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标题: 请问非限制性定语从句怎么讲？ [打印本页]
作者: stevenfan0819    时间: 2012-11-6 00:19
标题: 请问非限制性定语从句怎么讲？
我知道，句子+n，which。。。。这个which是修饰名词n，那如果句子+n，who或者  句子+n，whose呢？
还有是否句子+n，which 中which所修饰的名词一定要是句子最后的词，如果句子最后无词，是否可以修饰句子中最接近which的词？
作者: DUKB24    时间: 2012-11-6 00:23
who/whose当然也是修饰最近的名词（当然是语法和逻辑上都能对上号的最近名词）

关于第二个


我不敢给你打包票，因为有很多特例


我只能告诉你大多数情况是这样的
作者: stevenfan0819    时间: 2012-11-6 00:28
你好~~那请问，OG13语法第137题，
137. Joachim Raff and Giacomo Meyerbeer are examples
of the kind of composer who receives popular acclaim
while living, often goes into decline after death, and
never regains popularity again.
(A) often goes into decline after death, and never
regains popularity again
(B) whose reputation declines after death and never
regains its status again
(C) but whose reputation declines after death and
never regains its former status
(D) who declines in reputation after death and who
never regained popularity again
(E) then has declined in reputation after death and
never regained popularity



这里面whose和who所修饰的并不是最近词语，求解？？
作者: DUKB24    时间: 2012-11-6 00:46
你好~~那请问，OG13语法第137题，
137. Joachim Raff and Giacomo Meyerbeer are examples
of the kind of composer who receives popular acclaim
while living, often goes into decline after death, and
never regains popularity again.
(A) often goes into decline after death, and never
regains popularity again
(B) whose reputation declines after death and never
regains its status again
(C) but whose reputation declines after death and
never regains its former status
(D) who declines in reputation after death and who
never regained popularity again
(E) then has declined in reputation after death and
never regained popularity



这里面whose和who所修饰的并不是最近词语，求解？？
-- by 会员 stevenfan0819 (2012/11/6 0:28:13)



你可以这样理解，其实在考虑平行的时候：and和but是等价的（尽管句意不同，但是这两个词都需要尽可能的平行）


这里who.....but whose


你可以理解为


sth that .....and that...


后面的that同样是修饰sth，不是吗？


这里来说


关于就近修饰，我们在条件可行，不影响句子语法正确性的排序下，要把which这类词尽量放到靠近要修饰的名词


但是，当句子特别长，成分特别多，这种做法不实际，满足就近放置可能还会制造出其他不可容忍的语法错误


这里有but这个明显的平行标志，不会造成指代或修饰上的歧义的
作者: akaa    时间: 2012-11-15 16:40
我这两天也在纠结这个问题，搜了一些以往大牛讨论的资料，稍稍整理改动了下，感觉豁然开朗，和你一起参考。======================================================


which指代的三种情况：

1、 紧邻修饰
一般情况下，“名词，which”中的which是就近修饰紧邻的名词的。这种例子多的不胜枚举。
一般例子就不用举了，只举个比较特别例子“A of B, which”（注：这里的of表示从属关系）
eg.   The commission proposed thatfunding for development of the park, which could be open to the public early nextyear, be obtained through a local bond issue.
eg.   Constructionof the Roman Colosseum, which was officially known as the FlavianAmphitheater, began in A.D.69, during the reign of Vespasian, and was completedthe Colosseum with a one-hundred-day cycle of religious pageants, gladitorialgames, and spectacles.

2、 跳跃修饰
在前有“核心词+介词、分词等修饰结构”或者插入语的情况下，

（1）which跳跃修饰前面的核心词，不能修饰紧邻的名词。

From the bark of the paper birch tree the Menomini crafted a canoeabout twenty feet long and twofeet wide, with small ribs and rails of cedar, which could carry four persons oreight hundred pounds of baggage yet was so light that a person could easily portageit around impeding rapids
这句话的which离其所应该修饰的核心词canoe很远，中间隔了一个插入语，还隔了个介词结构about…，但只要知道核心词是canoe就能一目了然找到which应该指的是什么。这里不能修饰紧邻的名词cedar。

Emily Dickinson's lettersto Susan Huntington Dickinson, which were written over a period beginning afew years before Susan's marriage to Emily's brother and ending shortly beforeEmily's death in 1886,outnumber her letters to anyone else.
这句话的which不能修饰其紧邻的名词Susan Huntington Dickinson，必须跳过介词结构to…，修饰核心词letter。

Unlike most other mergersin the utility industry, which have been driven by the need to savemoney and extend companies’ service areas, the merger of the nation’s leadinggas company and leading electric company is intended to create a huge networkfor marketing the utilities in question as states open their utility markets tocompetition.
这句话的which不能修饰其紧邻的名词utility industry，必须跳过介词结构in…，修饰核心词merger。

In order to protect English manufacturers of woolen goods against both Americanand Irish competition, England passed the Woolens Actof 1698, which prohibited the export of woolen clothbeyond a colony's borders.
这里的which不能修饰紧邻的1698，必须跳过介词结构of1968修饰前面的核心词act。

有人这里会说这不是Aof B，which吗？which应该紧邻修饰啊？其实不然，因为of1968和前面的那些A of B实际上用法不一样，这里是表示时间而不是“从属关系”。这个时间应该归在介词结构一类，所以要跳过。

Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, a technique called proton-inducedX-ray emission, which can quickly analyze the chemicalelements in almost any substance without destroying it, is finding uses inmedicine, archaeology, and criminology.
这句话的which不能修饰其紧邻的名词emission，必须跳过分词修饰结构called…，修饰核心词technique。

归纳一下，会发现which之所以要跳过介词结构是因为：其原本应该紧邻所修饰的核心名词，但是因为which的内容太长，而介词、分词等修饰结构又很短，所以把which结构后置了。

（2）一般来说，对于“X+介词+Y,which”结构，主要看which后的动词单复跟X还是Y匹配。
总原则是：MODIFYTHE NEAREST LEGITIMATE NOUN. 最近的合理名词。
一是Nearest-->离which最近的名词
二是Legitimate-->合理、合法的（即单复数要一致）
有几种情况：




（1）which后的动词与Y单复数一致，与X不一致-->which修饰Y
比如：There are many applesin the bag, which is black.
bag是离which最近的名词，正好也是合理的（单复数一致），就是它了。
（2）which后的动词与X单复数一致，与Y不一致-->which修饰X
比如：There are many apples in the bag, which are imported from Australia.
bag是离which最近的名词，但不是合理的（单复数不一致）。于是再往前寻找，找到apples，就是最近的合理名词（the nearest legitimate noun）。“跳跃修饰”之所以能跳，就是因为apples与are之间的bag不是合理的名词。但“跳跃修饰”仍然满足上面所说的总原则。
（3）which后的动词与X单复数不一致，与Y也不一致-->句子错误
（4）X和Y单复数一致，并且都与which后的动词一致-->which修饰Y
这时，which很难跳过Y去修饰X，因为Y是最近的名词，也是合理的名词，即便从语义上面是修饰X的，这样写的话也会显得ambiguous、awkward、wordy。
比如：
There is an apple in the bag, which is imported fromAustralia.
这个句子是正确的，其中which就是修饰bag的，不是修饰apple的。因为bag是the nearest legitimatenoun.
I don't like the car from Japan, which is expensive.
这个句子是错的，即使不错，也是有歧义的。本来这句话想表达的是车很贵，但若是这样写，会被误认为日本很贵，因为Japan是最近的合理名词。



3、 特别情况 A and B, which

这个which到底修饰谁呢？是A？是B？还是A and B？
我觉得这里正确修饰方法的原则只有一个：没有歧义。

如果A and B中的B为复数（Bs），which后面动词也是复数，which指代会有歧义，让人不知道which到底指的是什么。
As and Bs, which are (which指Bs? 或 which指As and Bs？)
A and Bs, which are (which指Bs？或 which指A and Bs？)

下面情况没有歧义：
如果A和B都是单数，which后面动词复数，没有歧义，which修饰A and B。
如果B是单数（不管A是单数还是复数），which后面动词也是单数，没有歧义，which修饰B。
如果B是复数（不管A是单数还是复数）则必须要用whichtogether，没有歧义，这时which修饰A and Bs。

举两个例子：
The human nervous system bears a superficial resemblance to a telephone systemboth because the former carries information in the form of electrical impulsesand because all of its neural pathways converge in thebrain and spinal cord, which together form a kind of centralexchange.

Unlike the shuttle and earlier spacecraft, whichwere capable ofcarrying sufficient power in fuel cells and batteries for their short flights,a permanently orbiting space station will have to generate its own electricity.

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希望对你有帮助噢！~

作者: cindy灯灯    时间: 2013-10-6 16:13
akaa 发表于 2012-11-15 16:40
我这两天也在纠结这个问题，搜了一些以往大牛讨论的资料，稍稍整理改动了下，感觉豁然开朗，和你一起参考。 ...

太给力了！
作者: 琉璃瓶纸    时间: 2017-8-31 22:19
Mark一下！               
作者: jessica豆豆冰    时间: 2017-9-1 18:12
感谢分享！               
作者: 小歇歇啊    时间: 2019-10-11 10:59
akaa 发表于 2012-11-15 16:40
我这两天也在纠结这个问题，搜了一些以往大牛讨论的资料，稍稍整理改动了下，感觉豁然开朗，和你一起参考。 ...

Mark一下！               



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