ChaseDream
标题: Manhattan SC fifth edition 中文日记含练习（完，固定搭配整理在chapter9里） [打印本页]
作者: eloisexiao 时间: 2012-6-25 14:39
标题: Manhattan SC fifth edition 中文日记含练习（完，固定搭配整理在chapter9里）
Chapter 1 SC基础
1.最好并不意味着完美：评估所给选项，找出最合适的，而不是创造最完美的。
2)快速纵向比较选项，找出不同点。
n句子的开头和结尾往往不同，否则不会划线
n如果初读时发现了错误，用这个来查找。
没有必要找出所有的不同，尽快找出尽可能多的不同。
暂时忽略复杂的不同点。
3)选择简单的不同点开始排除。
4)根据第一次分解做出决定。
5)击毙选项一颗子弹足以。排除了的选项就不要再考虑了。
6)继续分解剩余选项，继续排除，知道剩下唯一一个选项。
1.很少测试“纯词汇知识”，但是会用混淆词意的把戏。
economic-货币的财政的； economical-节约的；合算的；有效的
aggravate-加重，恶化； aggravating-令人愤怒的
known as –被称为，很著名； known to be- 为……所知；known for因…而闻名
loss of –失去，流失；loss in-贬值
mandate-命令；have a mandate-拥有选举权
native of- 一个人出生在某地 ；native to 物种产自于
range of –多种的； ranging-变化
rate of –速度或频率； rates for –价格…
rise –上升,形容无方向，单纯上升； raise-（打赌或工资）上涨，有方向
such as –比如； like-好像（举例只能用such as, 不能用like）
try to do –努力去完成； try doing –尝试去做，体验
impale-刺穿；impel-逼迫
注意助动词：may, will, must,should
GMAT中，should基本上只意味着“道德上的责任”，而不做“可能”讲。
词的位置：
一个词位置的移动可能会改变全句的意思。
n注意如only,all这类可以限制名词或者限制语意的短词。
n更广一点：关注整个词序。
n最后看看是否有不必要的倒置，一般英语的语序是主语在谓语前面。
词的搭配：
注意：主谓一致
避免重复：
GMAT的正确答案中绝不会出现重复的词。
注意时间的表达。很容易忽略时间的重复表达，尤其是在一个划线一个不划线，或者两个不相似的情况下。
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| A year ( e.g., three launches a year)
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尽管GMAT SC提倡简洁，但是简洁是个危险的工具，不要轻易的选择最短的选项。
1.意思改变：原句“不管功夫是多还是少”，修改后“需要大量的功夫”
2.原句who原理people，指代不确定。改句讲who……移至people后修饰people是合理的。
但是for a ride 被挪到waiting后面，句意更改。原句应该修改为：The people who had been wating were taken for a ride by the driver.
3.rise作上升讲时是不及物动词 vi；raise作提高讲时是及物动词vt
4.the more than 50 plants 灌溉的都是植物，植物数量超过50； more than the 50 plants 不止这50棵植物，可能还有别的东东
7.after与subsequently重复；dropped与decrease重复
9.Constitute a distraction -> distract
10.Have a suspicion-> suspect; there being an attempt by managers to conceal-> that managers are concealing
11.In readiness->ready; whatever it is that
12.It was with haste that -> hastly
13.\
14.被动-》主动
15.Academic与schoolwork重复。
作者: eloisexiao 时间: 2012-6-25 19:34
标题: 更新至chapter 3
谓语必须是有效的。连词开头的句子中即便存在主语和谓语，但是并不是主句的主谓语。
如travel的主语不是development而是car
GMAT模糊主语的方法主要是在主语和谓语之间插入复杂成分，包括
Of mice; for milk; by 1800; in Zambia; with her; at that level; to the store; on their orders; from the office
现在分词，过去分词等也能起到插入修饰语的作用。逗号可以帮助判断。
只有由and连接的单数主语会组成复数主语，谓语动词用复数。
但是添加剂短语则相反，并不改变主语的单复属性。这些添加剂短语包括：
along with Polly; in addition to surgery; as well as the mayor; accompanied by me together with a tie; including salt and pepper
以s结尾的单数名词：一些表示学科的词（physics, mathematics）、一些活动（aerobics）和一些疾病（diabetes）。
七.or; either … or; neither…or
如果没有or，either 或 neither单独出现，则用单数。
在极少数情况下，当强调个体而不是整体时，用复数；GMAT中多数情况集体名词对应单数。
People: agency, army, audience, class, committee, crowd, orchestra乐队， team
Items: baggage, citrus柑橘类植物, equipment, fleet, fruit, furniture
Anyone, anybody, anything; no one, nobody, nothing; each, every(as pronouns); someone, somebody, something; everyone, everybody, everything; whatever, whoever; either, neither
但有5个不定代词的单复数取决于句子上下文，他们是SANAM: some, any，none, all, more/most
在SANAM情况下，of引导的介词短语有助于判断主语的单复数。但也不能机械使用，none of 和 any of 后面即便是跟着复数名词，主语也是单数。
Majority,minority,plurality多数可单可复，取决于上下文。如果强调整体里的各个个体，用复数；如果强调整体本身，用单数。方法类似SANAM。
1.neither… nor his daughter + 单数
2.either of the two drinks + 单数
4.A number of players + 复数
5.Jack, along with …, + 单数
15.主谓语意不搭配，能够were first developed的不是prolifelion而是computer game
作者: eloisexiao 时间: 2012-6-26 15:05
标题: chapter 4
and, but ,both and, or, either or; neither nor, not but, not only but also, rather than, from to
有些动词形式如was opeing, can lose, to increase,在平行结构中可以共享be,can,to。
两个从句平行时，每个从句都用连词开头，可以避免歧义，无论这两个连词是否相同。
c)多组并列时，注意层次。可以通过重复单词、加逗号等使结构清晰。最长的并列成分放在最后
A act as B,distinguish X from Y, X is the same as Y,
as A, so B, estimate X to be Y, X is good, and so too is Y,
between X and Y,X instead of Y, X, such as Y,
compared to X, Y, X is known to be Y, think of X as Y,
consider X Y, X is less than Y, X is thought to be Y
In contrast to X,Ymake X Y,View X as Y
declare X Y, Mistake X For Y, Whether X Or Y,
X develops Into Y,Not Only X(,)But Also Y,
X Differs From Y,regard X As Y
但to be并不一定都是系动词，也可能是表示进行时态或者被动语态
2.as to us as to the people
6.from those…to those…不要轻易省略句子成分
作者: eloisexiao 时间: 2012-6-29 15:16
标题: chapter 5 代词
这里要注意有得名词是作为形容词使用的，这类名词不能当先行词。
简单的判断方法是用先行词替代代词，看看逻辑是否合理。
四、重要的五个第三人称代词it,its,they,them,their（注意单复数一致
五、指示代词this,that,these,those
指示代词指代的名词和前面的名词不是同一样东西，是新内容。
但是GMAT坚持that，those指代的新内容的单复数要和前面名词的单复数一致，所有如果要前后单复数，只能通过变化该名词的单复数并重复该名词。
n同一句话里的it和its都必须指代同一个单数先行词。
n同一句里的they，them，their也必须指代同一个复数先行词。
²那么只有一个代词，但却又多个先行词的情况是否正确呢？
GMAT允许如果先行词十分明显，而且没有其他合理的先行词的条件下，只有一个代词、有多个名词的情况是允许的。
如例句中supernovas在第一句中充当主语，they在第二句中充当主语，并和第一句平行。虽然还有至少两个名词更接近they，但they还是清晰的指向supernovas，GMAT认为这种情况是可以接受的。
²另：关于P72的例句，them是否能够指代executives’，即非所有格代词是否能够指代所有格这个问题是有争议的，GMAT一般会绕过。最保险的方法还是一一对应或重复先行词。
六、附加：this, that, these, those 在句子中不能裸奔，必须用作this/that/those/these+n 的结构才能做代词使用，而这个名词则是能体现先行词性质的词。
1.their和they共同指代guests，正确
2.指代everyone，用his or her，而不能用their
3.he指代Jim，用its而不是their指代board
4.she，she，her都指代Meg；them而不是it指代notes
6.who-whom宾语；who’s->whose; who->whom宾语
8.从句的宾语应该是the coffee table而不是the store，如果用which则是指代the store，改为because。We thought的宾语直接用the table，比用it更保险。
9.Oil这个名词在这里用作形容词，不能充当先行词。改为 rise in the price of oil。
10.Shakespearean在剧中作形容词用，不能充当先行词。将he改成Shakespearean。
11.同一个句子中they和their必须指代同一个事物。该句各种歧义。可以改成
because the Browns dislike the Smiths’ children.
或 because the Smiths dislike the Browns’ children.
12.Them和主语analysis逻辑不合理。将some of them改成some students
13.those没有先行词，改为the cats。
14.主语是development和并与England不惧可比性。改为is like that of England
15.these后面必须接内容，不能单独成立。讲these改成them。
作者: eloisexiao 时间: 2012-6-29 20:46
标题: Chapter 6 修饰语
副词除了名词和代词不能修饰，其他形式基本都可以修饰，如形容词、副词、介词、短语甚至整个句子。
1. adj+adj+n：这两个形容词都修饰这个名词
2. adv+adj+n：副词修饰形容词，形容词修饰名词
常见的形容词+ly 变副词的词语: corresponding, frequent, independent, rare, recent,
seeming, separate, significant, supposed, usual.
用来修饰名词或代词的短语、从句名词被称为名词修饰语，功能类似一个长的形容词。(形容词、介词短语，过去分词，不加逗号的现在分词，从句，同位语)
如果句子中只有修饰语，没有被修饰的名词，修饰语是悬空的。
现在分词在句首时容易形成悬空修饰语的情况。虽然这种形式理论上属于动词修饰语，但是仍然需要一个名词主语才能生效。（例句中using technology的是人而不是problem）
修饰语+修饰语+主谓宾，或者 主谓宾+修饰语+修饰语，容易产生歧义。
修饰语+主谓宾+修饰语，较好，但也有可能产生混淆。
最好的办法是重新组织句子，到保留一个修饰语。（当然在没有最好的情况下，考虑较好的情况）。
注意：development这个词和其他抽象名词。
关系代词包括：which, that, who, whose, whom, where, when
l当被修饰的名词在从句中充当宾语时，that和whom可以省略；
lWhere可以用于修饰方位名词，如area, site, country 或 Nevada.
但where不能修饰比喻型的情况，如condition, situation, case, circumstances 和arrangement.这时要用in which。
lWhen可以修饰事件或时间，如period, age, 1987 或 decade。用in which也可以。
限制性的修饰语，修饰语中的信息不能被移除；被修饰的名词与修饰语之间不加逗号。
非限制性的修饰语，修饰语中的信息可以被移除，被修饰的名词与修饰语之间加逗号。
引导词用which还是that是有争议的，GMAT一般不会再这个知识点上孤注一掷。但是是否加逗号有严格规定：逗号仅用于非限制性修饰语。（与后面练习的解答有分歧？？that引导限定性从句，which引导非限定性）
多数是副词以及起副词作用的短语和句子，主要回答动作的how, when, where, why 等问题。
有些动词修饰语同时修饰动词和动作发起者。这时务必保证主语是有意义的。
表目的的不定式可以用在一般过去式的句子里，这时要搞清楚动作的发起者。
动词修饰语不像名词修饰语，不必一定要挨着被修饰的成分。但是也要尽量避免歧义。
Which只能修饰其前面的名词，不能修饰一整个句子。
现在分词ing形式就灵活的多，可以直接修饰名词，可以修饰动词和动作的发起者，也可以修饰整个句子。是最佳选择。
（2）前面主谓宾+逗号， ing 做伴随状语修饰主语和 动词
（3）可以修饰一个句子（此时主句若转化为同意名词，这个名词可作为ing的主语），这种
Spectacular修饰名词，应该为形容词形式。
Upon setting foot/entering the Gothic cathedral，the camera-wielding tourists were amazed by the spectacular stained-glass windows.
2. seem+形容词；unlikely可以作形容词。
3. recently修饰formed; bitter修饰civil war
4. 第一个从句正确；第二个which修饰Portugal错误；where修饰last year错误。
Ravaged by civil war for many years after it gained independence from Portugal,Angola is now one of Africa’s success stories: its economy grew by 21% last year, and parliamentary elections are to be held later this week.
第一个which从句正确：因为允许关系从句和被修饰的名词之间放置同位语。
7. who->whom作宾语；that不能指人，改为who
11.被修饰的名词office逻辑上不能based on the recent decline.修改：based on X词组通常用介词短语because of 替换。
12.注意所有格，grades本身不能unaccustomed to，修饰对象应该是James
13. 名词修饰成分远离了被修饰的对象，应该将which从句调到dress后面。
15.悬空修饰语，没有主语来using novel techniques。
作者: eloisexiao 时间: 2012-7-4 11:37
标题: Chapter 7 动词的时态、语气和语态
u状态动词如state、signify一般不用进行时。
u即便是对于平行结构，如果有明确的时间状语，根据时间状语来选择时态。
u一般将来时钟will可以引导多个平行的将来动作：She will walk to school in the morning and run home in the afternoon.
u有一种微妙的情况：用过去进行时描述背事件，而用一般过去时描述在前段的更重要的事件。(若前后都是一般过去式，则前后两件事情的重要性一样。
1.现在完成时：可以是从过去持续到现在的行为，也可以使一个已经完成的行为但现在仍然有影响。
u标志词：since, within the past … , in the last…
uWhen情况：when 既可以表示at the same time，也可以表示after。但如果when用现在完成时，则表示“after”
u如果动作发生的前后顺序已经交代的很明显，多数不需要用过去完成时。
Antonio drove to the store and bought some ice cream.
l一般由but和and连接的句子不需要使用过去完成时。
lBefore,after连接的句子已经清晰的表明了动作发生的先后顺序，不必用过去完成时。
u也可以用时间而不是一般过去式来表示later past moment：By 1945, the United State had been at war for several years.
u一种狡猾的句型：现实一般过去式，后用过去时间即过去完成时。
The band U2 was just one of many new groups on the rock music scene in the early 1980’s, but less than ten years later, U2 had fully eclipsed its early rivals in the pantheon of popular music.
通常时态的顺序为：一般时+将来时；过去式+conditional
The scientist believes that the machine will be wonderful.
The scientist believed that the machine would be wounderful.
u标志词:if, as if, as though
u虚拟语气中，be一般用were (无论主语是第几人称，都不用was而用were)，只是表示虚拟，并不表示过去时间。
(二)If 句式（if…then…，then一般省略）
1.表示确定: If present, then present
EG: if she eats pizza, (then) she becomes ill.
2.表示某种程度的不确定: if present, then can or may
If she eats pizza, (then) she may /can become ill.
3.将来确定：if present/present perfect,then future.(if X happens/has happened, Y will happen.)
If she eats pizza tomorrow, (then) she will become ill.
If Sophie HAS EATEN pizza, then she WILL BECOME ill.
4.将来不太可能发生：if 假设虚拟，then conditional(if X were to happen, Y would happen)
If she ate pizza tomorrow, (then) she would/could become ill. (使用虚拟语气)
5.过去从未发生： if past perfect,then conditional perfect
(If X had happened, Y would/could have happened)
If she had eaten pizza yesterday, (then) she would/could have become ill. (使用虚拟语气)
注意：美式英语中,GMAT中，if 引导的从句中不能出现Should 和would 不能进入if从句中。
1.不定式不加to（动词原形Be , do）：没有-s;用be而不用is,are,am
2.句式： 主语+命令性词汇+that+从句主语+动词原形(that不能省略，不允许用should)
We propose that the school board disband.
u只能接that的：demand, dictate, insist, mandate, propose, recommend, request, stipulate规定，讲定, suggest（当没有第二主语是，porpose也可以接不定式 The attorneys proposed to meet the following day.）
u只能接to do的：advise, allow, forbid, persuade, want
u即可以接that又可以接to do：ask, beg, intend, order, prefer, urge, require
u特殊情况：prohibit sth；prohibit from doing；prohibit sb from doing
Right: His demand THAT he BE paid full severance was not met.
uIt’s X句型，如果X是一个形容词，如essential,传达紧急感的，即可以用命令虚拟语气，也可以用不定式。
如：It is essential that Gary be ready before noon.
It is essential for Gary to be ready before noon.
一些传达紧急感的形容词性的命令词汇既可用虚拟语气，也可用不定式：如essential, advisable, crucial,desirable, fitting, imperative, important, mandatory, necessary, preferable, urgent, vital
u当suggest表“可能代表”的意思时，而不是表达“建议”的意思时不能用虚拟语气。
u不要使用除了be 动词以外的动词来构成被动语态；such get
uby+动作的执行者；表示用什么工具或方法用意是用 through 和because of 。
u通常情况下主动语态比被动语态简洁，但不要对被动语态有偏见。不在不得已的情况下，不要用语态做排除选项的关键。
有时候听上去很正确的主动语态也会隐藏着错误，例如：
It has been decided by Jason that he will not attend college next fall.
Jason has decided next fall not to attend college.
时间状语next fall是表示将来的，不能和现在完成时态 has decided挨在一起。
1.normally+eats; is eating+right now; will eat+at tomorrow’s party
2.wear a helmet是本句中事件发生的背景状态，用过去进行时was wearing a helmet;
by+was struck;escaped+in that episode.
3.1971过去时间，不能用现在完成时，改为一般过去式。
用build表示作者可能继续讨论building process；用had built表示作者可能继续讨论destruction。
6.Alread提示该动作是个瞬间动作，用完成时。本句中wake up是在phone rang之前完成，用过去完成时：改为She had already waken up when the phone rang.
7.主句为一般过去式，will have 改为 would have；did not back up改为had not backed up
8.知识点：也可以用时间而不是一般过去式来表示later past moment：By 1945, the United State had been at war for several years.
9.General rules，用一般时，if it is cooled
10.正确。知识点：将来不太可能发生：if 假设虚拟，then conditional(if X were to happen, Y would happen)
11.正确。知识点：将来确定：if present/present perfect,then future.(if X happens/has happened, Y will happen.)
12.Want+不定式，改为 want him to stay；insist+命令虚拟，正确
13.By+was developed；is converted正确。
扩展：如果全句都划线，当作者的意图是进一步讨论fischer-tropsch时，仍应使用被动语态，不应改为主动语态。
14.By Picasso有歧义：如果picasso是修饰painting的改为：The dealer was asked to sell a Picasso painting.如果picasso是动作发起者，改为：Picasso asked the dealer to sell a painting.
15.Have to 与 require重复；require+命令假设改为be tested。
作者: eloisexiao 时间: 2012-7-4 15:13
标题: Chapter 8 比较
Like, unlike, more than, less than, faster than, different from, in contrast with/to, as, as(adj.) as , as
much as, as fast as, the same as
Like 是一个介词，因此like后面只能跟名词，代词或者名词短语（可以接动名词）。不能跟句子或者介词短语
As 既是介词，又是连词，后面可以跟句子,也可以跟介词短语表比较。
只要没有歧义，还可以省略单位词、动词甚至整个从句。
有时为了避免歧义可以放入一些本来可以省略的词或者助动词；即便助动词不是很必要，但也是GMAT接受的，因此不要以此来判断选项。
Ambiguous: I like cheese more than Yvette. {Yvette could be subject or object.}
Right: I like cheese more than Yvette DOES. (=than Yvette likes cheese)
Right: I like cheese more than I DO Yvette. (= than I like Yvette)
以ly结尾的副词的比较级是more +副词，不要改成er形式
比较级中一定要有一个than，不要单独的使用形容词的比较级，除非有than
A cat cannot catch a wildebeest as fast as a cheetah. 错
A cat cannot catch a wildebeest that run as fast as a cheetah. (宾语的奔跑速度比较)
A cat cannot catch a wildebeest as fast as it can a cheetah. (同一主语抓捕速度比较)
A cat cannot catch a wildebeest as fast as a cheetah can. (主语抓速度比较，补出情态动词can)
4.主语是the rate：the rate is 75% higher than that of owner-occupied homes in the southern counties.
5.A lawyer dose从句用as不用like。
6.正确。没有歧义，比较leopard和cheetah。
A leopard cannot catch a wildebeest as fast as a cheetah can (省略catch a wildebeest).
Leopard撞不到和cheetah一样快的wildebeest：
A leopard cannot catch a wildebeest that runs as fast as a cheetah.
Leopard抓不到wilderbeest但可以抓到cheetah：
A leopard cannot catch a wildebeest as fast as I can (catch) a cheetah.
8.前面是所有格，后面改成as a cheetah’s 或者 that of a cheetah。
9.比较对象是the trapeze artists和antics，逻辑不平行，应该和the circus clowns比。改为……,the circus clowns kept the audience entertained for hours with the antics.
10.正确：这些衣服在商店里时比在外面的货架上看上去更吸引人。(同一批衣服在不同的地方状态不一样)
The clothes inside the shore looked more appealing than (did) those on the racks outside.（不同的两批衣服，一批在商店里，一批在外面的货架上，商店里的看上去更吸引人）
15.Experiences 和 her high school比较，逻辑不平行。改成 were unlike her experiences in high school on the reservation.
作者: eloisexiao 时间: 2012-7-8 22:51
标题: chapter 9 Idioms
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作者: eloisexiao 时间: 2012-7-18 15:51
标题: Chapter 10 Odds&Ends
1.一个正确的句子至少有一个主句：有完整的主谓结构，且不以because或if开头；逗号不
2.and 是GMAT 考试总最重要的连词，它可以连接多个名词，或多个结构相同成分或者
a)一个系列（apples, grapes, and pears）。
b)两个主句（I like apples, and she likes grapes）。
3.一次只能用一个连词，如since/because与so不能同时用， although与yet不能同时用。
4.并列连词：and, but, or, for, nor, yet, so；
从属连词，although, because, before, after, since, when, if , unless, that, though, while
Wrong：Citizens of many countries are expressing concern about the environmental damage caused by the widespread release of greenhouse gases may be impossible to reverse.
这里environmental damage不能同时扮演两个角色：about的宾语和may be的主语。
改法1：Citizens of many countries are expressing concern abouttTHAT the environmental damage caused by the widespread release of greenhouse gases may be impossible to reverse.
改法2：Citizens of many countries are expressing concern about the environmental damage caused by the widespread release of greenhouse gases，DAMAGE THAT may be impossible to reverse.
a)GMAT正误答案之间的差别不会只有逗号这一处的。
b)逗号是区分限定性修饰和非限定性修饰的标志之一。
c)一个主语发出的两个动作用and连接时不用逗号。
d)一般情况下只有逗号没有连词是不行的，特殊情况：The bigger they are, the harder they fall.
a)分号前后两句话各自独立。如果有从属关系，则需要使用连词而不是分号。
b)分号后面经常跟一些连接副词（注意这些词不是真正的连词，是伪连词，不能用逗号替代分号）如however, therefore, in addition, then.
如: Andrew and Lisa are inseparable; THEREFORE, we never see them apart.
c)在少数分类的情况下可以用分号，如I listen to Earth, Wind & Fire; Wow, Owls;and Blood, Sweat & Tears.
d)冒号后面可以跟句子，但这个句子必须起到解释分号前面内容的作用，前面的内容也可以是前面这整句话。
b)破折号可以起分开同位语的作用，如：EG: My three best friends-Danny, Jimmy, and Joey-and I went skiing. (用逗号意思就变7个人了)
c)破折号还可以重复或者解释前半句的内容。但又和冒号不同，破折号不一定立刻放在被
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既可跟可数名词复数 又可跟不可数名词单数的量词：more, most, enough, all
less只能不可数。留心单位名词：多数单位是可数的dollar(s),gallon(s),部分是不可数的money，volume，所以用less修饰单位名词表示“少”，如：We have less than 20 dollars.
3.The number, number of, a number, the numbers of
a)The number of单数；a number of复数；
b)The numbers of的用法基本是错的。坚持用the number of。
c)Numbers可以用，比较少用，如果比较用greater than而不用more than，如 The rare Montauk beaked griffin is not extinct; its numbers are now suspected to be much GREATER THAN before.
4.Increase/Decrease vs. Greater/less
a)Increase/decrease表示同一个事物在变化；greater/less是两个事物之间进行比较。
The price of silver INCREASED by ten dollars.
The price of silver is five dollars GREATER than the price of copper.
b)留心重复：decrease和fall，lower重复；increase和rise，growth重复。
1.两个谓语动词was afraid of 和 would be compensated.改为was afraid that …
4.Nevertheless是连接副词，前面用分号隔开两个句子。
6.一方面though不能放在句首，另一方面如果去掉yet，后面的with…会被误以为是主句的一部分。
7.分号前后要是两个独立完整的句子，it has one based on…
9.冒号要紧跟被修饰的主体，这里修饰的是fallen significantly，直接把冒号改成破折号
11.broken-> has broken 或 broke
the 100-meter,and 200-meter runs
12.number of soda->amount of soda
although->however(although是个主从连词必须放在从句的开头，而however是个连接副词，可以放在主句的中间。)
many of sodas->a number of sodas
the numbers of people-> the number of people
grew by a 34 percent rise-> grew by 34 percent
Nonetheless->;nonetheless(连接副词)
作者: eloisexiao 时间: 2012-7-19 13:57
标题: Chapter 11 简洁与平行（额外）
Influence>be an influence
最后才考虑简洁问题，而且通常有简洁问题的句子还会伴随着其他问题。
2.that从句(含动词的)>系列词组（含名词的）：是名词>动作名词的变形
常用这种结构的词包括：hypothesis,idea,suggestion,belief,discovery,evidence,indication,report.
例外的：(Suspect vs. are suspicious of ) 忠实原意
Be able to > has the ability
Be capable > has the capability
Be convinced > of the conviction
Be disclined > have the disclination
Be isolated > in isolation(例外，语意不同？？？)
Considerably > to a considerable extent
Significantly > to a significant degree
注意：尽可能避免用to be，而用is , am, are 等替代
7、尽量少用it is…that 结构 （强调句结构）
It’s … that 强调句型语法上没有错误，但是GMAT中尽量回避。
上述的，都不是一定的规则，而是偏爱；明智的使用这些模式；
一定当心捷径，being or the fact that 不意味着就一定错：
Of词组是通常可以简化为n+n的形式，如A wall of stone=a stone wall
Aegean sea salt< salt from the Aegean sea
ural mountain ore < ore from the ural mountains
Danube river access < access to the Danube river;
Boston soldier < soldier from Boston
Population changes of honeybees < changes in the population of honeybees
错误 ：The faces I see in ads is a famous actor.
正确： The face I see in ads is that of a famous actor
但有时候that of又是多余的，主要还是要看主语和后面的内容逻辑是否是对应的。
错误：The fields I most enjoy are those of math and physics.
正确： The filed I most enjoy are math and physics
Indicate, claim, contend, report, agree, declare, find, indicate, reveal, rule, show, announce, assert, believe, confess, demonstrate, doubt, expect, hold, know, mention ,observe, proclaim, reason, recognize, repeat, state, think , warn, be convinced , be certain, be assured, agree, declare, find, reveal, rule ,show
有一个比较特殊的词就是say,因为不会引起歧义，之后不必跟that，可以跟一个句子
rock, continent, electron, politician, region, holiday, week
动作名词：eruption, pollution, nomination, withdrawal, development, change, growth等
简单分词：表面上是 名词，实质是动词，扮演着动词的角色
复杂分词：含有修饰成分，经常是前面加一个冠词或形容词或者跟of介词短语
简单动名词不能和复杂动名词平行。且只有复杂动名词才能动作名词平行。
例如：The accurate tracking-复杂动名词； tracking-简单动名词
3.如果一个动词有具体的名词形式，就不要用动名词，如release与releasing
1.X be native to Y: 物种X来自Y这个地方；X be a native of Y: X生于Y这个地方，且a不能省略
X is known as Y:Y是X的名字；X is known to be Y：Y是X的特征
lie[ 过去式lay 过去分词lain 现在分词lying ] ：不及物动词；
lay[ 过去式laid 过去分词laid 现在分词laying ] ：及物动词
if past perfect,then conditional perfect
(If X had happened, Y would/could have happened)
If she had eaten pizza yesterday, (then) she would/could have become ill. (使用虚拟语气)
4.Be suspicious of such offers不要改成suspect such offers,不符合语言习惯。类似的还有lack和be lacking in。特殊情况
is desirous of 改成 wants to
5.Has a determination 改成 is determined to (不要改成determines，改变了句意)
gain a victory改成win（这个很难发现）
6.At a rapid rate of speed改为rapidly
7.Woman from Miami 不可更改为miami woman，of介词以外的介词词组不能随意省略更改；
Bench of wood可以改为wood bench
A soup bowl改为a bowl of soup
8.Kilogram和weight重复，The carbon emissions kilogram weight 改为 The weight of the carbon emission(weight是个数量名词，需要用介词词组修饰)
The france president 改为 the president of france
C. Subject-Verb Agreement
11.Understands-understand
15.…how a candidate dresses for a job interview and even how he position himself in his seat…
16.…a condemnation of racial injustice and a call for…
17.…detection of new virues…
18.…the sinking of an enemy ship
作者: eloisexiao 时间: 2012-7-24 10:19
标题: Chapter 12 代词和修饰语（额外）
there 如果做代词代指某个地方时，前面一定要提到这个地方，经常会是介词短语in that place的形式出现。
nitself, themselves, one another, each other
The guests at the party interacted with themselves one another.
相互代词one another和each other用于指示不同方之间的影响。
After the land-use agreement surfaced, the commission decided to subject any such contracts to debate in the future. （Agreement这里是一种类型的contract）
After the land-use agreement surfaced, the commission decided to subject any OTHER contracts to debate in the future.（这里指的不是同一个contract）
none：One indicates an indefinite copy or a single, indefinite part of a collection.指代不确定的
Do so：可以指代整个的动作，包含谓语动词，宾语和修饰语（so可以省略）。
当it当做占位符使用时，不必为it找先行词，一共有三种情况
但是注意，不用it做形式主语或者宾语的句子虽然冗长，但是并不错。
三、避免代词指代不清：有时候避免代词指代不清的一种方式就是用一个概括性的名词替代，这样还可以避免直接用之前的名词造成重复,在GMAT中经常会发现； OG75
After roasting the deer, the hunter extinguished the fire and then searched for a tree to hang THE MEAT from.
New "nano-papers" incorporate fibers that give THESE MATERIALS strength.
避免代词指代不清：有时候避免代词指代不清的一种方式就是用一个概括性的名词替代，这样还可以
通过number和gender来筛选有效的先行词：
2)Gender：男性he，his；女性 she her hers；中性 it its;通用they them their
3)Repeats：同一个句子中的it和its只能指代同一个单数名词
同一个句子中的they,them和their只能指代同一个复数名词。
4)Proximity：代词一般指代离其最近的合理的先行词，但不能过于近了；
5)Case：在平行结构中，代词和先行词要保持一致。尤其是主语位置的指代具有很强的倾向性
Note: 如果发现用以上代词指代的5原则竟然排除了所有5个选项，那么只能放松这5原则，然后找找看其他的错误。
1.of 修饰短语: of短语修饰其前面的名词,后面的修饰语修饰整个of介词短语。
（1）He had a way of dodging opponents that impressed the scouts.（that从句指代a way of dodging opponents）
（2）An ice sheet covers 80 percent of the surface of Greenland, an area roughly the size of Alaska（an area roughly the size 修饰80 percent of the surface of Greenland）
2.为避免主语修饰语过于冗长，有时候会将修饰语后置
3.插入语：在主语和谓语之间，插入一个成分对主语进行进一步说明
例：Our system of Presidential elections favors states，such as Delaware，that by population are over-represented in the Electoral College.
插入语吧 states 和修饰语that隔开，是可以接受的，因为插入语没有更合理的位置可以放置；
4.当两个修饰语在平行结构中，其中的一个修饰语要紧邻被修饰对象
例：Right: In heraldry, the term "tincture" refers to a color emblazoned on a coat of arms and labeled with a special French word.
总之，名词修饰语一定要紧跟其修饰的对象，少数情况例外。例外的情况总是读起来很顺口；
1.不要选择Y of X’s 这样的结构，永远是错的； 要么Y of X,要么X’s Y.
2.尽量避开复数所有格情况：GMAT 在80%~90%情况下不在正确答案里放置复数所有格。但并不是绝对的，主要还是要考虑句意。
大部分名词用of X 结构可以清晰替代所有格，少部分如sales,要用in；所有格不等同于普通名词，不能简单修饰；
不要去排除一个选项只是因为它使用复数所有格；如果时间不够的话，去猜那个没有复数所有格的；
七、Subgroup modifier，有三种常见修饰
(1) This model explains all known subatomic particles, some of which were only recently
错: This model explains all known subatomic particles, of which some were only recently
(2) This model explains all known subatomic particles, some of them only recently discovered.
错：This model explains all known subatomic particles, some of them which were only recently
(3) This model explains all known subatomic particles, some only recently discovered.
错: This model explains all known subatomic particles, SOME OF WHICH only recently discovered.
SANAM（some,any,none,all,more/most）和many, each, either, neither, half, one 都可以用在some的位置。
多数情况下，关系从句和现在分词修饰语可以互换，如：
The man WHO IS CLEANING/CLEANING the steps is my uncle.
如果想要用不同于主句谓语动词的时态，就要用关系从句。
Right: His head held high,Owen walked out of the store
Right: Owen walked out of the store, his head held high.
Right: Owen walked out of the store with his head held high.
His head held high，不是修饰owen 的，他是作为一个动词修饰语，作状语功能，，表示owen怎样走过商店的；
这里的名词修饰语，可以用that从句，但绝不能用which从句，which只能修饰离它最近的名词。但是可以用-ing形式
Scientists have found high levels of iridium in certain geological formations around the world, results that suggest the cataclysmic impact of a meteor millions of Years ago.
Scientists have found high levels of iridium in certain geological formations around the world, SUGGESTING the cataclysmic impact of a meteor millions of years ago.
Wrong: Scientists have found high levels of iridium in certain geological formations
around the world, which错 suggests the cataclysmic impact ofameteor millions of years ago.
1.Them->themselves; it->so：Do so：可以指代整个的动作，包含谓语动词，宾语和修饰语（so可以省略）。Do it：必须指代一个实际的名词先行词。
2.Florida’s用的所有格，不能用there指代，改为Florida.
One的使用是正确的，先行词是manatees，one可以指代单数，也可以指代复数。
3.those of是多余的，去掉；do it->do so
6.Worried修饰了最近的students’，不和逻辑，应该是修饰parents的；
Those students disappearing,这里students成了修饰disappearing这个动名词的名词，即便如此也要用所有格，而且disappear本身有名词形式disapperance
students’ parents, as a result of those students disappearing 改为 parents of students who are disappeared
7.正确：第一个从句修饰fertilizer；第二个从句修饰growers of heirloom tomatoes (of词组不能移离)，而且关系代词是who不可能修饰tomatoes，所以允许关系从句远离了growers
9.Subgroup modifier OF WHICH MANY->MANY OF WHICH
作者: eloisexiao 时间: 2012-7-26 18:33
标题: Chapter 13 动词和比较（额外）
1.可以代替长动词或动词词组：I have never seen an aardvark, but my father has.
但是仅限于时态一致的情况下，如果时态不一致还是要重复动词：I have never seen an aardvark, but last year my father did saw one.
2.特殊情况：当助动词想代替原文的一个动词（非主动词）的时候，形式必须一致
错Our cars were designed to inspire envy, and they are.
对Our cars were designed to inspire envy, and they do.
3.只能代表肯定，即便句子其他部分是否定的：Some people do not eat soup as others Do. (= do eat soup)
4.情态助动词：Can, could, may ,might, must, shall , should, will 和 would,第二章明确过：这些词在使用过程中不能随意相互替换。
a)语意相近的情态助动词重复使用，如have to 与must
b)句中其他部分已经表达了目标或者建议的意见，不必再使用情态助动词：
Wrong: This plan ensures that action must be taken.
Right: This plan ensures that action will be taken.
n比起用be to来表示目标或将来，GMAT更倾向于用will 或 should来表带。
Awkward: SHOULD he PASS the test, he will graduate.
Right: IF he PASSES the test, he will graduate.
n在表目的时=in order to ，都对；在表目的时要注意逻辑关系：
对：The contractors demolished the building to keep it from falling down.(was demolished的主语是contractors，同时也是不定式to keep的主语)
错:The building was demolished to avoid falling down accidentally. (was demolished的主语是building，也是avoid的主语，不合逻辑)
对:The building was demolished to keep it from falling down accidentally. (it指代building, building是to keep 的宾语，主语是某个不知名的人demolish了这个builing来keep it from falling down.)
Awkward: TO ERR is human.
Right: IT is human TO ERR.
n不定式超用作并与，但是不能做借此宾语，也不能在前面加形容词和冠词修饰。
动名词比不定式更像名词，可以作动词主语也可以做介词宾语。
简单动名词，更像是动词：EATING apples quickly.
复杂动名词，更像是名词：The quick EATING of apples.
n当一个更熟悉的动作名词已经存在时，不要再创造一个复杂动名词：如the quick consumption of apples 就比 the quick eating of apples好
n一个名词放于动名词之前，如果该名词是动名词的发起者，那么要用所有格。但此时需要注意区分这里的ing究竟是动名词还是一个名词修饰语。
总的来说尽量避免用动名词的所有格，用已存在的动作名词的所有格更好些。如果一定要用动名词的所有格，最好用人称代词如its,their,his,her.
-ing形式可以喝过去分词合并起来使用：Having broken the lamp, she has been worrying all night.
如果没有故意的表目的（如主语是无生命的物体）是，一般用-ing而不用to do。
有一个约定俗成的情况：Water droplets freeze to form snow.虽然也没有目的性，但可以使用不定式。
n在使用现在分词或者关系从句修饰名词时，语意与用不定式修饰名词时有所不同。
现在分词: A technique ALLEVIATING pain is growing popular.
关系从句: A technique THAT ALLEVIATES pain is growing popular
Technique是动作ALLEVIATING 的主语
不定式：A technique TO ALLEVIATE pain is growing popular.
Technique 不一定是TO ALLEVIATE 的主语，可以使某人用来alleviate pain的方式。
又如：There is a book to read. book不是to read的主语，而是read的宾语。
A plan conquering the world is in his files.
A plan that will conquer the world is his files.
A plan to conquer the world is in his files.
计划本身不会去征服世界，肯定是某个使用这个计划去征服世界，这里应该用不定式。
n表示“相似”或者“方式相似”。用like表比较是，是比喻性的，不是真实的。
a)I want to coach divers LIKE Greg Louganis. 此时有歧义！！！
= I want to coach divers WHO ARE LIKE Greg Louganis.
= I want to coach divers in the same way as Greg Louganis does.
b)I want to coach divers, LIKE Greg Louganis. 注意逗号在like之前，此时没歧义
= LIKE Greg Louganis ，I want to coach divers. (he coaches divers; I want to do so.)
nunlike 和like 用法类似：注意即便unlike比较的两个东西不想象，结构上也要平行。
Duration as: As I strolled to the store, I smelled the air. (while, during) 当…时候
Causation as: I will not tell you, as you already know. (since, because) 因为
Comparison as: You should walk as she wants you to. (in the same way) 正如，像….一样
其中as作为comparison比较的用法最重要：
as可以和just，so, so too一起出现：
Right: JUST AS the trains were late yesterday, the buses are late today.
Right: JUST AS the trains were late yesterday, SO TOO are they late today. 部分倒装
As也可以和一个词组共同出现：AS in the previous case， the judge took an early break.
As your leader,I am in charge.作为…角色.
I think of you as my friend. 视作，等同于
AS a child, I thought I could fly.当处于……阶段
a)Times + as…as：Right: The man is FIVE TIMES AS OLD AS his grandson.
The cost of a ticket is $12, six times the cost ten years ago.
The concert was attended by 300 people, twice the previous attendance.
I am TEN years OLDER THAN you.我的年龄= 你的年龄+10
1.More/less用法很灵活，可以作名词、代词、形容词或副词。
I own more than I should. 名词 (more = noun or pronoun)我拥有更多的东西比我应该拥有的；
I own more shirts than I should. 形容词
I sleep more than I should. 副词
2.High/low和higher/lower只能做形容词
×I spend lower than I did last year.
√I spend LESS than I did last year.
√My bills are lower than they were last year.
错：We have even more efficient engines than before.
对：We have even more engines that are efficient than before.发动机数量的比较
对：We have engines even more efficient than before. 有效性的比较
nExceed,surpass这样的动词，也表示比较。但是比较对象务必平行。
Wrong: The incidence of the disease among men exceeds women
Right: The incidence of the disease among men EXCEEDS the incidence among women.
Right: The incidence of the disease among men EXCEEDS its incidence among women.
Right: The incidence of the disease among men EXCEEDS that among wome
通常放在句首，添加另外的一个例子。 翻译为 除了…..
IN ADDITION TO taxes, death is inevitable . (添加在主语)
cheese, I like Swiss. ( 添加在宾语)
1.Having been shown into the office, Julia waited for the dentist to arrive.
正确。Having been shown是分词，不是有效动词。逗号前的整个部分作为分词词组修饰动词waited。
尽管如此，Having been shown有动词特征，类似于一个过去完成时、被动语态的动词。
助动词to be这里以been的形式出现，并且是被动语态。动词to have以having的形式，表示being shown into the office这个动作发生在Julia waited for the dentist之前。语意是符合逻辑的。
2.When he swam across the lake, he struggled to keep his head above the water.
正确。swam和struggled都是用的一般过去式，这两个动作肯定是同时发生的，正确。
3.When he swam across the lake, he lay down on the far shore and relaxed in the sunshine until he was thoroughly dry.
Lay和relax都是一般过去式，swim across the lake必须是发生在这两个动作前，应该用过去完成时。
4.Helen would feel better if she was my daughter.
if假设虚拟，将来不太可能发生：if X were to happen, Y would happen)
If she ate pizza tomorrow, (then) she would/could become ill. (使用虚拟语气)
5.Helen may fell better if she would swallow this pill.
表示某种程度的不确定: if present, then can or may
If she eats pizza, (then) she may /can become ill.
6.If the supplier has signed a binding contract, he will deliver the goods.
将来确定：if present/present perfect,then future.(if X happens/has happened, Y will happen.)
If she eats pizza tomorrow, (then) she will become ill.
If Sophie HAS EATEN pizza, then she WILL BECOME ill.
正确。注意这里用的现在完成时，表示作者是在谈论在过去的某个不特定时间签合同的可能性。相反，如果用一般式也对，但是值得是将来签约的可能性。
7.If the supplier has signed a binding contract, he would have delivered the goods.
过去从未发生： if past perfect,then conditional perfect
(If X had happened, Y would/could have happened)
If she had eaten pizza yesterday, (then) she would/could have become ill. (使用虚拟语气)
8.If Abraham Lincoln were born in Livonia, he cannot become the Present of the United States.
同7.were born -> had been born; cannot become->could not have become
9.Brokered by the President of Silonia, the ceasefire agreement mandates Carpathian forces will cease their advance into Zapadnia, but allows them to engage in limited operations in areas already captured.
Borkered正确，这里是做修饰语而不是实义动词。分词词组borkered by the president of silonia修饰the ceasefire agreement。
Carpathian forces will改为that Carpathian forces cease,因为动词mandate后面必须that虚拟从句。
them to engage正确，allow接不定式
10.Because epidemiological evidence suggests that some tomatoes are contaminated with bacteria, Rachel suggested that Patrick make a salad without tomatoes.
正确。suggest表“可能代表”的意思时，而不是表达“建议”的意思时不能用虚拟语气。所以第一个suggest用陈述语气，第二个suggest用虚拟语气
11.It is necessary that our condominium association must comply with the new ordinance, which requires homeowners clear the snow from sidewalks in front of their property.
must comply应该用虚拟语气comply。It’s necessary 可以接不定式或者虚拟语气。这里由于使用了that从句，所以用虚拟语气。
Clear改成to clear。Require既可以接虚拟语气也可以接不定式。这里因为没有使用that从句，所以改成不定式。
12.A frightening storm has been lashing South Padre Island, forcing Natalie and Todd to postpone their wedding.
Frightening是一个形容词修饰storm。
Has been lashing 是现在完成进行时的实义动词。
分词forcing作为一个副词修饰第一个句子中的has been lashing。完整的副词实际是整个分词从句 forcing Natalie and Todd to postpone their wedding.正如许多的分词副词，他告诉我们的是它修饰的句子的动作的结果。
13.Sitting at the kitchen table, a decision to bake a cake got made by Eric.
2)被动语态，导致好像是decision来执行sitting at the kitchen table。
3)动词中使用了got做助动词，被动语态中只能使用to be做助动词。
修改为Sitting at the kitchen table, Eric decided to bake a cake.
14.Airline A does not charge passengers for in-flight snacks, although most other airlines are.
Are改成do。第一个句子的完整动词词组是does not charge passengers for in-flight snacks。第二个句子可以用do作为do charge passengers for in-flight snacks的简略说法。
15.Louise wanted to buy something to eat, so she stopped at the ATM to withdraw some cash.
To buy充当名词。准确地说，完整的词组to buy something to eat serves 一起当做一个名词，共同做want的宾语。
To eat充当形容词，修饰代词something。
To withdraw充当副词，准确的说是to withdraw some cash 修饰动词stopped，告诉我们Louise停下来的目的。
16.To athlete’s wearing the Brand X logo is a famous Olympian;his swimming has led to a lucrative endorsement contract.
Athlete’s wearing 改为 athlete wearing。Athlete’s wearing中athlete’s作为形容词修饰分词词组wearing…logo.而athlete wearing中分词词组wearing…logo作为形容词修饰名词athlete。要判断那个正确要看句子剩余部分，是谁还是是什么是famous Olympian,是wearing还是athlete，明显是athlete。
His swimming是正确的，是swimming本身led to a lucrative endorsement contract.
17.The person in the recording sounds LIKE a child.
比较，a child是个名词，不是从句，用like。
18.AS a child has been injured, we must stop the party and call an ambulance.
19.AS a child, Rebecca lived in Bristol.
20.My grandfather eats LIKE a child, slurping loudly and helping himself to plenty of ketchup.
比较，a child是个名词，不是从句，用like。
21.Mrs.Jones watched AS a child played with a stick.
22.Frankie never went to law school, but he believes that years of watching Law&Order have taught him to think LIKE a lawyer.
比较，a lawyer是个名词，不是从句，用like。
23.Eyewitnesses describe the missing passenger AS a lawyer in his late forties.
24.LIKE lawyers, doctors are bound by a code of professional ethics.
比较，a lawyer是个名词，不是从句，用like。
25.Having passed the state bar exam, she is licensed to work AS a lawyer in Illinois.
C. Comparison Signals, Comparatives 和 Superlatives
26.Tatiana analyzes people LIKE Oliver Sacks, the famous neurologist.
a)Tatiana analyzes people who are similar to Oliver Sacks, the famous neurologist.
b)Tatiana analyzes people in the same way as Oliver Sacks, the famous neurologist.
注意，b句的意思不能改成Like Oliver Sacks, the famous neurologist, Tatiana analyzes people.这句话的意思是Oliver Sacks analyzes people, and so does Tatiana.并没有告诉T分析人类的方式。
27.Of all the cities in Australia, Sydney is the largest and the most well-known; Melbourne, however, can be equally as enjoyable to visit as its brasher, more frenetic rival.
Most well-> best;
Equally as…as->重复了，可以去掉equally（GMAT中绝对不适用equally！）
第二句是两者比较，用比较级，而不用最高级，brasher，more frenetic是正确的。
28.There are about the equivalent number of gym members in the boxing class as in the aerobics class.
The equivalent number -> as many
作者: abingvicky 时间: 2012-9-13 21:17
thx
作者: yomukie 时间: 2012-9-21 10:53
wow~~THX
作者: eloisexiao 时间: 2012-10-2 10:34
要是有什么错漏异义欢迎提出来一起讨论哈
作者: eloisexiao 时间: 2012-10-2 10:35
要是有什么错漏异义欢迎提出来一起讨论哈
作者: fairypp 时间: 2012-10-10 06:37
upup 语法都整理完了啊 赞一个
作者: lu27704 时间: 2012-10-12 09:00
貌似 第六章 修饰语 里面关于to do
应该是可以用在被动句里面，不是过去式的句子？
作者: lcy0403 时间: 2012-10-19 09:26
12.A frightening storm has been lashing South Padre Island, forcing Natalie and Todd to postpone their wedding.
主句完成时，不是不能用现在分词修饰么？
难道是因为主句是 现在完成进行时？？
作者: soulwangh 时间: 2013-8-9 18:23
yomukie 发表于 2012-9-21 10:53 
wow~~THX
LZ，非常感谢！
有一个问题：
13章
3.分词：过去分词，现在分词
n-ing主要有4种用法：
动词（进行时态）
名词（动名词）
形容词（现在分词）
副词（现在分词）
n-ed的2种用法：
动词（完成时态）
形容词（过去分词）
-ing形式可以喝过去分词合并起来使用：Having broken the lamp, she has been worrying all night.
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原书的确是这么写的，但是过去分词为什么不能做副词功能呢（作状语）？
比如 Seen form the top of the hill，the house is very beautiful.
作者: y2517928 时间: 2013-8-12 17:22
赞一个！非常棒！特别是那个习语的表格，作为一懒人谢谢了！
作者: ahshanben 时间: 2013-10-28 14:50
楼主记得好详细，强
作者: twilighter123 时间: 2014-9-21 15:25
谢楼主！～～～～
作者: gumgum330 时间: 2018-7-16 22:04
感谢分享！
作者: Dsfonder 时间: 2020-9-24 17:07
看一下！
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