ChaseDream

标题: 【每日阅读训练第三期——速度越障3系列】【3-12】科技 [打印本页]

作者: CHRISTINE2010 时间: 2012-4-25 03:02
标题: 【每日阅读训练第三期——速度越障3系列】【3-12】科技
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Did Exploding Stars Help Life On Earth Thrive?

ScienceDaily (Apr. 24, 2012) — Research by a Danish physicist suggests that the explosion of massive stars -- supernovae -- near the Solar System has strongly influenced the development of life. Prof. Henrik Svensmark of the Technical University of Denmark (DTU) sets out his novel work in a paper in the journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.

When the most massive stars exhaust their available fuel and reach the end of their lives, they explode as supernovae, tremendously powerful explosions that are briefly brighter than an entire galaxy of normal stars. The remnants of these dramatic events also release vast numbers of high-energy charged particles known as galactic cosmic rays (GCR). If a supernova is close enough to the Solar System, the enhanced GCR levels can have a direct impact on the atmosphere of Earth.

Prof. Svensmark looked back through 500 million years of geological and astronomical data and considered the proximity of the Sun to supernovae as it moves around our Galaxy, the Milky Way. In particular, when the Sun is passing through the spiral arms of the Milky Way, it encounters newly forming clusters of stars. These so-called open clusters, which disperse over time, have a range of ages and sizes and will have started with a small proportion of stars massive enough to explode as supernovae. From the data on open clusters, Prof. Svensmark was able to deduce how the rate at which supernovae exploded near the Solar System varied over time.

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Comparing this with the geological record, he found that the changing frequency of nearby supernovae seems to have strongly shaped the conditions for life on Earth. Whenever the Sun and its planets have visited regions of enhanced star formation in the Milky Way Galaxy, where exploding stars are most common, life has prospered. Prof. Svensmark remarks in the paper, "The biosphere seems to contain a reflection of the sky, in that the evolution of life mirrors the evolution of the Galaxy."

In the new work, the diversity of life over the last 500 million years seems remarkably well explained by tectonics affecting the sea-level together with variations in the supernova rate, and virtually nothing else. To obtain this result on the variety of life, or biodiversity, he followed the changing fortunes of the best-recorded fossils. These are from invertebrate animals in the sea, such as shrimps and octopuses, or the extinct trilobites and ammonites.

They tended to be richest in their variety when continents were drifting apart and sea levels were high and less varied when the land masses gathered 250 million years ago into the supercontinent called Pangaea and the sea-level was lower. But this geophysical effect was not the whole story. When it is removed from the record of biodiversity, what remains corresponds closely to the changing rate of nearby stellar explosions, with the variety of life being greatest when supernovae are plentiful. A likely reason, according to Prof. Svensmark, is that the cold climate associated with high supernova rates brings a greater variety of habitats between polar and equatorial regions, while the associated stresses of life prevent the ecosystems becoming too set in their ways.

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He also notices that most geological periods seem to begin and end with either an upturn or a downturn in the supernova rate. The changes in typical species that define a period, in the transition from one to the next, could then be the result of a major change in the astrophysical environment.

Life's prosperity, or global bioproductivity, can be tracked by the amount of carbon dioxide in the air at various times in the past as set out in the geological record. When supernova rates were high, carbon dioxide was scarce, suggesting that flourishing microbial and plant life in the oceans consumed it greedily to grow. Support for this idea comes from the fact that microbes and plants dislike carbon dioxide molecules that contain a heavy form of carbon atom, carbon-13. As a result, the ocean water is left enriched by carbon-13. The geological evidence shows high carbon-13 when supernovae were commonest -- again pointing to high productivity. As to why this should be, Prof. Svensmark notes that growth is limited by available nutrients, especially phosphorus and nitrogen, and that cold conditions favour the recycling of the nutrients by vigorously mixing the oceans.

Although the new analysis suggests, perhaps surprisingly, that supernovae are on the whole good for life, high supernova rates can bring the cold and changeable climate of prolonged glacial episodes. And they can have nasty shocks in store. Geoscientists have long been puzzled by many relatively brief falls in sea-level by 25 metres or more that show up in seismic soundings as eroded beaches. Prof. Svensmark finds that they are what can be expected when chilling due to very close supernovae causes short-lived glacial episodes. With frozen water temporarily bottled up on land, the sea-level drops.

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The data also support the idea of a long-term link between cosmic rays and climate, with these climatic changes underlying the biological effects. And compared with the temperature variations seen on short timescales as a consequence of the Sun's influence on the influx of cosmic rays, the heating and cooling of Earth due to cosmic rays varying with the prevailing supernova rate have been far larger.

The director of DTU Space, Prof. Eigil Friis-Christensen, comments: "When this enquiry into effects of cosmic rays from supernova remnants began 16 years ago, we never imagined that it would lead us so deep into time, or into so many aspects of the Earth's history. The connection to evolution is a culmination of this work."

Key Genes That Switch Off With Aging Highlighted as Potential Targets for Anti-Aging Therapies

ScienceDaily (Apr. 19, 2012) — Researchers have identified key genes that switch off with aging, highlighting them as potential targets for anti-aging therapies.

Researchers at King's College London, in collaboration with the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, have identified a group of 'aging' genes that are switched on and off by natural mechanisms called epigenetic factors, influencing the rate of healthy aging and potential longevity.

The study also suggests these epigenetic processes -- that can be caused by external factors such as diet, lifestyle and environment -- are likely to be initiated from an early age and continue through a person's life. The researchers say that the epigenetic changes they have identified could be used as potential 'markers' of biological aging and in the future could be possible targets for anti-aging therapies.

Published April 20 in PLoS Genetics, the study looked at 172 twins aged 32 to 80 from the TwinsUK cohort based at King's College London and St Thomas' Hospital, as part of King's Health Partners Academic Health Sciences Centre.

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The researchers looked for epigenetic changes in the twins' DNA, and performed epigenome-wide association scans to analyze these changes in relation to chronological age. They identified 490 age related epigenetic changes. They also analysed DNA modifications in age related traits and found that epigenetic changes in four genes relate to cholesterol, lung function and maternal longevity.

To try to identify when these epigenetic changes may be triggered, the researchers replicated the study in 44 younger twins, aged 22 to 61, and found that many of the 490 age related epigenetic changes were also present in this younger group. The researchers say these results suggest that while many age related epigenetic changes happen naturally with age throughout a person's life, a proportion of these changes may be initiated early in life.

Dr Jordana Bell from King's College London, who co-led the study said: 'We found that epigenetic changes associate with age related traits that have previously been used to define biological age.

'We identified many age-related epigenetic changes, but four seemed to impact the rate of healthy aging and potential longevity and we can use these findings as potential markers of aging. These results can help understand the biological mechanisms underlying healthy aging and age-related disease, and future work will explore how environmental effects can affect these epigenetic changes.'

Dr Panos Deloukas, co-leader of the study from the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, said: 'Our study interrogated only a fraction of sites in the genome that carry such epigenetic changes; these initial findings support the need for a more comprehensive scan of epigenetic variation.'

Professor Tim Spector, senior author from King's College London, said: 'This study is the first glimpse of the potential that large twin studies have to find the key genes involved in aging, how they can be modified by lifestyle and start to develop anti-aging therapies. The future will be very exciting for age research.'

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Hinode and SOHO Paint an Asymmetrical Picture of the Sun

ScienceDaily (Apr. 21, 2012) — Approximately every 11 years the magnetic field on the sun reverses completely -- the north magnetic pole switches to south, and vice versa. It's as if a bar magnet slowly lost its magnetic field and regained it in the opposite direction, so the positive side becomes the negative side. But, of course, the sun is not a simple bar magnet and the causes of the switch, not to mention the complex tracery of moving magnetic fields throughout the eleven-year cycle, are not easy to map out.

[attachimg=800,398]99523[/attachimg]

Mapping such fields, however, is a crucial part of understanding how -- and, in turn, when -- the sun will exercise its next flip. This flip coincides with the greatest solar activity seen on the sun in any given cycle, known as "solar maximum."

While the cycle unfolds with seeming regularity every 11 years, in two upcoming papers scientists highlight just how asymmetrical this process actually is. Currently the polarity at the north of the sun appears to have decreased close to zero -- that is, it seems to be well into its polar flip from magnetic north to south -- but the polarity at the south is only just beginning to decrease.

"Right now, there's an imbalance between the north and the south poles," says Jonathan Cirtain, a space scientist at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala., who is also NASA's project scientist for a Japanese solar mission called Hinode. "The north is already in transition, well ahead of the south pole, and we don't understand why."

One of the two papers relies on Hinode data that shows direct observations of this polar switch. The other paper makes use of a new technique observing microwave radiation from the sun's polar atmosphere to infer the magnetic activity on the surface. The asymmetry described in the papers belies models of the sun that assume that the sun's north and south polarities switch at the same time. In addition, both papers agree that the switch is imminent at the north pole, well in advance of general predictions that solar maximum for this cycle will occur in 2013. Lastly, the direct Hinode results also suggest a need to re-examine certain other solar models as well.

Measuring the magnetic activity near the poles isn't easy because all of our solar telescopes view the sun approximately at its equator, offering only an oblique view of the poles, when they require a top-down view for accurate magnetic measurements. Hinode can observe this activity annually with its high resolution Solar Optical Telescope that can map magnetic fields when observing them from near the equator. The microwave radiation technique described in the second paper makes use of the discovery in 2003 that as the sun moves toward solar maximum, giant eruptions on the sun, called prominence eruptions -- which during solar minimum, are concentrated at lower solar latitudes -- begin to travel toward higher latitudes near the poles. In addition, the polar brightness in the microwave wavelengths declines to very low values.

"These prominence eruptions are associated with increased solar activity such as coronal mass ejections or CMEs, so CMEs originating from higher latitudes also point to an oncoming solar maximum," says Nat Gopalswamy. Gopalswamy is a solar scientist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md. who is the first author on the microwave observations paper, which was accepted by The Astrophysical Journal on April 11, 2012. "When we start to see prominence eruptions above 60 degrees latitude on the sun, then we know that we are reaching solar maximum."

To look at the prominence eruptions toward the poles, Gopalswamy and his team used observations from Japan's Nobeyama Solar Radio Observatory telescopes and the joint ESA/NASA mission the Solar Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO). They watched the sun in the microwave wavelengths -- which are used to observe the area of the sun's atmosphere just above the surface, known as the chromosphere. Gopalswamy created precise techniques to use such microwave radiation to measure the intensity of magnetic activity on the sun's surface at the poles. By mapping the brightness of the microwave radiation throughout the chromosphere, the scientists showed that the intensity at the north pole has already dropped to the threshold that was reached in the last solar maximum cycle, suggesting the onset of solar max there. This is backed by the fact that prominence eruptions are also occurring at high latitudes in the north. Eruption activity in the south half of the sun, however, is only just beginning to increase -- the first CME occurred there in early March 2012.

The Hinode data also shows this discrepancy between the north and the south. The Hinode results are reported by a Japanese team, led by Daikou Shiota a solar scientist at RIKEN Institute of Physics and Chemical Research, and were recently submitted to The Astrophysical Journal for publication. Shiota and his team used Hinode to observe the magnetic map of the poles every month since September of 2008. Early maps showed large, strong concentrations of magnetic fields that are almost all magnetically negative in polarity. Recent maps, however, show a different picture. Not only are the patches of magnetism smaller and weaker, but now there is a great deal of positive polarity visible as well. What once pointed to a strongly negative north pole, is now a weakly magnetized, mixed pole that will become neutral -- which occurs at solar maximum -- within the month according to the team's predictions.

"This is the first direct observation of this field reversal," says Cirtain. "And it is extremely important to understanding how the sun's magnetism generates the solar cycle."

Ted Tarbell is the principal investigator for Hinode's Solar Optical Telescope at Lockheed Martin in Palo Alto, Calif., and he points out that the direct measurements showed the progress of the pole reversal, and highlights the earlier portion of the cycle in 2008. Typical models of the magnetic flip, suggest that as active regions rotate around the equator, their higher, trailing edge -- which is almost always the opposite polarity from the pole in their hemisphere -- drift upward, eventually dominating the status quo and turning positive to negative or negative to positive. The Hinode data show that this transition at the north began before such drifting had a chance to occur.

"This is one of the most interesting things in this Hinode paper to me," says Tarbell. "How did the polar reversal start so early, even though the onset of the solar cycle, that is, increased activity at lower latitudes, hadn't begun yet?"

Tarbell thinks these observations mean that this model, too, may need to be re-examined.

Such adjustments to models are of course expected whenever new and better data is collected. Indeed, David Hathaway, who is a solar scientist at NASA's Marshall, and who is a co-author on the microwave observations paper with Gopalswamy, points out that the idea that asymmetries exist in the sun is not completely new. Other work has recently emphasized symptoms of this asymmetry, measuring, for example, more sunspots in the northern hemisphere than in the south at the moment. "But most of the well-developed models don't incorporate the asymmetry in them," Hathaway says. "More complicated models that incorporate asymmetries do exist, but they have other ways in which they fail to match observations."

Continued study on these differences, using the best observatories as well as new techniques for analysis will help expand and improve our understanding of the sun, its 11-year cycle, and the great eruptions that occur on its surface.

Scientists will also keep their eye on the current cycle -- numbered Solar Cycle 24 -- because a polar switch at the north that is sooner than was expected also implies this may be a fairly small cycle in terms of the number of sunspots and amount of solar activity.

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作者: liulu007 时间: 2012-4-25 03:25
今天注定是个失眠夜。
最近被RC伤了。现在读文章有些恐惧感。要赶快调整。读Manhattan找自信吧。句子简单。
1'58 2'33 2'10 2'27 2'11
速度一：MI：主要讲一个什么爆炸会影响地球。
研究发现什么爆炸会影响地球。具体说了下，什么东东如果足够近会影响地球大气层。
后面的忘记啦。。。。注意力不集中。。。不知道想神马呢。。。
速度二：MI：有个基因会影响人类寿命。
研究发现有种东西会影响人类寿命。为了证明这个结论，做了实验并进行跟踪。发现有四个东东会影响。
这个发现好像是首次那种，为接下来研究打开市场啦？？？？
越障：10'27
有段好像重复了。。然后自己就跳了好几段。。不知道有木有漏读。
MI：主要讲研究太阳什么11年周期的。
先说太阳变化有周期，就像磁铁还是岩浆？（分不清单词）神马的一样，会一定时间改变。
研究者都研究这个问题。。。举了好多例子。。。后来说有个11年周期。还说有个24的？（这个好像是另得出的结论）
然后进一步解释，怎么得出11年的。。。观察太阳赤道神马的。。。但是很难。。。又好多例子。。。
至今都没有太准确的说法。。大家还在继续研究。。。

作者: zhengyi5828790 时间: 2012-4-25 08:45
69
83
121
92
69
我发现一旦关注自己快了没有的时候，就会马上慢下来了……

作者: babybearmm 时间: 2012-4-25 08:47
谢谢christeen，今天的文章很informative. 建议以后尽量不要在一段计时中间切换主题吧。我一般读完一篇文章会自动回想一下这篇文章的大意，然后我就只好让时间暂停了....

速度：
1'05'' 1'16'' 3'03'' 1'16'' 1'02''
中间那段突然发现信息爆炸了，于是在纸上画图理线索才看懂
读生物文章就swift了很多，果然速度跟对话题的熟悉程度关系太大了

越障过会儿来

作者: bank11 时间: 2012-4-25 10:14
占座一会儿读~

---
1. 1'28
2. 1'31
3. 1'25
4. 1'40
5. 1'47
越障：越障中间被室友打断好几次就木有计时
MI: The changing of magnetic field in North and South pole.
1. describe the phenomenon
2. Someone's paper discuss the phenomenon: the earth's flips and microwave's relationship with this phenomenon.
3. figure out ways to detect the changing of magnetic field. After many faults, they finally succeed.
4. This finding is interesting and meaningful.

宇宙题材的文章感觉是GMAT 的大爱啊~选题挺好的~
有个小小的意见下次统一一下字体吧~看得我有点眼疼……

作者: CCcarol 时间: 2012-4-25 10:25
今天的作业~感谢chris~
关于这类文章生词就挺多的~ 果然还是不足~ 不过Chris找的这篇文章, 跟GMAC的风格真的是好接近的了~ 主旨论点反对观点总结论什么的~ 赞一个~

速度：
1‘21
引出Prof. Svensmark研究发现的现象：当许多大质量恒星运转到生命最后一刻的时候, 它们会像超新星一样爆发并且直接影响到地球的大气层. Prof. Svensmark根据地质和天体去研究了500万年前太阳和超新星之间的一些关系~
1'34
根据研究地质情况,Prof. Svensmark发现超新星的活动对地球极地到赤道的生物生存情况有很大的影响~
1'36
Prof. Svensmark发现超新星的频数影响到了生物的生存是因为会产生CO2, 而大多数植物并不适合在多CO2的条件下生存. 但是有新的说法就是, 超新星或许不是有害的,它是有益处的, 它能延长冰川的什么东西? (这里有点没看明白)
1'21 这个...怎么突然话锋就一转到微整形的去了...?
一、对于研究这个超新星对地球的影响, 学者们从未想到对地球的研究会如此深入, 意义十分重大.
二、Researchers at King's College London find a way to influence the rate of healthy aging and potential longevity.
1'52 高科技美容的话题我喜欢~哈哈~
我觉得主旨直接就是最后一句话 "This study is the first glimpse of the potential that large twin studies have to find the key genes involved in aging, how they can be modified by lifestyle and start to develop anti-aging therapies. The future will be very exciting for age research."

越障晚点儿来~

作者: rgggg 时间: 2012-4-25 10:30
越障为什么重复了一遍?

作者: babybearmm 时间: 2012-4-25 10:52
越障： 16'01'' christeen改一下原文吧，有一大部分文字反复出现了一次....
（容我照着笔记写）
[attachimg]99549[/attachimg]
Scope: solar magnetic/activity cycle
MI: new finding (suggested by recent 2 studies): asymmetry in the reversal of solar magnetic field

Background:
solar cycle: 11 years
association: It is well known that the flip of solar magnetic field coincides with maximum of solar activity, called "solar max"

New finding: ASYMMETRY
Now, the mag at N pole is close to 0, whereas the mag at S pole just begin to decrease.
WHY? no one knows.

The new finding comes from two recently-published studies:
#1. H study (done in Japan): use a Solar Optical Telescope to look at the magnetic field DIRECTLY
#2. a new method: use microwave to track changes in magnetic field

Characteristic of the two studies:
1. they share the same assumption as said above: It is well known that the flip of solar magnetic field coincides with maximum of solar activity, called "solar max"
2. they agree that the magnetic switch is imminent at N pole, which is far earlier than the expected "solar max" at 2013
3. Especially suggested in #1 study, other models are in need

(now the author goes into details)
Challenge　－　when we look at the Sun from earth, we mainly focus on the equator, and thus we have difficulties to precisely know what happens at the poles.
How to overcome this challenge? two studies have two different approaches.
in #1, map the magnetic field using a specific Telescope

in #2, (indirect approach) measure microwaves
This is an application of a 2003 discovery, which established the correlation:
as solar activity is going from the lowest to the zenith, the so-called P eruption moves from equator to pole.
According to G, the scholar who lead this study, their results were (as above mentioned): Now, the mag at N pole is close to 0, whereas the mag at S pole just begin to decrease.

(then the author comes back to #1 study)
This study was carried out in Japan, and the result was ground-breaking.
cite a comment from a scientist: this is the 1st direct evidence that magnetic field reversal is asymmetrical.
According to T, a scientist in Palo Alto, California (I remember this because it's close to where I live

), this study is astonishing! Scientists need to come up with new model to explain this, to significantly modify our current models.

作者: MarcDeu 时间: 2012-4-25 11:08
好像是，故意的？？？

作者: kaitlynyl 时间: 2012-4-25 12:45
占座占座

作者: haibaraaifly 时间: 2012-4-25 18:54
今天的速度好难- -花了好久好久都没怎么看懂...
1'09 1'16 1'17 1'14 1'21
越障2000+的字么...先缓缓

作者: Yolanda妍 时间: 2012-4-25 20:37
速度：1'29 1'42 1'50 1'57 2'13
越障：今天仔细的读了两遍才理出个大概，就不贴时间了···
1. Sun's magnetic pole reverse every 11 years. But recent two studies show a asymmetric process of it, that is, the North Pole reverse first, even before the 11-year circle.
2. The first study H, use direct observation. The second study use new technique observing microwave radiation. They reach the same conclusion.
3. Challenge: 都是观察equator,所以不判断其poles. H and new technique分别如何解决。
4. Detailed information about how the two research reach their findins.
5. H 的一个科学家T认为通过他们的研究发现还有很多asymmetic现象存在于太阳活动中，需要re-examin.

作者: Yolanda妍 时间: 2012-4-25 20:38
baby姐的笔记好有爱呀~真喜欢~

作者: kevin405hu 时间: 2012-4-25 20:57
1'28
1'34
1'42
1'35
1'48

8'29

作者: pigwang1127 时间: 2012-4-25 21:16
速度
1:25
1:51
1:49
1:40
2:00

越障
9:00
提到地磁線的研究,提及1個週期
說明其特性
日本人做了實驗....
日本人開發了...SHHO?
最後結果

這篇看起來真吃力......
明天寄到公司看一看

作者: 二楼往下掉 时间: 2012-4-25 21:50
第一次参加，刚才试了两段计时
第一段 1:43
第二段 2:01

但是感觉单词过眼睛不过脑子，没什么印象文章说了什么，只隐约脑子里有几个单词但感觉。。。这样的情况是应该先慢慢的把文章看懂呢？还是就这样过着过着就能看懂了呢？

求指导！

作者: 199249712 时间: 2012-4-25 21:53
254 1：14
讲超新星影响life on earth
1P:总体思想：超新星会影响life 并且提到了作者发表杂志
2P:讲了什么是超新星恒星老到一定程度就爆炸了爆炸了发出ray就辐射了life on earth
3P:具体讲了超新星的ray varies over time 主要的内容是总结了大量的数据

278 1:48
1P：艾玛忘了具体。。只记得大概意思是说太阳系地球的生物可能是从别的爆炸的supernova上来的并且mirror 别的星系的life。。
2P：说了生物多样性是由于sea level 举了俩例子一个虾还有两个已经灭绝的生物
3P：说问题不止是这么简单啊不仅是sea level 还有ray Of 超新星导致极地与赤道的环境大不同最终导致生物多样性rich

剩下的明天做。。自习室大爷来赶我了。。。

。。越障 T.T 天文要命啊。。这次尝试了在纸上别读边记记下了中心+转折递进词

9:38
1P:太阳的Polar change and active cycle。。。说一会南极变北极北极变南极它的magnic 变化更加难map了。。。应该是描绘的意思。。
2P：预测了有很多好处啊可以知道next one
3P：specific case：纸上记得是什么北极磁极变成了零可能北极要变成南极了但是南极的decrease才刚刚开始
4P：一个人说啊北极开始变了但是为什么南极在北极后面变吖
5P：两种观测方法
6P：两种观测仪器？
7P：从高纬度观测到solar max
8P：描述了一种观测方法 map light of sun然后描绘出它的active吧。。
9P：各种specific case啊讲了有人记录了喷发的active的南北差异是南大于北
10P：日本科学家的记录从多少多少年开始记录发现了太阳的Magnic的变化过去的比现在active 现在的变得weak & neutron? 中立的那个词。。不会拼。。
11P：后面跳着跳着读了总之大体意思就是又做了个实验总结了各项观察发现恩所有的数据记录都很符合cycle 然后总结出这个cycle是11年最后表明科学家们愿意继续为观测事业而奋斗

作者: 199249712 时间: 2012-4-25 21:54

越障： 16'01'' christeen改一下原文吧，有一大部分文字反复出现了一次....
（容我照着笔记写）
99549
Scope: solar magnetic/activity cycle
MI: new finding (suggested by recent 2 studies): asymmetry in the reversal of solar magnetic field

Background:
solar cycle: 11 years
association: It is well known that the flip of solar magnetic field coincides with maximum of solar activity, called "solar max"

New finding: ASYMMETRY
Now, the mag at N pole is close to 0, whereas the mag at S pole just begin to decrease.
WHY? no one knows.

The new finding comes from two recently-published studies:
#1. H study (done in Japan): use a Solar Optical Telescope to look at the magnetic field DIRECTLY
#2. a new method: use microwave to track changes in magnetic field

Characteristic of the two studies:
1. they share the same assumption as said above: It is well known that the flip of solar magnetic field coincides with maximum of solar activity, called "solar max"
2. they agree that the magnetic switch is imminent at N pole, which is far earlier than the expected "solar max" at 2013
3. Especially suggested in #1 study, other models are in need

(now the author goes into details)
Challenge　－　when we look at the Sun from earth, we mainly focus on the equator, and thus we have difficulties to precisely know what happens at the poles.
How to overcome this challenge? two studies have two different approaches.
in #1, map the magnetic field using a specific Telescope

in #2, (indirect approach) measure microwaves
This is an application of a 2003 discovery, which established the correlation:
as solar activity is going from the lowest to the zenith, the so-called P eruption moves from equator to pole.
According to G, the scholar who lead this study, their results were (as above mentioned): Now, the mag at N pole is close to 0, whereas the mag at S pole just begin to decrease.

(then the author comes back to #1 study)
This study was carried out in Japan, and the result was ground-breaking.
cite a comment from a scientist: this is the 1st direct evidence that magnetic field reversal is asymmetrical.
According to T, a scientist in Palo Alto, California (I remember this because it's close to where I live

), this study is astonishing! Scientists need to come up with new model to explain this, to significantly modify our current models.

-- by 会员 babybearmm (2012/4/25 10:52:08)

姐姐太强了！！！！

作者: 双色鹿 时间: 2012-4-25 23:23
1. 1min
2. 1min9s
3. 1min9s
4. 1min7s
5. 1min17s
越障 8min2s

作者: tthere 时间: 2012-4-26 08:59

), this study is astonishing! Scientists need to come up with new model to explain this, to significantly modify our current models.

-- by 会员 babybearmm (2012/4/25 10:52:08)

BABY姐啊~~完了我对你的敬佩简直要溃堤了

~~太强大了！！！你是不是从小看书就很多呀~~阅读能力这么强~~

作者: 199249712 时间: 2012-4-26 09:18
一碰天文就发憷。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。对了一下baby姐姐写的越障发现没把握住文章的递进关系呢。。。。

作者: tthere 时间: 2012-4-26 10:06
越障 12‘15 虽然还是好慢但看明白了耶

作者: vicky873745 时间: 2012-4-26 11:08
阅读
1:45 宇宙中超新星爆炸对地球上五种形成有作用太阳系银河系爆炸释放能量
2 生物圈什么的
2:04 新星爆炸二氧化碳释放延长冬天冰川水漫到陆地
2:20 对什么的研究有益长寿和治疗
1:57 对什么研究长寿

作者: zhongweina 时间: 2012-4-26 14:25
1爆炸，太阳系
1'超新星
1'超新星

1'基因DNA
越障好长啊。。。阅读目前不太好。。。我会坚持的。刚加入小分队。。。

作者: clover928 时间: 2012-4-26 16:29
我只对生物类的那一篇有点feel。。。其余两篇。。。。修行不足。。。
1:28
1:47
1:47
1:45
2:04
~~
8:03 我很晕。。。。记得很少很少。。我应该记笔记的。。。
1.The sun changes its magnetic field every 11 yrs.
2.The north pole decreases to zero,while the south pole just begins to decrease.
3.some papers ?? direct observations??
4.......完全无印象。。。
5.Hindo data shows a discrepancy.
6..............omg....

作者: holddream69 时间: 2012-4-26 17:13
1'23 point: the explosion of a star has strong influence on the earth; support:解释GCR以及professor找证据
1'43
1'52
1'53
1'59

8'48

作者: 浅吟天 时间: 2012-4-26 18:17
强烈想问下baby姐是如何在一分多钟的时间里把笔记写的这么有逻辑的！！？

作者: 泾渭不凡 时间: 2012-4-26 20:46
速度：
1'29''; 1'40''; 1'42''; 1'32''; 1'45''.

越障：
Some scientists want to map the sun out. However, because the complex exits, the plan will be not that easy to be finished.
唔。。。磁极。。。不对称。。。。这些单词各种的不会拼写。。。
南北极不balance。惊现NASA有米有。。。
------------------------------------------------------
再补再补昂。。室友要商量再看一次铁达尼的肉丝。。0-0...还有就是这类宇宙的物理的。。我。。我。。要加油。。。

作者: babybearmm 时间: 2012-4-27 03:30
不是一分钟啊....我速度本来没记笔记，中间那段突然觉得信息爆炸了，就拿草稿纸来梳理了，结果那段花了3分多钟。后来的那篇生物的我没记笔记，因为内容相当熟悉，我是读完过后简单回忆了一下。

强烈想问下baby姐是如何在一分多钟的时间里把笔记写的这么有逻辑的！！？

-- by 会员浅吟天 (2012/4/26 18:17:46)

作者: xinnono 时间: 2012-4-27 13:09
sherrie来晚了~ 撒花个~ 感谢christine2010接棒~ 感激奉献~

也有其他筒子来报名, 下次好了~ 给大家加油~ 攻克阅读大关~

作者: 浅吟天 时间: 2012-4-27 15:48
哇，看到姐姐回复了~因为这次我每篇速度都在2分近3分的样子。。（都没好意思贴出来），所以很想问下方法的。练，继续练！

不是一分钟啊....我速度本来没记笔记，中间那段突然觉得信息爆炸了，就拿草稿纸来梳理了，结果那段花了3分多钟。后来的那篇生物的我没记笔记，因为内容相当熟悉，我是读完过后简单回忆了一下。

强烈想问下baby姐是如何在一分多钟的时间里把笔记写的这么有逻辑的！！？

-- by 会员浅吟天 (2012/4/26 18:17:46)

-- by 会员 babybearmm (2012/4/27 3:30:15)

作者: Benznew123456 时间: 2014-10-23 02:20
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