ChaseDream

标题: 【每日阅读训练第四期——速度越障12系列】【12-15】经管 [打印本页]

作者: angela不怕孤单 时间: 2013-1-4 21:56
标题: 【每日阅读训练第四期——速度越障12系列】【12-15】经管
大家加油哦↖(^ω^)↗！周六的作业~
又赶上个特别的日子，1314，祝各位有另一半的幸福美满，没有另一半的早日找到一生一世的TA~

【每日阅读训练第四期——速度越障12系列】【12-15】经管
【speed】
【time 1】
Autos
Why 2013 Will Be Another Huge Year for Car Sales
By Brad TuttleJan. 03, 20131 Comment

In 2012, U.S. consumers purchased over one million more new cars than the year before. This year, we’re expected to buy nearly one million more than in 2012. And in 2014? Yep, auto sales are projected to increase by another million or so over 2013.

What explains the steady rise in car sales? The answer probably has less to do with new cars drivers are being tempted to buy than it does with the older cars consumers still have parked in their driveways.

Without a doubt, there are plenty of exciting new models that have just hit the marketplace or will do so soon. As many as 40 vehicles will be freshly introduced (as redesigns or totally new cars) this year, according to the Wall Street Journal, which is more than twice the number of new cars rolled out in 2012.

Speaking of 2012, it was no slouch in terms of auto sales. A Washington Post story recently declared that the national economy was saved last year largely due to the strength of new-car sales. At the beginning of 2012, analysts forecasts called for total sales to hit around 14 million, which would have been roughly one million more that were sold in 2011. Automakers and car dealerships happily surpassed the 2012 projections, with approximately 14.5 million new vehicles sold, representing a 13% increase over the prior year.

Analysts expect auto sales to rise yet again in 2013, though most likely with a percentage increase in the single digits over 2012. The auto research firm Polk is predicting new car registrations to reach 15.3 million in 2013.

Drivers have been making do with older vehicles for years. The average car on U.S. roads in 2012 was over 11 years old, up from 10.6 years in 2010 and 9 in 2002.
【300】

【time 2】
Despite having a strong 2012, auto sales have been in something of a lull for years. A record-high 17.5 million vehicles were purchased in the U.S. in 2005, but after that the industry entered a slump, with a growing segment of consumers opting to repair their older vehicles rather than buy new ones. Restricted access to credit also stopped many consumers from buying or leasing new cars.

The Great Recession and continued uncertainty in the economy are rightly blamed as prime reasons that consumers have been hanging onto their cars longer and longer, but they’re not the only reasons. Better built, longer lasting cars deserve some of the credit too; at some point in recent years, it became expected that a car would last at least 100,000 without requiring major repairs, and 200,000 miles became the mark at which an owner could brag about his car’s impressive lifespan—and then just keep on driving it, hassle free.

But at some point even the most reliable vehicles must be put to sleep. The average car is 11.1 years old, meaning that there are quite a few automobiles on the road far higher in age than that. We’re talking 15, 20 years old. Each car is different, but overall, the numbers indicate a large portion of vehicles need to be replaced.

Accordingly, analysts are now calling for auto sales to top 15 million in 2013, and then to surpass 16 million in 2014. While that’s still below the mark hit in 2005, it represents strong growth for the industry. And while the increase in sales may come partly as a result of the better gas mileage, high-tech innovations, and cool new style offered in the latest cars and trucks, for the most part sales will rise because sales were so weak, relatively speaking, in recent years. All of that “pent-up demand” drove consumers into dealerships for new cars last year, and it’ll continue boosting auto sales in the years to come.
【329】

【time 3】
Free exchange
Stoneless rivers
Can China feel its way across the turbulent waters of financial reform?
Jan 5th 2013 | from the print edition

TRUSTING investors can easily be gulled by scams designed to relieve them of their savings. In China efforts to educate the unwary extend to the streets. Walls are daubed with murals illustrating the dangers of Ponzi schemes, which pay off early investors with money raised from a larger group of later ones. In one cartoon a swindler, hugging a big pot of cash, sits atop a human pyramid, representing the Ponzi principle at work.

The Ponzi principle has even tempted some of China’s banks, according to a widely cited article in China Daily, an official newspaper. The article was notable because its author, Xiao Gang, is chairman of one of China’s four big banks and may take over the central bank later in 2013. Mr Xiao is worried about the proliferation of wealth-management products (WMPs), which collect money from investors for a fixed term (usually less than six months) and plough it into a variety of financial assets, from short-term bills to long-gestation property projects.

Some of these products are issued by banks, although only a minority are explicitly guaranteed by them. Others are merely sold through the banks, which act as a distribution network. Mr Xiao frets that short-term products are financing long-term projects, creating a maturity mismatch. He also worries that some failed ventures are able to repay their bank loans only by raising fresh funds through WMPs, a form of Ponzi finance.

It is hard to count, or even define, WMPs. They probably topped 12 trillion yuan ($1.9 trillion) by the end of 2012, equivalent to about 16% of commercial-bank deposits, according to Charlene Chu of Fitch Ratings. But that figure counts only the products issued by banks, which typically offer pedestrian returns of about 4% on average. It does not include investments like the 160m-yuan product issued by Zhongding Wealth Investment Centre, which promised returns of 11-13%, according to Reuters, from investments in car dealers, a TV production firm and a pawn shop.
【327】

【time 4】
This now infamous product was sold to customers at Hua Xia bank in Shanghai by one of the bank’s employees. But the bank does not consider itself liable for its failure, as hundreds of aggrieved investors discovered when the product defaulted at the end of November. Unnerved by the Hua Xia case, China’s banking regulator has told banks to carry out urgent internal checks of all the third-party products they are peddling.

China has both a surplus of saving (almost half of GDP in 2012) and a shortage of suitable vehicles for that thrift. The bond market is small, especially for retail investors, and the stockmarket is suspect, thanks to shaky auditing and rampant insider trading. Property remains popular, but the government has tried to curb speculative home purchases. For many, bank deposits remain the default option. But they earn a meagre rate of interest, capped by the government.

Given these alternatives, it is easy to explain why investors are flocking to WMPs. It is harder to explain why the government tolerates them. Why does it impose a ceiling on deposit rates, even as it allows banks to issue close substitutes at whatever yield they can get? Why retain a regulation, then let banks work around it?

It appears paradoxical. But this approach to financial reform is in keeping with China’s approach to all economic liberalisation. It reforms piecemeal, crossing the river by feeling for the stones, as Deng Xiaoping, its former leader, put it. After 1978, for example, it kept many of the central plan’s existing quotas in place. But it also allowed farms and then firms to sell anything extra at whatever the market would bear. Rather than throwing out the plan, China grew out of it, as Barry Naughton of the University of California, San Diego, has put it.
【302】

【time 5】
Some analysts hope that WMPs will help China’s banks to grow out of the country’s financial plan, forcing them to compete for custom among choosy investors who will happily defect to a rival bank offering better terms. Through WMPs, lenders can dip their toes into competitive banking, just as farms and firms in the 1980s embraced the market even as they continued to fulfil their duties under the plan. But this approach works only if the government can continue to enforce its quotas and price controls. In the case of banking, this is a difficult trick to pull off. The government can control the price of deposits but it cannot control the quantity that firms and households are willing to provide. The rapid growth of WMPs suggests that depositors are switching to these products in increasing numbers. “China’s previously sticky deposits are losing their adhesiveness,” notes Ms Chu.

Mural hazard

The problem is that the state may still have to pick up the tab if things go wrong. Although only 15-20% of the WMPs issued by banks are explicitly guaranteed by them, in practice banks would probably stand behind their own products. (Third-party products sold through banks are a different matter.) In pushing their WMPs, banks are trading on their own credibility. But this credibility is not theirs to sell. It is borrowed from the state.

China’s government has closed only one bank in the past 15 years. And deposits enjoy an implicit state guarantee. Until recently, Chinese banks enjoyed this state protection at the cost of limited freedom. The introduction of WMPs has granted banks more freedom without any obvious loss of protection. Because the state’s deposit guarantee is not explicitly stated it is not explicitly limited either. Many WMP-buyers probably take comfort from it. They might rethink if China introduced formal deposit insurance, limited in scope and financed by the banks themselves.

In the meantime, third-party products like the one sold in Hua Xia bank must be allowed to fail. The loss would provide a striking illustration of the risks of financial speculation, painting a picture even China’s muralists would struggle to match.
【355】

【obstacle】
Meritocracies and Intergeneration Mobility-Becker

Countries differ greatly in the influence of family background on the achievements of children. Family influence is measured through the degree of intergenerational mobility, or the relation between the achievements of parents and children. Intergenerational mobility is said to be stronger when the achievements of children are more weakly related to the achievements of their parents.

Intergenerational mobility in a country is often used as a measure of the importance of merit rather than prejudice, political influence, and other similar considerations in determining success and failure in that country. Although intergenerational mobility is related to the importance of merit in determining success, the connection is more complex than one might think.

Economists usually measure intergeneration mobility by the relation between the earnings (or education) of parents and children. If children’s (lifetime) earnings tend on average to increase by 4% when parents (lifetime) earnings increase by 10%, the degree of intergenerational mobility would be 60% (=(100-40)/100), while if children’s earnings tend to increase on average by only 1% when parental earnings increase by 10%, intergenerational mobility would be 90%. This measure of mobility ranges among countries from about 90% to less than 20%. The degree of mobility for the United States equals about 50%, while it seems to be over 80% for several Scandinavian countries, and only about 30% for Brazil.

Success in a meritocracy depends mainly on a person’s abilities and skills. The relation between intergenerational mobility and such a meritocracy is complex. Consider, for example, cognitive abilities, as measured say by IQ score. Genes are a major determinant of IQ, although early environmental experiences and the covariance between genes and environment are also important. The significant role of genes in IQ means that children of parents with high IQs also tend to have higher than average IQs in part because children inherit their genes from parents. If earnings depended to a large extent on IQs because the economy heavily rewarded this measure of “merit”, parents with high IQs would tend to have high earnings, and their children would also have relatively high earnings because the children would also have high IQs.

Therefore, to the extent that earnings depend on cognitive abilities, such a “meritocracy” would have a strong correlation between the earnings of parents and children. In other words, intergenerational mobility would be relatively low in such a merit-based economy. To be sure, intergeneration mobility would also be low if family position were automatically passed on from parents to children, independently of the abilities of children (or parents). Therefore, intergeneration mobility would be low at these two extreme models of the role of merit in determining earnings. By contrast, if earnings were basically randomly determined in each generation without regard to merit or any other considerations, there would be complete intergeneration mobility even though merit had no role in determining earnings.

The relation between intergeneration mobility and meritocracy becomes still more complex after we recognize that earnings in a meritocracy would depend not only on cognitive abilities, such as IQ. For it depends also on investments in education and other human capital, on getting to work on time, on being able to take criticism, and on many other psychological characteristics. Families that are more educated and have high earnings tend to invest a lot in their children’s human capital, and in various non-cognitive traits. In a merit-based economy where earnings depend on the totality of abilities and skills, children of high earning parents would also tend to be high earners because their parents would pass on both cognitive skills and investments in various forms of human capital.

Even after including parental investments in education, non-cognitive traits, and other human capital of children, an economy where success and failure are determined by merit would still have low intergeneration mobility. To be sure, investments in education and many other types of human capital are not only determined by parents, but also by government policies and by philanthropists. To the extent that governments and philanthropists invest more in the human capital of children with less successful parents (as appears to be the case for governments in Scandinavian countries), a merit-based economy could have relatively high intergenerational mobility since children from poorer and less educated families might have high levels of human capital investments.

Nevertheless, a big jump is still required to make inferences from the intergeneration mobility in a country to the role of merit in determining success and failure in that country. In particular, although the United States has considerably lower intergeneration mobility than many Western European countries, this does not imply that merit is a less important determinant of success in the American economy than in these other economies.

Merit-based economies use the human capital of individuals more efficiently than other economies, but a country might be willing to trade off less efficiency for greater intergeneration mobility. Good policies would recognize that there is such a tradeoff, and that policies that lead to much greater mobility across generations may make the allocation of human resources considerably less efficient.
【838】

作者: elfking1234 时间: 2013-1-4 22:48
新人第一天，基本超时一分多，捂脸
速度
02：09
02：20
02：36
02：10
02：19
越障
06：09
intergenration mobility is not directly involved in the parents' earning, since a person’s abilities and skills depended by IQ have heavily influence on earning. Parents' earning can affect children's earning through more investment of education, which means higher human capital. However, eduction level of children is not only affected by parents' earning, but also government policies.

作者: forazure 时间: 2013-1-4 22:48
站位....

【每日阅读训练第四期——速度越障12系列】【12-15】经管

[出勤次数：25(15 of S12) 连续出勤次数：10]
Speed:
300 2'30"
329 2'44"
327 3'08"
302 2'45"
355 3'42"

Obstacle:
Word: 838 Time:8min

作者: pirate舟 时间: 2013-1-5 10:04
1'40
1'23
2'20
1'48
2'09

作者: kevinlaci 时间: 2013-1-5 10:39
1'40
1'39
1'46
1'32
1'50
4'33

作者: 263602973 时间: 2013-1-5 12:40
1‘47 the amount of car saling is expected to increase in 2013 and 2014.
2'11 the reasons why the sale of car is depression in recent years.
2'36 没看懂……WMPs brings a lot of problems to the financial market.
2’38 reasons why the WMPs are popular and the financial system reform.
2'59 the WMPs will bring chance to the financial reform.9'01 the relationship between intergeneration mobility, meritocracy and the economy of a country.

作者: 铁板神猴 时间: 2013-1-5 14:40

新人第一天，基本超时一分多，捂脸

-- by 会员 elfking1234 (2013/1/4 22:48:32)

还好~ 我们现在的文章都是为1'30''左右设计的

这个速度还行~ 换算下，只要到150 wpm以上就符合考试要求了。

作者: frankiepn 时间: 2013-1-5 14:52
1'34
1'49
1'50
1'47
1'46
obstacle
4'35

作者: Stonebutch 时间: 2013-1-5 16:38
2'20
auto car sales will continue growing in 2013,the main reason is people want to change old cars by new modeled cars,some data to support the opinion like WSJ and WP
1'48
(continued)the oppsite situation has showed in 2005 because 1 great recession 2 high quanlity of cars,they need no major repaires in much longer distance. But most cars has life and most of them are old enough to be replaced. New car sales will influence economic and will last these years
2'45
Ponzi finance--China bank program(WMPs) using investors' money for long-term investigation may draw big risks,X is worried about
1'58
(continued)Hua Xia case to explain why investors are flocking to WMPs.It influence economic liber..,and there are some collisions in Chinese plan
2'14
(continued)China initially want WMPs to help grow country's inancial plan but banks use it in unexpected way and this waste the credicted from the country. China has the mural problem but still protect those banks
4'36
the relationship between Integrated mobility and merit;
to make it easier,first mark IM in earning in parents and children and give example of USA and other countries---merit depends on IQ(Genes);
second measure other factors such as educations belonging to personality, then consider policies and country concept to ensrue the investigation.
Finally,draw a conclusion that IM and merit relationship

作者: ashcroft 时间: 2013-1-5 16:46
这越障的立意真独特，有意思的~~

作者: forazure 时间: 2013-1-5 17:42
300 2'30"
329 2'44"
327 3'08"
302 2'45"
355 3'42"

Obstacle
8min
The nexus of Meritocracies and Intergeneration Mobility is complicated and hard to tell. It is wise to make policy for long-term success instead of short-term ones.

作者: 果果henan 时间: 2013-1-5 22:02
1’53
2‘20
2’10
2‘13
2’44发现经管类的文章不好懂啊。。

6‘26

作者: pennyz 时间: 2013-1-5 22:10
2:09
The auto sales in 2012 increased by more than 10%,and mainly because of the divers who want to exchange the older vehicles.
2
The main reason for customers who delay the date of buying a new car is mainly about the restriction of credit.
1:57
The china bank is worry about the ponzi principles, since more and more people buy financial products from the bank.
1:40
Chinese have limit investment alternatives, but the government does not make restricts on the WPMs, which lure many investors.
1:55
China’s bank can only use the WMPs later if the government policy continues.
感觉后面稍稍提了一下速度，立即就理不清楚文章内容了，等一下再看一遍

作者: annaliang2008 时间: 2013-1-5 22:24
1'41
2'16
2'14
2'00
2'15
7'05

作者: pennyz 时间: 2013-1-5 22:36
6:11
the relationships between the intergeration mobility and meritocray is complex.since meritocray is not only related to Iq but also related to other non-cognitive skills.and this investment in human capital is also related to the government,so the goverment face trade offs between efficiency and intergeration mobility.

作者: elfking1234 时间: 2013-1-5 22:40

新人第一天，基本超时一分多，捂脸

-- by 会员 elfking1234 (2013/1/4 22:48:32)

还好~ 我们现在的文章都是为1'30''左右设计的

这个速度还行~ 换算下，只要到150 wpm以上就符合考试要求了。

-- by 会员铁板神猴 (2013/1/5 14:40:57)

但是还有好多没读懂

作者: angela不怕孤单 时间: 2013-1-5 23:00

新人第一天，基本超时一分多，捂脸

-- by 会员 elfking1234 (2013/1/4 22:48:32)

还好~ 我们现在的文章都是为1'30''左右设计的

这个速度还行~ 换算下，只要到150 wpm以上就符合考试要求了。

-- by 会员铁板神猴 (2013/1/5 14:40:57)

但是还有好多没读懂

-- by 会员 elfking1234 (2013/1/5 22:40:16)

加油坚持住，会有提高的！！！

作者: fifiwong 时间: 2013-1-5 23:08
越障
Intergeneration mobility & importance of merit in determing success , their connection is complex
IM can be measured by earning/education between children & parents
also be measured by IQ(gene)
point out two extreme models——> IM is low
measured by education,human capacity
and government policies
nevertheless...
good policies would...

作者: pennyz 时间: 2013-1-6 09:34
大家有木有觉得速度的第二篇也挺难懂的。总感觉段与段之间的联系把握不清楚
1:45
1:27
2:05
1:25
2:08
talk about the worries about the chinese financial reform.wpms are popular among the chinese investors,since other alternatives are not so ideal.wmps are indicating sort of competitive market in money market but the loans are still in the charge of the government.
之前提到的什么ponzi现象怎么和后面连起来啊。。。看来还要再看

作者: 铁板神猴 时间: 2013-1-6 10:18

1’53
2‘20
2’10
2‘13
2’44发现经管类的文章不好懂啊。。

6‘26

-- by 会员果果henan (2013/1/5 22:02:28)

每个人都有自己的软肋，工科学生怕经管，理科学生怕文史哲，文科学生又怕科技~ 哈哈

作者: 铁板神猴 时间: 2013-1-6 10:21

新人第一天，基本超时一分多，捂脸

-- by 会员 elfking1234 (2013/1/4 22:48:32)

还好~ 我们现在的文章都是为1'30''左右设计的

这个速度还行~ 换算下，只要到150 wpm以上就符合考试要求了。

-- by 会员铁板神猴 (2013/1/5 14:40:57)

但是还有好多没读懂

-- by 会员 elfking1234 (2013/1/5 22:40:16)

加油坚持住，会有提高的！！！

-- by 会员 angela不怕孤单 (2013/1/5 23:00:57)

嗯达到150+ wpm之后，就要专注于提升理解力了。不过这是人人都要经历的过程~加油^^

作者: 铁板神猴 时间: 2013-1-6 10:59
1'22''
1'35''
1'55''
1'40''
2'07''

5'10''

作者: attractg 时间: 2013-1-6 15:26
谢谢angela ! 文章都喜欢~~
速度：

1'59''(300) 2012-2013 will be another huge year for car sales ? Why ? Because car owners still have parked in their driveways. The average car age on U.S. road is over 11 years old. Drivers have been making do with old cars for years.

3'04''(329) Despite car sales boost in 2012, it has a lull in the industry for years. The great depression and uncertainty in economics are the rightly reasons that Consumers are hanging on their cars longer and longer. Better cars need some credits . But at some point , even the most reliable vehicles must be put into sleep. A lot of cars that are 15 years old ,20 years old need to be replaced. Better gas mileage , high-tech innovation and new cool style are factors contribute to increase in sales. The sales will continue to rise in 2013.

2'15''(327) Trusting investors are easily gulled by scams that relieve their savings out. This view was proposed by an article in China Daliy. The article's author is Mr. Xiao , one of the chairman of China Big Four Banks. Mr.Xiao worried about the proliferation of wealth management product(WMPs). Only minority are guarantee by banks, but a lot of them are just sell by banks, which works as a network. Short-term products are financing long-term products. Some invest failures can only repay bank loans by raising fresh money from WMPs.

3'02''(302) This infamous product was sold by Hua Xia bank , but the bank does not consider itself liable for the product's failure. China has a surplus of savings and a insufficient vechicles for the savings. The bond market is small and the stock market is suspect. Chinese government also curb the speculate investors on housing. Bank deposit remains default options. This is easy to explain why investors are flocking to WMPs. China's economic reform is piecemeal.

1'59''(355) Some analysts hoped that WMPs will help China banks dip their toes into competitive banking. This approach will only works when China consist to enforce its quotas and price controls. More and more investors are swifting from savings to the WMPs. China's banks are enjoying state credit and do not worry failures of WPMs they sell. In the meantime,products sold by third-party like the one in Hua Xia must be allowed to fail.

越障：

7'04''(838)

Main Idea: The relationship of meritocracies and intergeneration mobility is complicated.
Author's attitude: Neutral
Structure:
>>Introduction：
Countries differs in infulences of family background on children's achievement. Intergeneration mobility is used to measure familiy influence on children's achievement. Usually, it is stronger when achievements of children are weakly related with achievements of their parents.
>> Viewpoint:
Intergeneration ability is more often used to measure meritocracies rather than prejudice or political influence.etc.
The relationship between the two are complicated.
>> Explanation:
Success in meritocracies depends on one's ability and skills. (e.g.Cognitive ability. Parents who have high IQs pass their genes to their children.) ———> earnings depend on cognitive ability.(such meritocracies have strong relationship between parents and children.)

Intergeneration ability is still more complicated when we realized that earnings does not only depend on cognitive ability, it also depends on investments on education and other human capital. (e.g. Parents pass cognitive ability and human capital investments to children )

Even include education , investments on human capital and other factors, intergeneration mobility may still be low.(Investments on human capital are not only from children but also from government and philanthropists.)
>>Conclusion:
1)There is a still big jump between inferences made on intergeneration mobility to the role of merits in determining success and failures.
2) A country might be willing to trade off less efficiency in using human capital for greater intergeneration mobility.

生词：
lull 间歇，暂停 pent-up demand 被压抑的需求 gull v. 欺骗某人 scams 花招，骗局 Ponzi principle 旁氏骗局 piecemeal 逐渐的，一个一个地 dip one's toes into... 刚刚接触新鲜事物，尝试做某事 pick up the tab 替人付账 muralist 壁画家

作者: alun1987 时间: 2013-1-6 18:04
给第二篇跪一下……

1'12
1'33
1'47
1'24
1'36

越障：
Main Idea: The relationship between intergenerational mobility and merit is very complex.

Introduction about intergenerational mobility
>>used as a measure of important merits in determing society success

Findings
>>When economists measure intergenerational mobility in different countries by comparing earnings of parents and children, they find that North-European countries>US>Brazil

Explanations: relationship between merit and IM is complicated
>>congnitive abilities, eg. IQ( parents with higher IQ or family position passed to children directly→lower IM)
>>not only congnitive abilities, also investment in education, human capical(higher earning parents tend to invest more on human capital)
>>policies and philanthropists tend to help children from poor families

Conclusion:
>>Relationship still in dim
>>Balancing between intergenerational mobility and efficiency

作者: zycooper 时间: 2013-1-6 20:37
1-------300
1:24
2-------329
1:36
3-------324
1:48
4-------302
1:42
5-------355
1:59

obstacle

5:48
this passage talks about an item called"Intergeneration Mobility"

what is "Intergeneration Mobility"? and how to measure it?

a factor that could be relative with this item

some other factors could be relative with this item.

作者: 鸢尾yuanwei 时间: 2013-1-10 11:26
楼主辛苦了~~~
2'00
Auto sales are projected to increase by another million more than 2012 because of plenty of exciting new models come up.

2'12
After the high record of sales in 2005, the auto industry entered a slump. Analysts are calling for higher autos sales around 15 and 16 in 2013 and 2014.
But it is sitll below the mark hit in 2005 as the industry grew strong.

2'10
China was facing the Panzi scheme, especially the products issued by banks.

2'08
2'20
Some hope that WMPs will help China's banks to grow out of the contry's financial plan with the government help on the control.

Obstacle 6'24
Body:
IM is used as a measure of the importance of merit and be estimated by the relation between the earnings of parents and children.
Meritocracy's success mainly depends on a person's ability and skill.
The relation of IM and M~ is complex. e.g. cognitive abilities-IQ-genes.
The relation of IM and M~ is more complex, as earnings would depend not only on cognitive bu also on investments in education
investments are not only determined by parents but also by government policies
conclusion:
big jump and good policy is still required.
intergeneration mobilty 代际流动
meritocracy 英才教育
cognitive ability 认知能力
philanthropist 慈善家

作者: kun5850 时间: 2014-1-21 20:27
time1:4'01
time2:4'34
time3:3'35
time4:4'01
time5：4‘05
》》》》》》》》
obstacle
7’45

作者: 云游 时间: 2014-1-21 23:17
2‘18’‘
2’10‘’
1‘30‘’
2‘13’‘
3’15‘’

作者: Arielindo 时间: 2014-1-24 19:29
warm1 1:36”
-the analysts expect the sales of automobile in 2013 will surpass that in 2012. The reasons are there are variety of new models and the average car on USA road is more than 10 years-old.

time2 1:53
- A decade ago, the sales of car reached a pick after decreasing . People prefer to keep the old car because of the economic recession, but people are considering to change a car. the reason is that the average of lifespan of car is 11 years, the car should replaced.

time3 1:37

time4 1:31

time5 1:36

obstacle 5:26
intergeneration mobility is the key point of judging the success of failure of one country. High IQ does not means that someone can earn more money, the other extra elements also have to consider such as environments.

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