ChaseDream

标题: OG12 100关于独立主格！！！标题要长！！！！！！！！！！！！！！ [打印本页]

作者: 二楼往下掉 时间: 2012-9-24 14:53
标题: OG12 100关于独立主格！！！标题要长！！！！！！！！！！！！！！
100. The stars, some of them at tremendous speeds, are in motion just as the planets are, yet being so far away from Earth that their apparent positions in the sky do not change enough for their movement to be observed during a single human lifetime.
(A) The stars, some of them at tremendous speeds, are in motion just as the planets are, yet being
(B) Like the planets, the stars are in motion, some of them at tremendous speeds, but they are
(C) Although like the planets the stars are in motion, some of them at tremendous speeds, yet
(D) As the planets, the stars are in motion, some of them at tremendous speeds, but they are
(E) The stars are in motion like the planets, some of which at tremendous speeds are in motion but

我的问题是，A中some of them...是独立主格的each/some型，前面应该是复数名词，所以我觉得A项这里用的没错啊。像B项中这个some的位置为什么对呢？求解释，貌似我对独立主格的位置还是有点模糊，求助！！！！！！！！

作者: DUKB24 时间: 2012-9-24 15:06
A。 most of them modifies star （that is illogical ，a star cannot have a speed）

B most of them modifies the preceding clause （the stars are in motion） how they are in motion？ most of them at a large speed

作者: HarrisZheng 时间: 2012-9-24 15:12
你知道独立主格的作用就不会选A了。

独立主格是做状语的，永远不可能修饰一个名词。

作者: 二楼往下掉 时间: 2012-9-24 15:42

你知道独立主格的作用就不会选A了。

独立主格是做状语的，永远不可能修饰一个名词。

-- by 会员 HarrisZheng (2012/9/24 15:12:29)

恩恩，确实我知道是做状语，但是突然不明白怎么修饰了。。。求解释。。。
这里还有一道题
40. Dr. Tonegawa won the Nobel Prize fordiscovering how the body can constantly change its genes to fashion a seeming unlimited number of antibodies, eachspecifically targeted at an invading microbe or foreign substance.
(A) seeming unlimited number of antibodies, eachspecifically targeted at
(B) seeming unlimited number of antibodies, eachtargeted specifically to
(C) seeming unlimited number of antibodies, allspecifically targeted at
(D) seemingly unlimited number of antibodies, allof them targeted specifically to
(E) seemingly unlimitednumber of antibodies, each targeted specifically at
谢谢！！

作者: 二楼往下掉 时间: 2012-9-24 15:48

A。 most of them modifies star （that is illogical ，a star cannot have a speed）

B most of them modifies the preceding clause （the stars are in motion） how they are in motion？ most of them at a large speed

-- by 会员 DUKB24 (2012/9/24 15:06:36)

隐约有那么点明白了，some of them说明他们motion的方式，也就是at tremendous speeds？
那我下边举得那道题，each...说明的是他们fashion的方式？
所以不是说each/some独立主格就得紧跟复数名词，只不过他们前面要求有复数名词？
问题有点多。。。谢谢！！

作者: HarrisZheng 时间: 2012-9-24 17:15
状语有很多作用，修饰动词只是其中之一。也可以作为补充说明。也可以作为伴随状态或伴随结果。

所以不是说each/some独立主格就得紧跟复数名词，只不过他们前面要求有复数名词？
问题有点多。。。谢谢！！

你的这段我没看懂

作者: sisichen666 时间: 2012-9-24 17:30

状语有很多作用，修饰动词只是其中之一。也可以作为补充说明。也可以作为伴随状态或伴随结果。

所以不是说each/some独立主格就得紧跟复数名词，只不过他们前面要求有复数名词？
问题有点多。。。谢谢！！

你的这段我没看懂

-- by 会员 HarrisZheng (2012/9/24 17:15:21)

我来插一句呀。。。估计LZ是想说的意思是：each 型独立主格,强调句尾名词,形式为:
句子 + 复数名词结尾, each + 介词短语/形容词短语/-ed形式/-ing形式

作者: sisichen666 时间: 2012-9-24 17:36
LZ是把使用的前提条件给弄乱了。。。人家是“句子+结尾名词，each。。。。。”做独立主格修饰结尾名词时，要求结尾的名词为复数形式，而本题，明显不对。

作者: sisichen666 时间: 2012-9-24 17:39

你知道独立主格的作用就不会选A了。

独立主格是做状语的，永远不可能修饰一个名词。

-- by 会员 HarrisZheng (2012/9/24 15:12:29)

-- by 会员二楼往下掉 (2012/9/24 15:42:51)

这题找的，太合适了。。。您在看看，each的使用在这题里面：句子+复数名词，each独立主格（修饰前面复数名词），完全准确呀。。。。
再看看其他的小点：seemingly修饰unlimited，所以使用adv形式；target at为固定搭配。。。。。。

作者: DUKB24 时间: 2012-9-24 20:34

你知道独立主格的作用就不会选A了。

独立主格是做状语的，永远不可能修饰一个名词。

-- by 会员 HarrisZheng (2012/9/24 15:12:29)

-- by 会员二楼往下掉 (2012/9/24 15:42:51)

-- by 会员 sisichen666 (2012/9/24 17:39:27)

each和上面的结构都是一样就是作为absolute phrase

从意思去理解，要么对最近的名词做出修饰的补充，要么对preceding clause做出补充

use the context to determine

作者: 二楼往下掉 时间: 2012-9-24 22:47

你知道独立主格的作用就不会选A了。

独立主格是做状语的，永远不可能修饰一个名词。

-- by 会员 HarrisZheng (2012/9/24 15:12:29)

-- by 会员二楼往下掉 (2012/9/24 15:42:51)

-- by 会员 sisichen666 (2012/9/24 17:39:27)

each和上面的结构都是一样就是作为absolute phrase

从意思去理解，要么对最近的名词做出修饰的补充，要么对preceding clause做出补充

use the context to determine

-- by 会员 DUKB24 (2012/9/24 20:34:44)

那个。。。对名词做修饰的补充是什么意思，那不就做定语了？。。。这问题是不是太弱智了。。。

作者: 二楼往下掉 时间: 2012-9-24 22:51

LZ是把使用的前提条件给弄乱了。。。人家是“句子+结尾名词，each。。。。。”做独立主格修饰结尾名词时，要求结尾的名词为复数形式，而本题，明显不对。

-- by 会员 sisichen666 (2012/9/24 17:36:31)

亲，你对于我的问题的理解是正确的，我才发现这里前面跟的不是句子。。。
那么如果前边不是句子，就是这里的the stars能这么用么？那不就变成修饰名词作定语了？

作者: sisichen666 时间: 2012-9-24 23:35
这样理解是可以的，例如A中其实就是插入语部分的逻辑错误了，使用是没有问题的。。。

作者: yakev6 时间: 2012-9-25 00:03
个人感觉知道独立主格反而是个雷。。。
知道N+ modifier可以修饰名词也可以修饰动词就可以了。
又不考专业术语。

作者: wyw1018 时间: 2012-9-25 01:09
a中的错误不是some of them at tremendous speeds的位置问题，而是yet being修饰问题，修饰靠近的planets而不是stars

作者: sisichen666 时间: 2012-9-25 02:02
个人认为A的问题: Some of them at tremendous speeds,根据逻辑应该放在are in motion 之后；being不合适，yet是连词应该有主语和谓语，yet being不能直接修饰planet。。。。，即使当做省略形式，也最好不要放在主句之后

作者: wyw1018 时间: 2012-9-25 02:17

个人认为A的问题: Some of them at tremendous speeds,根据逻辑应该放在are in motion 之后；being不合适，yet是连词应该有主语和谓语，yet being不能直接修饰planet。。。。，即使当做省略形式，也最好不要放在主句之后

-- by 会员 sisichen666 (2012/9/25 2:02:07)

The thirteen original British colonies in North America, some formed as commercial ventures, others as religious havens, each had a written charter that set forth its form of government and the rights of the colonists. 这是OG里的正确句子，some formed as commercial ventures, others as religious havens,不也是放在名词后面了吗？ being相当于v+ing做状语修饰临近的主谓结构，不就是planets做主语的系表结构吗？当然yet being的用法值得质疑。

作者: sisichen666 时间: 2012-9-25 04:07
LS的大哥我同意你说的呀，怎么反问我鸟？。。。。细看看估计可能是我前面表达的有点歧义了，each/some的独立主格的使用要求前面是复数名词（可能是我前面说句子结尾处必须是复数名词，有点歧义了）。。。人家是同意你说的啦。。。

但是那个being不对吧，要是没有yet绝对是对的，yet是连词呀（用法应该是和and、but、although一致的），咱们不可能说：I am ，but laughing吧？（例子比较囧）。。。反正就是yet挡道啦。。

作者: sisichen666 时间: 2012-9-25 04:10
还有呀，LS大哥举的例子，我觉some...as,others...as是做colonies的同位语（进一步添加说明）吧，each句才是修饰colonies的独立主格吧。。。。。

作者: wyw1018 时间: 2012-9-25 04:13

LS的大哥我同意你说的呀，怎么反问我鸟？。。。。细看看估计可能是我前面表达的有点歧义了，each/some的独立主格的使用要求前面是复数名词（可能是我前面说句子结尾处必须是复数名词，有点歧义了）。。。人家是同意你说的啦。。。

但是那个being不对吧，要是没有yet绝对是对的，yet是连词呀（用法应该是和and、but、although一致的），咱们不可能说：I am ，but laughing吧？（例子比较囧）。。。反正就是yet挡道啦。。

-- by 会员 sisichen666 (2012/9/25 4:07:24)

你同意吗？你说需要放到之后，意思就是放在名词后面不符合逻辑，可是OG里就有直接放在名词短语后面的呀。yet还可以做副词，除了做连词，没有yet也不可能对，原因就是我前面说的有修饰planets而不是stars的嫌疑。我没谈到each/some什么要求前面是复数。

作者: wyw1018 时间: 2012-9-25 04:19

还有呀，LS大哥举的例子，我觉some...as,others...as是做colonies的同位语（进一步添加说明）吧，each句才是修饰colonies的独立主格吧。。。。。

-- by 会员 sisichen666 (2012/9/25 4:10:42)

each句如果成了独立主格，这句话还有谓语吗？each是做the thirteen British colonies 的同位语，去掉中间的，就是the thirteen British colonies each...和they each,we each 一样的道理。some...as,others...as这里是同位语吗？你再仔细想想，这两句才是独立主格，而不是each句。

作者: sisichen666 时间: 2012-9-25 05:52

-- by 会员 sisichen666 (2012/9/25 4:07:24)

-- by 会员 wyw1018 (2012/9/25 4:13:55)

哦。。原来LS大哥是说这里呀~~~我是觉得吧， The stars, some of them at tremendous speeds，are in motion——这里，不能说：星星，有一些高速（直接就修饰星星）吧？应该是星星在运动时有很高的速度the stars are in motion（前提）, some of them at tremendous speeds（补充修饰），这样逻辑含义合理些吧。。。我是觉得这个题和您举的例子，区别在于some夹在了系表之间，影响了对于stars状态的前提描述
你举的例子，colonies，some...as...,others....as,each had ....that...仔细看一下，跟上面不一样，colonies为主语，some..as..,others...as(我真的是觉得是同位语：殖民地，有一些作为...另一些作为.....(都是同一个事物呀，总说+分类），而each（我前面说错了，这个不是独立主格），相当于是：colonies，each had....that....(each是colonies的名词同位语）
刚刚找到了这么一句话：同位语和独立主格的区别在于（前者修饰之前的名词，后者不用遵守这个规则而直接修饰前面整句话），所以很明显，第二个例子中some。。。others前面是colonies名词而非一个句子，应该是同位语，而不是独立主格

作者: sisichen666 时间: 2012-9-25 05:58
其实变一下：colonies，some....as,others....as....,had.....that...那some。。。others就是独立主格了。。。。

作者: wyw1018 时间: 2012-9-25 05:59

-- by 会员 sisichen666 (2012/9/25 4:07:24)

-- by 会员 wyw1018 (2012/9/25 4:13:55)

-- by 会员 sisichen666 (2012/9/25 5:52:54)

同位语只能是一个名词或名词短语，some...as...,others....as 看起来像是名词短语吗？为什么独立主格放在名词后面就一定是当定语或者同位语修饰这个名词？不能向后修饰整个句子吗？

作者: sisichen666 时间: 2012-9-25 06:08
要是从功能上来讲，独立主格和同位语的区别，前者表示伴随，后者表示状态。这里逻辑上表示的是状态，所以是同位语。
同位语有多种形式，n/pron + n/ving/ved/dj/adv也是其中一种，不只是名词或者是名词词组的呀

作者: wyw1018 时间: 2012-9-25 06:25
如果后面是the colonies(that were) formed as commercial ventures or religious havens, 这个是同位语，你都说了some 是整体和部分的概念，怎么和前面的thirteen colonies 同位？

作者: sisichen666 时间: 2012-9-25 06:33
应该是the thirteen colonies，the colonies formed as cv and as rh

作者: sisichen666 时间: 2012-9-25 06:37
LS大哥我得洗洗准备去上课啦，回来再讨论。。。。。刚刚看了个版主写得东西，说是，同位语和独立主格在使用上有很多重合的地方，使用的时候看一下是表伴随还是表状态说明，可以比较快的判断。。大哥可以参考下，回来再回。。。我先闪啦

作者: wyw1018 时间: 2012-9-25 06:38

应该是the thirteen colonies，the colonies formed as cv and as rh

-- by 会员 sisichen666 (2012/9/25 6:33:39)

不知道你在说什么，所谓同位就是等同，前面是thirteen colonies 后面的some，局部和整体怎么等同？all both each 可以做同位语，比如they all， we both， they each 没听说过they some we some 之类的。

作者: sisichen666 时间: 2012-9-25 06:42
[quote]

应该是the thirteen colonies，the colonies formed as cv and as rh

-- by 会员 sisichen666 (2012/9/25 6:33:39)

-- by 会员 wyw1018 (2012/9/25 6:38:03)

[/quote
回这么快~~
我之所以变成那样写，是因为后面不仅仅是some，而是some。。。。others。。。。（加起来不就是整体吗）？？？

作者: wyw1018 时间: 2012-9-25 06:58
[quote]

应该是the thirteen colonies，the colonies formed as cv and as rh

-- by 会员 sisichen666 (2012/9/25 6:33:39)

-- by 会员 wyw1018 (2012/9/25 6:38:03)

[/quote
回这么快~~
我之所以变成那样写，是因为后面不仅仅是some，而是some。。。。others。。。。（加起来不就是整体吗）？？？

-- by 会员 sisichen666 (2012/9/25 6:42:23)

两个加起来做同位，那也需要and连接啊，就如: my friends, Mary and Tom,.... ，可以写成my friends, Mary, Tom,...吗？
另外你觉得这句话改成这样，就是把some others移到最后，还成立吗？The thirteen original British colonies in North America each had a written charter that set forth its form of government and the rights of the colonists, some formed as commercial ventures, others as religious havens。如果你觉得同样成立而且句意也没改变，那就是独立主格无疑。

作者: wyw1018 时间: 2012-9-25 07:32
[quote]

应该是the thirteen colonies，the colonies formed as cv and as rh

-- by 会员 sisichen666 (2012/9/25 6:33:39)

-- by 会员 wyw1018 (2012/9/25 6:38:03)

[/quote
回这么快~~
我之所以变成那样写，是因为后面不仅仅是some，而是some。。。。others。。。。（加起来不就是整体吗）？？？

-- by 会员 sisichen666 (2012/9/25 6:42:23)

而且some others 并不能包含全部，除非是some the others 才能包含全部，所以你说的some 和 others一起做同位语不能成立。

作者: 二楼往下掉 时间: 2012-9-25 09:14

-- by 会员 sisichen666 (2012/9/25 2:02:07)

恩恩，这个明白~

作者: sisichen666 时间: 2012-9-25 09:39

-- by 会员 sisichen666 (2012/9/25 2:02:07)

恩恩，这个明白~

-- by 会员二楼往下掉 (2012/9/25 9:14:01)

LZ明白就好了。。。嘿嘿。。。。

作者: yakev6 时间: 2012-9-25 10:20
[attachimg=1559,711]106962[/attachimg]哎~我就说是个雷吧，最后还是扯到这来了。

[quote]

应该是the thirteen colonies，the colonies formed as cv and as rh

-- by 会员 sisichen666 (2012/9/25 6:33:39)

-- by 会员 wyw1018 (2012/9/25 6:38:03)

[/quote
回这么快~~
我之所以变成那样写，是因为后面不仅仅是some，而是some。。。。others。。。。（加起来不就是整体吗）？？？

-- by 会员 sisichen666 (2012/9/25 6:42:23)

-- by 会员 wyw1018 (2012/9/25 6:58:05)

作者: sisichen666 时间: 2012-9-25 10:29

106962哎~我就说是个雷吧，最后还是扯到这来了。

-- by 会员 yakev6 (2012/9/25 10:20:02)

大叔~~~~果然是料事如神呢~~╮(╯▽╰)╭哎~~~人家就是看到你的图才明白滴~~~~some 就是个subgroup modifier对不~~~

作者: yakev6 时间: 2012-9-25 11:44
嗯，是作为subgroup modifier的独立主格结构
SVO, some of them done
SVO, some done
不需要touch
独立主格前不能加with
SANAM+each, both等都可以做代词

作者: 二楼往下掉 时间: 2012-9-25 14:04

-- by 会员 sisichen666 (2012/9/25 2:02:07)

恩恩，这个明白~

-- by 会员二楼往下掉 (2012/9/25 9:14:01)

LZ明白就好了。。。嘿嘿。。。。

-- by 会员 sisichen666 (2012/9/25 9:39:24)

恩恩，我总结一下：
首先，在OG100中，这里不能同意替换，所以some是独立主格，其状语作用，所以不能修饰the stars作定语
第二，some/each型的独立主格只要求前边有复数名词，不要求要紧跟复数名词；且独立主格前要是句子，这样才能做状语；
第三，OG 40就是抗体那个我后来举得例子，由于前边是个句子，所以each说明了fashion的方式
以上~对么~~~~

作者: 二楼往下掉 时间: 2012-9-25 14:23
[quote]
106962哎~我就说是个雷吧，最后还是扯到这来了。

应该是the thirteen colonies，the colonies formed as cv and as rh

-- by 会员 sisichen666 (2012/9/25 6:33:39)

-- by 会员 wyw1018 (2012/9/25 6:38:03)

[/quote
回这么快~~
我之所以变成那样写，是因为后面不仅仅是some，而是some。。。。others。。。。（加起来不就是整体吗）？？？

-- by 会员 sisichen666 (2012/9/25 6:42:23)

-- by 会员 wyw1018 (2012/9/25 6:58:05)

-- by 会员 yakev6 (2012/9/25 10:20:02)

。。。那个，大叔，我想问下，这个an excursion不是叫做概括性同位语么。。。我已经完全混乱了= =。。。
到底神马是同位语，神马是独立主格。。。求救！！

作者: wyw1018 时间: 2012-9-25 14:30
同位语只能是名词或名词性短语，后面的modifier实际上是做这个名词或名词性短语的定语。
独立主格虽然是n+modifier，但后面的modifier并不是做定语修饰这个n。

作者: wyw1018 时间: 2012-9-25 14:37
独立主格把非谓语动词还原出来可以成为一个完整的句子，而同位语就不行。

作者: 二楼往下掉 时间: 2012-9-25 14:59

同位语只能是名词或名词性短语，后面的modifier实际上是做这个名词或名词性短语的定语。
独立主格虽然是n+modifier，但后面的modifier并不是做定语修饰这个n。

-- by 会员 wyw1018 (2012/9/25 14:30:08)

原来概括型同位语只是用一个名词或者名词性短语概括了另一个名词性短语or名词，我一直概念混乱的以为概括型同位语是一个名词或者名词性短语概括了一件事。。。

83. In 2000,a mere two dozen products accounted for half the increase in spending onprescription drugs, a phenomenon that isexplained not just because of more expensive drugs but by the fact that doctorsare writing many more prescriptions for higher-cost drugs.

(A) aphenomenon that is explained not just because of more expensive drugs but bythe fact that doctors are writing

(B) aphenomenon that is explained not just by the fact that drugs are becoming moreexpensive but also by the fact that doctors are writing

(C) aphenomenon occurring not just because of drugs that are becoming more expensivebut because of doctors having also written

(D) whichoccurred not just because drugs are becoming more expensive but doctors arealso writing

(E) whichoccurred not just because of more expensive drugs but because doctors have alsowritten

这里的a phenomenon就是独立主格了，因为a phenomenon说的是上边那件事，而不是一个名词性短语，这个对吧？

等一下。。。
100. The stars,some of them at tremendous speeds, are in motion just as the planets are, yetbeing so far away from Earth that their apparent positions in the sky donot change enough for their movement to be observed during a single humanlifetime.
(A) The stars, some of them at tremendous speeds,are in motion just as the planets are, yet being
(B) Like the planets, the stars are in motion,some of them at tremendous speeds, but they are
(C) Although like the planets the stars are inmotion, some of them at tremendous speeds, yet
(D) As the planets, the stars are in motion, someof them at tremendous speeds, but they are
(E) The stars are in motion like the planets,some of which at tremendous speeds are in motion but
B中，由于不能说一些星星有很高的速度，只能说一些星星的运动有很高的速度，所以也是个独立主格，不是定语

作者: yakev6 时间: 2012-9-25 16:05
[attachimg=1559,711]106962[/attachimg]。。。那个，大叔，我想问下，这个an excursion不是叫做概括性同位语么。。。我已经完全混乱了= =。。。
到底神马是同位语，神马是独立主格。。。求救！！

-- by 会员二楼往下掉 (2012/9/25 14:23:11)

[/quote]
看看同位语的定义和独立主格的定义
同位语：
An appositive is a re-naming or amplification of a word that immediately precedes it. (An appositive, then is the opposite of an oppositive.) Frequently another kind of phrase will serve in apposition.
独立主格：
an absolute phrase (also called a nominative absolute) is a group of words consisting of a noun or pronoun and a participle as well as any related modifiers. Absolute phrases do not directly connect to or modify any specific word in the rest of the sentence; instead, they modify the entire sentence, adding information.
两者是有本质区别的，同位语是名词修饰语，必须贴近修饰名词，通常是解释或者具体化一个不常见的名词。
而独立主格则没有明确修饰对象，往往是概括抽象一个过程，或者形成一个概念，或者是补充一些额外信息等。
所谓概括性同位语，是来自于prep解析的概念吧，个人认为实际上就是独立主格。因为从概念上说那不是名词修饰语。我们需要去概括一个名词吗？不用吧，需要概括的应该是一个process。也只有process才能概括。
你看那个excursion，修饰的是谁？是贴近修饰smith吗？显然不是，因此不可能是名词修饰语。
附下G中出现过的同位语从句和独立主格的正确句子。
同位语从句vs独立主格
l同位语从句

38. In 1850,Lucretia Mott published her Discourse on Women, a treatise that argued for equal political and legal rights for women and for changes in the married women's property laws

42. Scientists have recently discovered what could be the largest and oldest living organism on Earth, a giant fungus that is an interwoven filigree of mushrooms and rootlike tentacles spawned by a single fertilized spore some 10,000 years ago and extending for more than 30 acres in the soil of a Michigan forest.

48. In 1713, Alexander Pope began his translation of the Iliad, a work that took him seven years until complete and that literary critic Samuel Johnson,Pope's contemporary, pronounced the greatest translation in any language.

103. Yellow jackets number among the 900 or so species of the world'ssocial wasps, wasps that live in a highly cooperative and organized society consisting almost entirely of females--the queen and her sterile female workers.

35. In laboratory rats, a low dose of aspirin usually suffices to block production of thromboxane, a substance that promotes blood clotting, but does not seriously interfere with the production of prostacyclin, which prevents clotting.

61. The bones of Majungatholus atopus, a meat-eating dinosaur that is a distant relative of Tyrannosaurus rex and closely resembles South American predatory dinosaurs, have been discovered in Madagascar.

Ozone, a special form of oxygen that screens out harmful ultraviolet rays, reaches high concentrations twelve miles above Earth, where it had long appeared immune to human influence; we have now realized, though, that emissions of industrial chlorofluorocarbons deplete the ozone layer.

A group of paleontologists recently announced that a site in Utah has yielded fossils of some of the biggest armored dinosaurs ever found,fossils that are at least 25 million years older than those of any similar dinosaur type previously found in North America.

Born into poverty and sent by her father into servitude at the age of seven, Martha Matilda Harper created America's first retail franchise network, a radical new business model that enabled women in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to own their own businesses and gain financial independence.

118. The World Wildlife Fund has declared that global warming, a phenomenon that most scientists agree is caused by human beings' burning of fossil fules, will create havoc among migratory birds by altering the environment in ways harmful to their habitats.

Frederick Winslow Taylor, a machinist and engineer who worked in the early twentieth century, believed that the productivity of a job could be improved by separating the components of a task into individual motions, finding the best way to perform each motion, and then redesigning the job so that each motion could be done as efficiently as possible.

217. (GWD-8-Q11) There are no legal limits, as there are for cod and haddock, on the size of monkfish that can be caught, a circumstance that contributes to their depletion through overfishing.

Unlike crested wheatgrass, an alien species from Siberia that forms only shallow roots and produces tall above-ground shoots, native North American grasses develop an extensive root system, allowing for greater enrichment of the soil, but do not grow to be very tall.

63. The yield of natural gas from Norway's Troll gas field is expected to increase annually until the year 2005 and then to stabilize at six billion cubic feet a day, an extraction rate that will allow at least 50 years production.

164.One automobile manufacturer has announced plans to increase the average fuel efficiency of its sport utility vehicles by 25 percent over the next five years, an increase that would amount to roughly five miles per gallon and would represent the first significant change in the fuel efficiency of any class of passenger vehicle in almost two decades.

The Sports Medicine Programs of the Olympic Training Center, a complex where final tryouts are held for athletes representing the United States in the Olympics, are geared toward enhancing the performance of athletes and preparing them for international competition.

Archaeologists in Egypt have excavated a 5,000-year-old wooden hull that is the earliest surviving example of a "built" boat--in other words, a boat constructed out of planks fitted together--and that thus represents a major advance, in terms of boat-building technology, over the dugout logs and reed vessels of more ancient vintage.

Often billed as "The Genius," American pianist, singer, composer, and bandleader Ray Charles is credited with the early development of soul music, a genre based on a melding of gospel, rhythm and blues, and jazz.

l独立主格

83. In 2000, a mere two dozen products accounted for half the increase in spending on prescription drugs,a phenomenon that is explained not just by the fact that drugs are becoming more expensive but also by the fact that doctors are writing many more prescriptions for higher-cost drugs.

96.Floating in the water of the equatorial Pacific, an array of buoys collects and transmits data on long-term interactions between the ocean and the atmosphere, interactions that affectglobal climate.

98. A decade after initiating the nation's most comprehensive and aggressive antismoking program,California has seen per capita consumption of cigarettes decline from over 125 packs annually to about 60, a drop more than twice as great as that in the nation as a whole.

107.The majority of students entering law school this fall are expected to be women, a trend that will ultimately place more women in leadership positions in politics and business.

Now that so much data travels via light--i.e., is carried in glass fibers rather than by electrical current--one goal of semiconductor research is to develop a silicon chip that can transmit and receive light signals directly, a development that may one day lead to smaller, faster semiconductors.

206. (GWD-21-Q29) While studying the genetic makeup of corn, Barbara McClintock discovered a new class of mutant genes, a discovery that led to greater understanding of cell differentiation.

100.Sixty-five million years ago, according to some scientists, an asteroid bigger than Mount Everest slammed into North America, an event that caused the plant and animal extinctions that mark the end of the geologic era known as the Cretaceous Period.

作者: 二楼往下掉 时间: 2012-9-25 16:38

106962。。。那个，大叔，我想问下，这个an excursion不是叫做概括性同位语么。。。我已经完全混乱了= =。。。
到底神马是同位语，神马是独立主格。。。求救！！

-- by 会员二楼往下掉 (2012/9/25 14:23:11)

看看同位语的定义和独立主格的定义
同位语：
An appositive is a re-naming or amplification of a word that immediately precedes it. (An appositive, then is the opposite of an oppositive.) Frequently another kind of phrase will serve in apposition.
独立主格：
an absolute phrase (also called a nominative absolute) is a group of words consisting of a noun or pronoun and a participle as well as any related modifiers. Absolute phrases do not directly connect to or modify any specific word in the rest of the sentence; instead, they modify the entire sentence, adding information.
两者是有本质区别的，同位语是名词修饰语，必须贴近修饰名词，通常是解释或者具体化一个不常见的名词。
而独立主格则没有明确修饰对象，往往是概括抽象一个过程，或者形成一个概念，或者是补充一些额外信息等。
所谓概括性同位语，是来自于prep解析的概念吧，个人认为实际上就是独立主格。因为从概念上说那不是名词修饰语。我们需要去概括一个名词吗？不用吧，需要概括的应该是一个process。也只有process才能概括。
你看那个excursion，修饰的是谁？是贴近修饰smith吗？显然不是，因此不可能是名词修饰语。
附下G中出现过的同位语从句和独立主格的正确句子。
同位语从句vs独立主格
l同位语从句

38. In 1850,Lucretia Mott published her Discourse on Women, a treatise that argued for equal political and legal rights for women and for changes in the married women's property laws

l独立主格

107.The majority of students entering law school this fall are expected to be women, a trend that will ultimately place more women in leadership positions in politics and business.

206. (GWD-21-Q29) While studying the genetic makeup of corn, Barbara McClintock discovered a new class of mutant genes, a discovery that led to greater understanding of cell differentiation.

-- by 会员 yakev6 (2012/9/25 16:05:26)

[/quote]

终于懂了！！！thx a lot！！！
楼上的诸位，thx a lot！！！！

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