ChaseDream

标题: og13 97 真心求教~~~ [打印本页]

作者: 靓linda    时间: 2012-7-31 23:48
标题: og13 97 真心求教~~~
97. Some anthropologists believe that the genetic homogeneity evident in the world's people is the result of a "population bottleneck"—at some time in the past our ancestors suffered an event, greatly reducing their numbers and thus our genetic variation.
(A) at some time in the past our ancestors suffered an event, greatly reducing their numbers
(B) that at some time in the past our ancestors suffered an event that greatly reduced their numbers
(C) that some time in the past our ancestors suffered an event so that their numbers were greatly reduced,
(D) some time in the past our ancestors suffered an event from which their numbers were greatly reduced
(E) some time in the past, that our ancestors suffered an event so as to reduce their numbers greatly,
答案选c
选项a中有句解释不太理解
The structure makes that clause appera to be an awkward and rhetorically puzzling suparate assertion that the writer has appended to the prior claim about what the anthropologists believe. The agent or cause of reducing is unclear.
求大牛小牛们指点~~谢谢~~
作者: 靓linda    时间: 2012-7-31 23:56
From beatthegmat:
In answer choice (A) there is a problem with modification. (A) is implying that our ancestors greatly reduced their own numbers (this is incorrect because it was the event that greatly reduced ancestors). When we have an independent clause followed by a participle phrase分词短语 (one that starts with a gerund动名词 and serves as an adjective clause), the participle phrase modifies the subject of the sentence. 伴随状语从句
In non-grammarese: 'ancestors' is the subject of the independent clause, 'at some time...' and because of the comma after event, we have the incorrect meaning. It was not the ancestors but an event that 'reduced their numbers.'
Therefore, we want to make sure that it is clear that 'event' is 'greatly reducing the numbers.' One way to fix that is by using the relative pronoun 'that.' In (B), we have 'an event that greatly reduced their numbers' that does a good job of correcting the error in (A). Therefore (B) is the answer.
我还想问的是,对于以上解释reducing不能作为结果状语修饰前面的 ancestors suffered an event??
作者: pinkking    时间: 2012-8-1 00:16
看这个,后面-ing主语应该跟句子主语一致

在白勇书里,ing分词短语在句末
1)伴随动作:状态和功能,与句子的谓语动作同时发生,逻辑主语等于主句主语
2)伴随结果,整个句子是原因,到时分词动作产生,无逻辑主语

如果不明白建议看这个帖
http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_SC/thread-650744-4-1.html
作者: 靓linda    时间: 2012-8-1 02:04
谢谢。。帮我回忆起来知识点了。。
看这个,后面-ing主语应该跟句子主语一致

在白勇书里,ing分词短语在句末
1)伴随动作:状态和功能,与句子的谓语动作同时发生,逻辑主语等于主句主语
2)伴随结果,整个句子是原因,到时分词动作产生,无逻辑主语

如果不明白建议看这个帖
http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_SC/thread-650744-4-1.html
-- by 会员 pinkking (2012/8/1 0:16:45)


作者: 靓linda    时间: 2012-8-1 02:05
各位童鞋,帮忙解释一下顶楼的a选项的解释啦。。。欢迎欢迎,。。
作者: 靓linda    时间: 2012-8-1 14:55
97. Some anthropologists believe that the genetic homogeneity evident in the world's people is the result of a "population bottleneck"—at some time in the past our ancestors suffered an event, greatly reducing their numbers and thus our genetic variation.
(A) at some time in the past our ancestors suffered an event, greatly reducing their numbers
(B) that at some time in the past our ancestors suffered an event that greatly reduced their numbers
(C) that some time in the past our ancestors suffered an event so that their numbers were greatly reduced,
(D) some time in the past our ancestors suffered an event from which their numbers were greatly reduced
(E) some time in the past, that our ancestors suffered an event so as to reduce their numbers greatly,
答案选c
选项a中有句解释不太理解
The structure makes that clause appera to be an awkward and rhetorically puzzling suparate assertion that the writer has appended to the prior claim about what the anthropologists believe. The agent or cause of reducing is unclear.
求大牛小牛们指点~~谢谢~~
-- by 会员 靓linda (2012/7/31 23:48:25)


真的不太能理解这句话。。。请大家帮忙解释。。
作者: 冷辰    时间: 2012-8-5 14:44
对A的解释看不明白,难道 reducing their numbers and thus our genetic variation不是our ancestors suffered an event的结果吗?

在Ving的用法里面 S+V+O,Ving的用法有两个嘛,一个是describe the clause,对前一个分句作 补充说明,另一个是present result of the clause

这个难道不是第二种用法吗?

还有,OG对A的解释:that的缺失使得后一个claim是谁发出的显得unclear, 似乎是作者附加上去的信息。这又是为毛?谁给解释一下啊?
作者: 靓linda    时间: 2012-8-5 22:00
the agent or cause of reducing is unclear.这个应该是指:reducing的逻辑主语应该是event,但是这里有事ancestor的嫌疑,有歧义,
The structure makes that clause appera to be an awkward and rhetorically puzzling suparate assertion that the writer has appended to the prior claim about what the anthropologists believe. 这句应该是指,破折号其实是in other words,后面跟的内容是前面believe内容的进一步解释,that不可缺,不然就断裂了吧。。。
作者: 靓linda    时间: 2012-8-5 22:01
the agent or cause of reducing is unclear.这个应该是指:reducing的逻辑主语应该是event,但是这里有事ancestor的嫌疑,有歧义,
The structure makes that clause appera to be an awkward and rhetorically puzzling suparate assertion that the writer has appended to the prior claim about what the anthropologists believe. 这句应该是指,破折号其实是in other words,后面跟的内容是前面believe内容的进一步解释,that不可缺,不然就断裂了吧。。。
对A的解释看不明白,难道 reducing their numbers and thus our genetic variation不是our ancestors suffered an event的结果吗?

在Ving的用法里面 S+V+O,Ving的用法有两个嘛,一个是describe the clause,对前一个分句作 补充说明,另一个是present result of the clause

这个难道不是第二种用法吗?

还有,OG对A的解释:that的缺失使得后一个claim是谁发出的显得unclear, 似乎是作者附加上去的信息。这又是为毛?谁给解释一下啊?
-- by 会员 冷辰 (2012/8/5 14:44:23)


作者: lcxpb    时间: 2012-8-6 16:36
这题og选的是b呀,楼主弄错了吧~修改一下哇~~
作者: qiuhua01234567    时间: 2012-9-2 09:05
这句话的意思是:少了that,让人感觉后面的东西都是对what anthropologist claim的补充,但是作者想要表达的是和前面一句话同级的,所以要用that,是平等级关系。不是对前面what anthropologist claim的补充,这是考对dash的用法。
作者: jasmine1793    时间: 2013-1-30 16:50
还是不明白啊!为什么OG说A选项 agent or cause of reducing is unclear? 这题是不能用comma+Ving的结构吗?
作者: HyeHye    时间: 2013-3-2 11:21
动名词的用法有2种:
1. 做状语,表伴随状态,放在句末时,逻辑主语是主句的主语
2. 做定语,修饰前面的中心词,其逻辑主语为前面的中心词
在选项A中,greatly reducing their numbers and thus our genetic variation即可视为做定语用来修饰even(逻辑主语为even),又可认为是surffer的伴随状态,做状语(逻辑主语为ancestor),故有歧义。
作者: HyeHye    时间: 2013-3-2 11:34
这是前辈们总结的,再贴一次
当现在分词在句尾且前有逗号时,修饰邻近句子的主语,做主语的伴随状语或做句子的伴随结果。因此不能用句尾现在分词修饰前面句尾的名词。所以OG127说C选项:"the phrase having been assigned...is uncertain in reference, making the sentence unclear."-->就是说这个现在分词本来是应该修饰前面的employee的,却变成了修饰主语governments了。(另外在GMAT里,having been done的用法错误,应直接用done)
避免上述错误的方法:所修饰的名词在句尾用定语从句修饰--OG127正确选项B, 而不用加逗号的现在分词修饰。其实分词是定语从句的省略形式,在句中无逗号分词(注意是无逗号的,有逗号的在句中有歧义)就比定语从句简洁,还有 OG120也是同样道理:修饰句尾名词,正确选项A用定语从句,E选项的句尾现在分词错误。
作者: ccfish9    时间: 2013-3-6 22:05
原句语义是event造成了reducing,而A里reducing不能修饰event,应该优先修饰从句主语及ancestors,导致逻辑错误。
作者: christinalzx    时间: 2014-3-27 10:35
哎呀~我也认为reducing可以做伴随或者表结果呢!!!
作者: yangmuhua89757    时间: 2016-8-20 16:17
qiuhua01234567 发表于 2012-9-2 09:05
这句话的意思是:少了that,让人感觉后面的东西都是对what anthropologist claim的补充,但是作者想要表达 ...

觉得你说得对!我觉得A选项错误还应该是dash的用法歧义,加上that解释anthropologist要说的内容 如果不加可能修饰claim了 反正我是个人判断不出来reducing做结果状语和event that reduce这种轻微差别。。。
作者: MAXFIN    时间: 2016-9-9 11:31
关于reducing 贴一下ron 对,v-ing的解释:
Ron曾经阐述了使用comma+ing的条件,

1) it should apply most nearly to the subject of the preceding clause (as you've said);and, even more importantly,
2) it should have one of the following RELATIONSHIPS to that clause:
* immediate consequence
* simultaneous, but lower-priority, action   
,v-ing的和前面主句的关系只能是:结果或同时发生的事情
所以,如果是reducing的话:
祖先遭遇了一件事情,祖先减少了数量
or 因为祖先遭遇了一件事情,导致祖先减少了数量
但是祖先不能主动减少数量。。所以应该用that从句修饰event
我是这样理解的。


作者: MAXFIN    时间: 2016-9-9 11:41
其实我更纠结的是 a 的that为什么必须有,翻了一下曼哈顿对dash用法的解释:
The dash (-) is a flexible punctuation mark that the GMAT occasionally employs. You can use a dash as an emphatic comma, semicolon, or colon.
You can also use the dash to restate or explain an earlier part of the sentence. Unlike the colon, the dash does not need to be immediately preceded by the part needing explanation
所以大概是因为,如果不加that的话,有可能是在修饰anthropologists believe 的内容,也有可能解释population bottleneck这个名词吧。。。。。
心好累。。

手欠搜了一下什么是population bottleneck ,学习点生物知识哈哈(A population bottleneck (or genetic bottleneck) is an evolutionary event in which a significant percentage of a population or species is killed or otherwise prevented from reproducing.)
作者: 唐小山    时间: 2016-9-14 16:25
Mark一下!               
作者: 猪小王    时间: 2017-3-3 07:11
qiuhua01234567 发表于 2012-9-2 09:05
这句话的意思是:少了that,让人感觉后面的东西都是对what anthropologist claim的补充,但是作者想要表达 ...

同意!               
作者: germain    时间: 2017-4-24 16:19
我理解,破折号后面是对前面内容的另一种解释,一般是更通俗的解释;破折号后如果没有that,那么这句话解释或者对应的是some anthropologists believe,但实际上,at some time一句解释的是believe that后的部分,即the genetic homogeneity evident in the world's people is the result of a "population bottleneck"
作者: germain    时间: 2017-4-24 16:22
germain 发表于 2017-4-24 16:19
我理解,破折号后面是对前面内容的另一种解释,一般是更通俗的解释;破折号后如果没有that,那么这句话解释 ...

换句话说,以下两句话都是对的,
1, the genetic homogeneity evident in the world's people is the result of a "population bottleneck"—at some time in the past our ancestors suffered an event that reduced their numbers and thus our genetic variation.

2,Some anthropologists believe that the genetic homogeneity evident in the world's people is the result of a "population bottleneck"— that at some time in the past our ancestors suffered an event that greatly reduced their numbers and thus our genetic variation.
作者: djdyzqq    时间: 2017-9-18 00:44
HyeHye 发表于 2013-3-2 11:21
动名词的用法有2种:1. 做状语,表伴随状态,放在句末时,逻辑主语是主句的主语2. 做定语,修饰前面的中心词 ...

同意!               
作者: djdyzqq    时间: 2017-9-18 00:45
MAXFIN 发表于 2016-9-9 11:31
关于reducing 贴一下ron 对,v-ing的解释:
Ron曾经阐述了使用comma+ing的条件,

同意!               
作者: pijiang    时间: 2017-11-10 09:24
请问greatly reduced their numbers and thus our genetic variation.是怎么平行的?
reduced是谓语,所以只能 their numbers and thus our genetic variation平行,那句意就变成减少我们基因的变化了
that后面又不能没有谓语,很疑惑。
作者: RichardVeritas    时间: 2017-11-10 10:26
Some anthropologists believe that the genetic homogeneity evident in the world's people is the result of a "population bottleneck"—at some time in the past our ancestors suffered an event, greatly reducing their numbers and thus our genetic variation.

A at some time in the past our ancestors suffered an event, greatly reducing their numbers
B that at some time in the past our ancestors suffered an event that greatly reduced their numbers
C that sometime in the past our ancestors suffered an event so that their numbers were greatly reduced
D some time in the past our ancestors suffered an event from which their numbers were greatly reduced
E some time in the past, that our ancestors suffered an event so as to reduce their numbers greatly,


排除点
C 中sometime 错,不是有时,时不时,而是过去某个时刻
D/E some time 不如 at some time 好。先看A/B。
B an event that reduced their numbers and thus our genetic variation 简洁明了。这里平行就是reduced their numbers and thus (reduced)our genetic variation
A 中动名词不好,动名词有伴随状态意义,做修饰,但这里不如B过去时态表达清楚。这是明显过去发生的一件事。
再看D/E,event后的写法都不如B简单清楚。
选B


Richard 770 语法解题方法答疑
https://forum.chasedream.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=1304934&fromuid=1294035


作者: 清纯男大学生    时间: 2017-11-10 12:42
发表于 2012-08-05 22:00:53
the agent or cause of reducing is unclear.这个应该是指:r...

有修饰ancestor的嫌疑意思是ancestor可能是reducing的逻辑主语,是这样么
作者: Binhomekong    时间: 2017-11-22 16:22
germain 发表于 2017-4-24 16:22
换句话说,以下两句话都是对的,
1, the genetic homogeneity evident in the world's people is the re ...

一语点破。dash 后面加不加that 不是主要考点。

作者: domifan    时间: 2017-12-19 18:02
MAXFIN 发表于 2016-9-9 11:31
关于reducing 贴一下ron 对,v-ing的解释:
Ron曾经阐述了使用comma+ing的条件,

第一个that我是能理解的,吸取23楼的想法,这个that是要和believe that做平行。OG上也是这么说的“ Scientists believe that X—[in other words,] that Y. In thisconstruction, X and Y are parallel clauses.”。我还是纠结第二个that是否一定必有,og为什么说 “The agent or cause of reducing is unclear.”。为什么reduing不能做结果状语?我记得,如果svo,+ving 的结构可以表伴随,也可以表结果。
如果是做伴随,要同时符合两个条件,
1,是伴随状语的动作是“主句主语”发出的(也就是逻辑主语和主句主语一致),
2,是伴随状语的动词必须和主句动作“同时发生”(也就是伴随状语的动词时态是来源于主句的);
所以,reducing不能做伴随状语是很明显的,因为主句主语是our ancestors,而reducing修饰的逻辑上应该是 an event;
若是结果状语的条件是
1,那修饰的是前面的主句动词,无逻辑主语;——既然不需要逻辑主语,就没有可能修饰ancestors的担忧了。(reducing修饰 suffer感觉也没什么毛病啊,遭遇了才导致人减少的嘛)
最后只能强迫自己这样理解(虽然我自己觉得有点牵强):因为不是“our ancestors suffered an event”这个句子导致reduc这个结果,而是这个 an event导致reduce,使用用定语从句确实是最明确的。

作者: diuab    时间: 2018-5-4 15:06
dash在此处代表后面的整句话都是描述解释前半句,根据见到的题,dash后面可以跟完整的也可以跟词组(这道题)
在此解释一下A:at some time in the past our ancestors suffered an event, reducing their numbers and thus our genetic variation.
因为reducing后的动作需要和主句一个时间,immediately result, 且后面and是一个小并列,那么可以拆开来看:
sb. suffered an event, reducing their numbers
sb. suffered an event, thus reducing our genetic variation.
因为thus reducing明显不是一个时间,所以A的逻辑不对。


在og中还有道题:
OG18-720:
A: neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood, are now drawing solid conclusions about how the human brain grows and how babies acquire language.
E: Neuroscientists have massed, over the past twenty years, a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its developmennt from birth to adulthood, now drawing solid conclusions about how the human brain grows and how babies acquire language.
同thus doing modifier 一样,这道题的E是用now doing modifier,时间上逻辑有误!正确答案A

作者: 小鱼蛋    时间: 2018-6-29 15:15
Mark一下!               
作者: 小陈冲鸭    时间: 2018-8-23 20:43
pinkking 发表于 2012-8-1 00:16
看这个,后面-ing主语应该跟句子主语一致在白勇书里,ing分词短语在句末1)伴随动作:状态和功能,与句子的 ...

同意!               
作者: 小陈冲鸭    时间: 2018-8-23 20:54
ccfish9 发表于 2013-3-6 22:05
原句语义是event造成了reducing,而A里reducing不能修饰event,应该优先修饰从句主语及ancestors,导致逻辑 ...

同意!               
作者: 小陈冲鸭    时间: 2018-8-23 21:07
christinalzx 发表于 2014-3-27 10:35
哎呀~我也认为reducing可以做伴随或者表结果呢!!!

还是不知道为啥不能做结果状语
作者: 小陈冲鸭    时间: 2018-8-23 21:12
MAXFIN 发表于 2016-9-9 11:31
关于reducing 贴一下ron 对,v-ing的解释:
Ron曾经阐述了使用comma+ing的条件,

我的理解是ron说过是要立刻能看到的结果 而这里event导致的结果不是立刻能看到的
作者: Mungerjimmy    时间: 2018-8-28 14:36
MAXFIN 发表于 2016-9-9 11:41
其实我更纠结的是 a 的that为什么必须有,翻了一下曼哈顿对dash用法的解释:
The dash (-) is a flexible p ...

谢谢分享!  这里的 破折号,就像曼哈顿里面写的: you can use the dash to restate or explain an earlier part of the sentence. 其实就是 “换句话说” 的意思,所以后面的句子要加that 。 这一点跟OG 里面的解释也是一致的。
作者: 今天也要加油鸭    时间: 2018-11-29 10:52
我还是有点想不明白,错了好几遍了,总是把这里的破折号理解为解释说明前面的“population bottleneck”。为什么可以确定破折号这里一定是restart所以要和believe that平行呢?句意吗?因为population bottleneck是专业词汇吧,考场上也不好判断啊...
作者: KuliYA    时间: 2018-12-29 23:24
目前看到提出的问题有3种:
1.此题的考点?
2.前面的that需不需要?
  可能a:可否直接解释前文内容
  可能b:可否可认为解释 "population bottleneck"
3.后面的reducing是否可以?
(4.后面的that用法)

针对前面的小伙伴们给的我认为最靠谱的解释 和 我重新研究N久后的感悟,大概是这样:

1.其实官方答案考点都是直接写出来的。此处:Grammatical construction; Parallelism
言下之意就是考 这个dash语法和that的平行。
而且官方给答案就是说 考dash此处表示restate。
鉴于这个意思,所以应该是believe that A 和that B这样的平行结构。
总结:所以dash的用法,平行用that 确实肯定是此题考点。

2. 如果没有that会影响对dash的用法的正确判断。
a. 官方有解释。
   OG对答案A的解释,没有that,dash后面那句话就不知道是干啥用的,容易被认为是对主句的补充内容--即补充人类学家相信的事情。
   因为不是重述或解释,而是补充,那就多了一件事情出来了,然而却补充了一份和主句论述的内容相同的内容,导致句意莫名其妙。
   如果想表达是restate则说明believe 后内容与之后restate内容是平行等价的。那就必须重复that(平行则需重复that, which这类词是基本考点。)

b. 官方未解释到这个问题。但个人认为可用句意来解释。
   作弊看百度百科可以知道,“种族瓶颈” 用于说明:任何物种的数量因为某灾难而大幅削减--不单单局限于人类,可以是猎豹,熊猫。
   然而dash后面的内容是:'曾经人类祖先遭受困难,数量和基因多样性骤减',这显然不可以完整地解释“population bottleneck种族瓶颈”这个大概念。会有以偏概全,类似CR中'一个样本总结整体'的逻辑问题。
   再看用dash后内容'曾经人类祖先遭受困难,(所以)数量和基因多样性骤减'
来重述believe that后面的全部内容:'世界人口明显的基因同质问题 是 由于种族瓶颈'则是完全合理的。

3.  OG官方解释为'The agent or cause of reducing is unclear.'
    意思是reducing修饰的对象不清,或说reducing的原因不清。
    也可以理解为reduce'造成歧义'或'语义模糊/逻辑不清'。
    选项A中 at some time... 是独立完整句子有主谓宾。
    此处保留精华后句子为Ancestors suffered an event, reducing X.
    主语谓语都是名词,而且对于reduce这个动作都是主动(没有哪个是被动,有被动可以排除reduce修饰它,所以只可能修饰另一个)。所以句中同时出现的两个名词都可能是reducing修饰的对象,
    可能是Ancestors主动reduce their numbers
    也可能是the event去reduce ancestors’ numbers。
    默认看的人是不懂这句话的意思的,需要通过正确的语序才看懂句意,所以此处不可以用reducing,因为可能导致某些无知的人类,以为此句意思是:人类祖先自己要reduce自己的数量,这样就会如官方答案说的"unclear agent or cause"

4.  在解释完3后第二个that的用法就更明显是对的、需要的。
    that作为essential noun modifier紧接着前面的名词event,所以就绝对不会造成歧义。(这部分在Manhattan对modifier-that的用法完全可以吃透)

嗯我觉得此题这样看就够了,希望对大家有帮助,也希望指正以上个人总结和解释中的错误

作者: lisa001    时间: 2020-1-7 18:00
germain 发表于 2017-4-24 16:22
换句话说,以下两句话都是对的,
1, the genetic homogeneity evident in the world's people is the re ...

就是平行的问题
作者: lisa001    时间: 2020-1-13 17:02
小陈冲鸭 发表于 2018-8-23 21:12
我的理解是ron说过是要立刻能看到的结果 而这里event导致的结果不是立刻能看到的 ...

伴随结果应该是要event不可避免地带来一个后果,但这个event原句里并没有更多的修饰语描述,并不知道是必然带来人数增加或者减少,甚至不变,所以说是伴随结果是不太合逻辑的。另外,comma+reducing放在句末也可能是作前面名词的修饰成分,就是定语。所以这个结构容易有歧义,不能这么用,要改定语。
作者: EllenWang317    时间: 2020-3-26 11:53
MAXFIN 发表于 2016-9-9 11:41
其实我更纠结的是 a 的that为什么必须有,翻了一下曼哈顿对dash用法的解释:
The dash (-) is a flexible p ...

同意!               
作者: 深高金的zkk    时间: 2020-9-2 23:49
总结楼上: A选项的..., reducing表示immediate result(几乎同时发生),所以错误。因为明显suffer event和reducing number and genetic diversity是有一个先后顺序的。

此外想问:这里的破折号是什么作用?破折号感觉像一个插入语一样such as" xxx,in other words,xxx ",我是第一次看到破折号这么用的。




欢迎光临 ChaseDream (https://forum.chasedream.com/) Powered by Discuz! X3.3