Q31:
Emily Dickinson’s letters to Susan Huntington Dickinson were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and ending shortly before Emily’s death in 1886, outnumbering her letters to anyone else.
the answer is e, i am wondering why not a?
outnumbering做伴随情况状语。e中，我认为时态是有问题的，outnumber 是过去发生的事情，应该是outnumbered 才对。
还有一个问题，末句中her letters ，her指代什么，前面的Emily Dickinson’s 是所有格形式出现的,后面的her肯定不能指emily, 但根据逻辑意思，它只能指emily, 难道又一个语法规则要被打破？
Prospecting for gold during the California gold rush was a relatively easy task, because of erosion, prehistoric glacier movement, and ancient, gold-bearing riverbeds thrust to the surface by volcanic activity put gold literally within reach for anybody with a pan or shovel.
请教一下，since 后面必须跟句子，不能只接名词，是这样吗？
但e中，erosion, movement 是动作性名词，riverbed是具体名词，不符合平行结构的要求啊，nn能解释一下吗？
谢谢
http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardid=23&star=1&replyid=606654&id=54937&skin=0&page=1
兩題都是E
特別是31題，which were就是講letters很清楚，至於 her，我認為是Emily，你所謂的語法規則我不懂
我只覺得邏輯還蠻通的
如果這條規則成立，那我的理解就全部錯了
幫忙頂一下，請教各位大牛的意見
代词指代确实不可以指代修饰成分，而只可以指代中心名词，请参考OG90对E的解释。
可不可以认为31题中her指代Susan Huntington Dickinson 呢？请大家讨论。
嗯，这个想法很有意思！kkgmat有没有语法书或者OG的说明再验证一下？谢谢！
楼上的观点第一次听到，但如果连she都没有，就可以直接用her吗？
我不是不同意，是我实在不知道有没有这种用法。
OG90对E的解释只能说明不可以用SHE,并没有说用HER可不可以.
个人觉得HER是所有格,指代前面的所有格应该是可以的.而SHE是主格,就不能拿来指代前面所有格中的一部分.
大全417应该可以拿来参考.
kkgmat，谢谢！赞一个！
贴上大全417，请大家参考。
417. In the Soviet Union the attorney’s role is often played by the judge, who not only reserves time to hear citizens’ legal complaints and also prepares their cases should the claims be valid.
(A) and also prepares their cases should the claims be
(B) but also does the preparation of their cases if the claims should be
(C) and their cases are prepared if the claims are
(D) but also prepares their cases if the claims are（D）
(E) and prepares their cases if the claims are
Q31, A is wrong if we compare the balance of sentence structure of A & E.
A: Emily's letters to Susan were written over a period ... outnumbering her letters to anyone else.
E: Emily's letters to Susan... outnumber her letters to anyone else.
The focus of expression is different in the above two structures. E is more sound & logical than A.
We can only understand the tense in E as an expression of a fact, not as sth happened in the past. (reluctantly)
同意楼上的观点。从平行的角度考虑，确实是E更优一些。
這題 A 跟 E 實在有點棘手
A 的缺點
1) 整句的句意重點變成 信在那一段時間是重點 outnumber 變成句意的伴隨發生 不合邏輯, 因為你把伴隨的動作 outnumbering 拿掉後
2) 如果說明信在哪一段時間寫的是這句話的重點 那就大大違反另外一個 主動優先的原則 ED's letters were writen in...... ==> ED wrote the letters in ....... ETS 不會允許前面這種被動語態的表達方式的
Vincentcpu
Prospecting for gold during the California gold rush was a relatively easy task, because of erosion, prehistoric glacier movement, and ancient, gold-bearing riverbeds thrust to the surface by volcanic activity put gold literally within reach for anybody with a pan or shovel.
Q31:
Emily Dickinson’s letters to Susan Huntington Dickinson were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and ending shortly before Emily’s death in 1886, outnumbering her letters to anyone else.
the answer is e, i am wondering why not a?
outnumbering做伴随情况状语。e中，我认为时态是有问题的，outnumber 是过去发生的事情，应该是outnumbered 才对。
还有一个问题，末句中her letters ，her指代什么，前面的Emily Dickinson’s 是所有格形式出现的,后面的her肯定不能指emily, 但根据逻辑意思，它只能指emily, 难道又一个语法规则要被打破？
Prospecting for gold during the California gold rush was a relatively easy task, because of erosion, prehistoric glacier movement, and ancient, gold-bearing riverbeds thrust to the surface by volcanic activity put gold literally within reach for anybody with a pan or shovel.
请教一下，since 后面必须跟句子，不能只接名词，是这样吗？
但e中，erosion, movement 是动作性名词，riverbed是具体名词，不符合平行结构的要求啊，nn能解释一下吗？
谢谢
Q31 的E outnumber的时态不对应该直接cancel. A is correct
32题：Since引导原因状语从句，结构清晰；within reach of符合习惯用法; thrust的过去分词和原形一样，所以是修饰riverbeds；
其他选项：
A because of只能引导短语，不能引导从句
B/C 的because of / owing to结构+that从句是种很啰嗦的用法，且and 连接的结构不平行； C中更有讲owing to 与putting并列之嫌
D中since一般引导的是从句，而且putting 变成了只就近修饰surface，逻辑意思不对了。
32题E中的erosion, prehistoric glacier movement, and ancient, gold-bearing riverbeds看上去是个有点奇怪的名词并列啊，从意思上也讲不通，至少应该是erosion, prehistoric glacier movement, and volcanic activity这样并列啊，不过其他选项也确实存在问题，会不会是题有问题啊。
疑惑中
Prospecting for gold during the California gold rush was a relatively easy task, because of erosion, prehistoric glacier movement, and ancient, gold-bearing riverbeds thrust to the surface by volcanic activity put gold literally within reach for anybody with a pan or shovel.
我觉得E可以这样翻译:
....因为侵蚀,史前冰河移动和被火山活动推到地表上的有金子的河床...
32同意选E
A 。because of （不能加句子）erosion, prehistoric glacier movement, and ancient, gold-bearing riverbeds thrust to the surface by volcanic activity put（动词作谓语） gold literally within reach for
B。because of erosion, prehistoric glacier movement, and volcanic activity that thrust ancient, gold-bearing riverbeds to the surface, and putting （无相关并列）gold literally within reach of
C。owing to erosion, prehistoric glacier movement, and volcanic activity that had thrust ancient, gold-bearing riverbeds to the surface, and putting （并列产生歧义）gold literally within reach of
D。since erosion, prehistoric glacier movement, and volcanic activity that thrust ancient, gold-bearing riverbeds to the surface, putting （since要加句子表原因，此项无谓语）gold literally within reach for
E。since erosion, prehistoric glacier movement, and ancient, gold-bearing riverbeds thrust to the surface by volcanic activity put gold literally within reach of（前三词并列为主语，put为谓语）句意不好理解但可以说通的！
且because of 和 owing to 只加简单结构！
31铁定是E，很多人已作过评诉，不罗嗦了！
31题在另外一个帖子中 答案公认是A呀
32题 E的翻译确实很奇怪，把帖子翻了一遍，除了24楼基本没有专门讨论32题的。
请教！
32题我选D
putting前面有逗号，并不仅修饰suface,而是修饰整个since从句，至于主句就是Prospecting for......
如果since从句单独需要一个主句，难道两个句子之间，不该用分号隔开么？
32题我选D
putting前面有逗号，并不仅修饰suface,而是修饰整个since从句，至于主句就是Prospecting for......
如果since从句单独需要一个主句，难道两个句子之间，不该用分号隔开么？
偶也同意缺主句意见，做的时候就很困惑，但是D里面reach应该是作名词用吧。reach for应该是reach动词的用法吧。longman是这么写的
reach 2 noun
1
[singular,uncountable] the distance that you can stretch out your arm to touch something
out of/beyond (somebody's) reach
Keep chemicals out of the reach of children.
within reach (of somebody)
Keep a glass of water within reach.
2
[singular,uncountable] within (easy) reach of something
close to a place
The tourist attractions are within easy reach of the hotel.
3
the limit of someone's power or ability to do something
beyond the reach of somebody
He lives in Paraguay, well beyond the reach of the British authorities.
4
reaches [plural]
a) the parts of a place that are furthest from the centre
the further/outer reaches of something the further reaches of the jungle
b) the straight part of a river between two bends
the upper reaches of the Nile
5
the higher/lower reaches of something
the high or low levels of an organization or system
They lingered in the lower reaches of the Football League.
顶下下，等待NN来解答……
作天山7的时候又遇到这道题，没有犹豫就选了E
原来还是E正确
32. (E)
做的时候很痛苦，认为没有正确答案：
(A) - because of + SVO (should be N + that)
(B) - because of + N + that thrust ..., and putting (1. tense - should be had thrust, 2, "and" dictates parallel form of verb with "thrust", should be put)
(C) - owing to N + that had thrust..., and putting ( 2 above)
(D) - since + N + that (should be SVO)
(E) - since + SVO, however, erosion, prehistoric glacier movement, and volcanic activity should be parallel becuase they are all geophysical phenomena, and "riverbeds" clearly are not in this category.
当时觉得(E)在逻辑上不可容忍，所以选了错误最不明显的(C)。今天终于找到支持(E)的逻辑了 - thrust 在这里只能用作volcanic activity的谓语。erosion和glacier movement都是缓慢的过程，而且从动作上来说，没有用"force"来"push"。附上meririam-webster的entry.
transitive verb
1
: to push or drive with force : SHOVE
2
: to cause to enter or pierce something by or as if by pushing <thrust a dagger into his heart>
3
: EXTEND, SPREAD
4
: STAB, PIERCE
5 a
: to put (as an unwilling person) forcibly into a course of action or position <was thrust into the job> b
: to introduce often improperly into a position : INTERPOLATE
6
: to press, force, or impose the acceptance of upon someone <thrust new responsibilities upon her>
...
居然看了moomoo前辈的帖子 仰视
我觉得，可以从reach在这里的用法，来判定是A or E.
reach 这里应该是名词: "延伸”
既然是名词，根据用法和句子的意思应该是套用reach of 而不是reach for.
reach for 通常是reach 作动词的时候的搭配。
E选项的确是有逻辑问题，难道此题无解？
I agree A. Here is my thought about E:
If E is correct, lets try to only examine the subject, verb and object of the main clause:
.. letters ..., ... , outnumber her letters to anyone else.
I think it is apparently illogical if saying "letters outnumber letters to other letters". So E is wrong.
A is good, since the gerund "outnumbering" refers to the whole event described in the previous sentence. And that event makes her letters more than to anyone else. At least logically make sense to me.
Open to discuss.
I agree A. Here is my thought about E:
If E is correct, lets try to only examine the subject, verb and object of the main clause:
.. letters ..., ... , outnumber her letters to anyone else.
I think it is apparently illogical if saying "letters outnumber letters to other letters". So E is wrong.
A is good, since the gerund "outnumbering" refers to the whole event described in the previous sentence. And that event makes her letters more than to anyone else. At least logically make sense to me.
Open to discuss.
仔细考虑，我认为31题的答案选择E而不是A，分词结构放在句尾，只有两种成分：伴随状语或修饰语，做修饰语只能修饰紧跟的名词，显然，outnumbering不能作为修饰语，只能做伴随状语。
那么，你认为were written能够影响outnumbering么，outnumbering显然不是written的一个伴随结果，故排除A
D 是比较贴近正确的逻辑意思的，很明显，erosion，prehistoric movement和volcanic activity是同类事物，可以构成并列，而“由于火山作用上升的含金子的河床”没有“火山活动”更贴切。而且，注意，that引导的定语从句谓语用的是thrust，复数，修饰前面三个名词，说明erosion，prehistoric movement和volcanic activity的共同作用是河床上升，紧接着一个伴随结果
putting gold literally within
reach for.
但D的不足之处就是since，引导原因状语从句时是连词，应该跟句子，这里去掉that就好了。Since做介词时表示“自从“
。还有within the reach of sb是固定搭配。
since引导原因状语从句，相当于because。对此有疑问的请查阅大全648-652题。
E选项的结构如下：
E. since [erosion, prehistoric glacier movement, and ancient, gold-bearing riverbeds thrust to the surface by volcanic activity](主语) put (谓语) gold literally within reach of
主语是由三个并列的名词或名词性短语组成。
OG90对E的解释只能说明不可以用SHE,并没有说用HER可不可以.
个人觉得HER是所有格,指代前面的所有格应该是可以的.而SHE是主格,就不能拿来指代前面所有格中的一部分.
大全417应该可以拿来参考.
32同意选E
A 。because of （不能加句子）erosion, prehistoric glacier movement, and ancient, gold-bearing riverbeds thrust to the surface by volcanic activity put（动词作谓语） gold literally within reach for
B。
because of erosion, prehistoric glacier movement, and volcanic activity
that thrust ancient, gold-bearing riverbeds to the surface, and putting （无相关并列）gold literally within reach of
C。owing to erosion, prehistoric glacier movement, and volcanic activity that had thrust ancient, gold-bearing riverbeds to the surface, and putting （并列产生歧义）gold literally within reach of
D。
since erosion, prehistoric glacier movement, and volcanic activity that
thrust ancient, gold-bearing riverbeds to the surface, putting （since要加句子表原因，此项无谓语）gold literally within reach for
E。since erosion, prehistoric glacier movement, and ancient, gold-bearing riverbeds thrust to the surface by volcanic activity put gold literally within reach of（前三词并列为主语，put为谓语）句意不好理解但可以说通的！
。
关于e中which的指代问题
http://www.taisha.org/test/gmat/jiqiao/200703/20070324105848.html
这个帖子说的很好，是结合og的问题来说
大意是ets对于指代的严密性没有很大的要求 which可以跳跃指代
而整个sc的principle就是一切都以句子语意为重 个么这道题E从语意来讲肯定是比A好
看来语法题 真的不能太看细节 把握整个句子的意思才是最重要的...
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