lo is extremely geologically active, Europa  
seems to be active on a more modest scale, and  
Ganymede has undergone bouts of activity in its  
geological past. Only Callisto reveals no geological  
activity. In similar fashion, Callisto's surface is very
heavily cratered from the impact of comets and
asteroids; Ganymede, like Earth's moon, is heavily
cratered in parts; Europa is very lightly cratered; and  
no craters have been detected on lo, even though
Jupiter's gravity attracts comets and asteroids  
passing near it, substantially increasing the
bombardment rate of the inner moons compared to
that of the outer ones. But because of lo's high
degree of geological activity, its surface undergoes  
more-or-less continuous volcanic resurfacing.  


卫星的相似性。Io 地理活动很活跃， E次之，G再次之，C基本没有活动。
陨石坑数量也有递增变化
木星引力对地理活动也有影响。


观点对比（并列式）

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作者: 米恺儿    时间: 2013-3-6 01:18
赞赞赞！

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作者: bejamin1111    时间: 2013-5-23 23:43
Nice

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作者: fairypp    时间: 2013-5-24 00:57
赞赞赞~~~~

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作者: 妃理英    时间: 2013-5-24 21:15
非常需要，非常感谢

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作者: reachthesky    时间: 2013-6-7 10:54
很棒啊楼主

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作者: 1369179610    时间: 2013-6-9 15:57
看此贴的热心考友，本着批判的观点慎重使用本帖啊，欢迎吐槽~~

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作者: duncanie313    时间: 2013-6-18 16:06
Thanks for sharing~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

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作者: weixiaopasta    时间: 2013-7-31 22:50
赞~~~~~~~~~~~~

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作者: hrzhang    时间: 2013-8-1 07:48
123!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

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作者: yhuangll    时间: 2013-8-2 18:42
加油~~~~~~~~

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作者: denglvshu    时间: 2013-10-10 19:18
谢谢谢谢谢谢谢谢谢谢 赞赞赞赞赞赞

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作者: xupanghui    时间: 2014-1-6 10:19
谢谢，楼主太牛了~~~感激不尽~~

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作者: 了麽1205    时间: 2014-1-8 17:22
楼主爱你么么哒谢谢谢谢！！！！！

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作者: garcia    时间: 2015-7-26 18:13
Mark一下！               

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作者: chuhongbo    时间: 2015-7-28 20:27

1369179610 发表于 2013-2-2 20:12
13. 段一In  Winters v. United States (1908), the Supreme  Court held that the right to use ...

的我vwvvrqfqre

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