Q9 to Q11:
Among the myths taken as
fact by the environmental managers
of most corporations is the
Line belief that environmental regula-
(5) tions affect all competitors in
a given industry uniformly. In
reality, regulatory costs—and
therefore compliance—fall
unevenly, economically disad-
(10) vantaging some companies and
benefiting others. For example,
a plant situated near a number
of larger noncompliant competitors
is less likely to attract the
(15) attention of local regulators than
is an isolated plant, and less
attention means lower costs.
Additionally, large plants can
spread compliance costs such
(20) as waste treatment across a
larger revenue base; on the other
hand, some smaller plants may
not even be subject to certain
provisions such as permit or
(25) reporting requirements by virtue
of their size. Finally, older production
technologies often
continue to generate toxic wastes
that were not regulated when the
(30 ) technology was first adopted.
New regulations have imposed
extensive compliance costs on
companies still using older
industrial coal-fired burners that
(35) generate high sulfur dioxide and
nitrogen oxide outputs, for
example, whereas new facilities
generally avoid processes that
would create such waste pro-
(40) ducts. By realizing that they
have discretion and that not all
industries are affected equally
by environmental regulation,
environmental managers can
(45) help their companies to achieve
a competitive edge by anticipating
regulatory pressure and
exploring all possibilities for
addressing how changing regula-
(50) tions will affect their companies
specifically.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q10:
According to the passage, which of the following statements about sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide outputs is true?
A. Older production technologies cannot be adapted so as to reduce production of these outputs as waste products.
B. Under the most recent environmental regulations, industrial plants are no longer permitted to produce these outputs.
C. Although these outputs are environmentally hazardous, some plants still generate them as waste products despite the high compliance costs they impose.
D. Many older plants have developed innovative technological processes that reduce the amounts of these outputs generated as waste products.
E. Since the production processes that generate these outputs are less costly than alternative processes, these less expensive processes are sometimes adopted
despite their acknowledged environmental hazards.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q11:
The passage suggests which of the following concerning the relationship between the location of a plant and the compliance costs it faces?
A. A plant is less likely to face high compliance costs if it is located near larger plants that are in violation of environmental regulations.
B. An isolated plant is less likely to draw the attention of environmental regulators, resulting in lower compliance costs.
C. A large plant that is located near other large facilities will most probably be forced to pay high compliance costs.
D. A small plant that is located near a number of larger plants will be forced to absorb some of its neighbors’ compliance costs.
E. A plant will often escape high compliance costs if it is located far away from environmental regulatory agencies.
Q10. 请问A是如何排除的呀？我觉得A和C都有道理
Q11. 答案是A，我想不通，A是说如果located在违规的large plants附近，就不太可能face high compliance costs, 这不正好和文中的下句话意思相反吗？
For example,a plant situated near a number
of larger noncompliant competitors
is less likely to attract the
(15) attention of local regulators than
is an isolated plant, and less
attention means lower costs.
有谁正好作这道题，提醒提醒我，哪里想的不对了？谢谢。
10 我选C, 可答案给的是A, 我觉得文章并没说older production cannot adapt to such regulation, 只是说regulation, impose greater costs.
所以我还是觉得C 好
如果一个小工厂蜗居在一堆不遵守环境保护条例的大工厂附近，那么它(不遵守环境保护条例的行为)受到当地政府关注的可能性就比一个形单影孤的不遵守条例的小工厂要小的多。关注少，罚款就少。
所谓“枪打出头鸟”。
Q10我选C.
A的意思从原文推不出来, 原文没有说旧技术不能改造, 只是说旧技术的环保成本比较高.
而从原文的陈述可以看出, 尽管面临高成本, 还是有企业继续使用旧技术的. 所以选C.
Q10:C
A-->旧技术不能改进以减少产生该污染
但文中哪里提到把旧技术拿来改良了@_@
C-->
就刚好如下面这句所说的，still表明了目前有公司仍然用旧技术
New regulations have imposed extensive compliance costs on companies still using older
industrial coal-fired burners that generate high sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide outputs
C A
noncompliant 不遵守环境保护条例的
顶上去，同意楼上 建议斑竹把本贴加入GWD阅读讨论汇总！！
GWD阅读找起来很麻烦，不过我还是找到此帖了，不然又会重新发帖，斑竹快加入吧，呵呵
我觉得选项C是不是有问题呀：
C. Although these outputs are environmentally hazardous, some plants still generate them as waste products despite the high compliance costs they impose. 1 一个句子里，前面although一下，后面despite一下，翻译看看是不是逻辑不通？完全可以直接说although A and B, ~~~. 2 impose的主语：这个they按语法看应该是和them一致的，也就是outputs，就算把他理解成这个句子的另一个名词plants，都是说不通的。原文impose的主语是regulation，这个符合逻辑，新的环境法规，导致很高的遵从成本。impose的主语就是政府也是说得通的。污染物本身是不能impose costs的，他们早就存在，只有新的法规限制了他们的排放，才能造成costs。就算不管这个，把它就看成high compliance costs，但是despite： 3 despite： “尽管有很高遵从成本，但这些老企业继续违规排放”？？ “尽管冬天吃冰棍很凉，我就不吃了”？？？？ 这里应该是因果关系吧。 因为为了遵守法规而进行技术改造的成本很高，所以这些老企业仍旧违规排放。 但是其他选项更不着边际，应该选C. 斗胆怀疑这题的C是不是GWD抄错了。请大家指正。
第10题应该是A。
older production
technologies often
continue to generate toxic wastes
that were not regulated when the
(30) technology was first adopted.
从这句话，可以推出Older production technologies cannot be adapted so as to reduce production of these outputs as waste products.。
之后作者继续写道：
New regulations have imposed
extensive compliance costs on
companies still using older
industrial coal-fired burners that
(35) generate high sulfur dioxide and
nitrogen oxide outputs, for
example, whereas new facilities
generally avoid processes that
would create such waste pro-
(40) ducts.
这段话的意思是老的要多交钱，但是新的工厂可以避免。不容易改造，否则直接改造就得了。后面接着写的就是工厂的环境经理们可以提前预防之类的如何如何。
选A也和文章的主旨一致。
而C，从文中推不出。文中只说：older production
technologies often
continue to generate toxic wastes
that were not regulated when the
(30) technology was first adopted.
而没有说some plants still generate
them as waste products despite the high compliance costs they impose.（C选项）
请NN们讨论！
总体来看，gwd里面的阅读是非常具有迷惑性的。难啊！！！！
第10题应该是A。
older production
technologies often
continue to generate toxic wastes
that were not regulated when the
(30) technology was first adopted.
从这句话，可以推出Older production technologies cannot be adapted so as to reduce production of these outputs as waste products.。
看不出often continue to generate如何能推出older production cannot be adapted。。。
这道题的定位应该是
New regulations have imposed extensive compliance costs on companies still using older industrial coal-fired burners that generate high sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide outputs, for example, whereas new facilities generally avoid processes that would create such waste products.
New regulations have imposed
extensive compliance costs on
companies still using older
industrial coal-fired burners that
(35) generate high sulfur dioxide and
nitrogen oxide outputs, for
example, whereas new facilities
generally avoid processes that
would create such waste pro-
(40) ducts
这段话已经告诉我们 答案c 与原文没有违背的地方
选a是根据原文的一个想当然的推理，带入了我们的主观思维，这是做ets 的大忌
我觉得１０应该是Ａ
Ｃ中说，some plants still generate them as waste products despite the high compliance costs they impose. 意思是，尽管costs高，他们还是继续这样做
而文中想要表达的意思是，他们只能这样做（因为older production technologies，是出于无奈），所以才导致了costs高，
Ｃ扭曲了文中原意．
欢迎指正｀｀
Absolutely A
为什么第10题不选B,我觉得不能推出A,因为并没说不能改造以减少生产废物，充其量不能改造成完全没有废物
According to the passage, which of the following statements about sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide outputs is true?
A. Older production technologies cannot be adapted so as to reduce production of these outputs as waste products. (adapt(原文用的是adopt)是关键，accomodate, adjust。偶是这样理解的：新facilities不能或因代价太大不愿意adapt older technologies，目的呢，还是一个，减少污染，不管是被迫的，还是主动地；而对老facilites 用older technologies却没有办法，因为在它出台的时候没有什么regulations去限制它。)
B. Under the most recent environmental regulations, industrial plants are no longer permitted to produce these outputs. (this is not true, there are plants still doing so...)
C. Although these outputs are environmentally hazardous, some plants still generate them as waste products despite the high compliance costs they impose. (this is not true, please refer below)
.......for
example, whereas new facilities
generally avoid processes that
would create such waste ......
why avoid? because it is so costly......generally, no companies are willing to pay for producing toxins, right?
D. Many older plants have developed innovative technological processes that reduce the amounts of these outputs generated as waste products.
E. Since the production processes that generate these outputs are less costly than alternative processes, these less expensive processes are sometimes adopted
my 2 cents, 请指点！
我认为应是A。
文章一开始说 environmental regulation 对企业不公平，对有些有利、对有些不利。后面举例说明。注意后面的例子是围绕前面这个主题的。
Finally, older production
technologies often
continue to generate toxic wastes
that were not regulated when the
(30 ) technology was first adopted.
New regulations have imposed
extensive compliance costs on
companies still using older
industrial coal-fired burners that
(35) generate high sulfur dioxide and
nitrogen oxide outputs, for
example, whereas new facilities
generally avoid processes that
would create such waste pro-
(40) ducts.
这段话表明，新法规对新企业有利--因为它可以从一开始就使用新技术，从而避免高额的费用。whereas new facilities generally avoid processes that would create such waste pro40) ducts.
而对已采用旧的生产技术的企业不利---因为他们的技术不适合改造---因此不得不交高额的费用。如果adapted so as to reduce production of these outputs as waste products，他们早就这么做了去避免高费用。
同意楼上的观点，
选A
10 C
11 A
10题中A选项Older production technologies cannot be adapted so as to reduce production of these outputs as waste products.文章并没有指出说不使用老技术是为了降低waste。而只是说新法律增加了工厂的cost，新工厂避免使用老技术。
C选项Although these outputs are environmentally hazardous, some plants still generate them as waste products despite the high compliance costs they impose.
原文中就这么两句话：New regulations have imposed extensive compliance costs on companies still using older industrial coal-fired burners that generate high sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide outputs, for example, whereas new facilities generally avoid processes that would create such waste products
所有选项应该从这两句话里得出来，而不能自己推论。
older production 紧扣题目，，， C是迷惑选项。。。older production technologies often continue to generate toxic wastes that were not regulated when the (30 ) technology was first adopted. C 与二氧化硫无关。。。是一种概述，不是具体情况。。。 |
本来我也选C，但看了大家的讨论，再回头仔细读几遍文章，我觉得答案A是正确的，原文应该回视定位在这句，特别是whereas引导的转折。
New regulations have imposed extensive compliance costs on companies still using older industrial coal-fired burners that generate high sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide outputs, for example, whereas new facilities generally avoid processes that would create such waste products.
这句转折我在第一编看文章的时候没大留意，但是大家想想这个转折句传达了什么样的信息？
新的设备避免了制造废物的流程（隐含内容：从而也就降低了环保成本）
转折句之前呢？是说这些老设备面临着课以重税的风险。
那么新老设备之间的强对比，不正说明了老设备无法改造从而降低环保成本么？如果老设备可以改造，那么原文也就不用浪费笔墨来说新设备怎样怎样。。。
我也弃C投A了。
31-36是说对still用老技术的企业课税，而c说老企业虽然被课税still用老技术
还是有点点区别的
Q11:
The passage suggests which of the following concerning the relationship between the location of a plant and the compliance costs it faces?
A. A plant is less likely to face high compliance costs if it is located near larger plants that are in violation of environmental regulations.
B. An isolated plant is less likely to draw the attention of environmental regulators, resulting in lower compliance costs.
C. A large plant that is located near other large facilities will most probably be forced to pay high compliance costs.
D. A small plant that is located near a number of larger plants will be forced to absorb some of its neighbors’ compliance costs.
E. A plant will often escape high compliance costs if it is located far away from environmental regulatory agencies. 大家都討論10 關於11的A我是怎麼也找不到定位點???? 幫幫我吧
New regulations have imposed extensive compliance costs on companies still using older industrial coal-fired burners that generate high sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide outputs
C. Although these outputs are environmentally hazardous, some plants still generate them as waste products despite the high compliance costs they impose
C不就是这句话的改写吗，文中原意是新规则罚了用老技术的企业，其含义是当然是有企业用才能罚呀，没有企业用了，就谈不到罚不罚的了。
Q10 选A吧。。呵呵。。
C的错误是：Although these outputs are environmentally hazardous, some plants still generate them as waste products despite the high compliance costs they impose
文中其实说的是：small plant 改变了燃烧。。。。例如原先是禁止coal fire burner，，所以small plant 改成了某个××××××虽然这没有列入紧用的行列。。但还是会制造污染气体。。。然而他因为没有被regulation 禁用。所以他没有面临compliance costs ......所以C错。
A正确的原因是：在regulation 在下，，，small 只能采取改装的方法来投机取巧。虽然这种技术没有被禁用，但是还是会造成污染。。。（如果说可以改造成不产生污染的技术吧，那就会去改造)。。所以说没有这个能力或者说不适合改造选A。
感悟一下。。。阅读就是逻辑啊。。！！
According to the passage, which of the following statements about sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide outputs is true?
A. Older production technologies cannot be adapted so as to reduce production of these outputs as waste products. (adapt(原文用的是adopt)是关键，accomodate, adjust。偶是这样理解的：新facilities不能或因代价太大不愿意adapt older technologies，目的呢，还是一个，减少污染，不管是被迫的，还是主动地；而对老facilites 用older technologies却没有办法，因为在它出台的时候没有什么regulations去限制它。)
B. Under the most recent environmental regulations, industrial plants are no longer permitted to produce these outputs. (this is not true, there are plants still doing so...)
C. Although these outputs are environmentally hazardous, some plants still generate them as waste products despite the high compliance costs they impose. (this is not true, please refer below)
.......for
example, whereas new facilities
generally avoid processes that
would create such waste ......
why avoid? because it is so costly......generally, no companies are willing to pay for producing toxins, right?
D. Many older plants have developed innovative technological processes that reduce the amounts of these outputs generated as waste products.
E. Since the production processes that generate these outputs are less costly than alternative processes, these less expensive processes are sometimes adopted
my 2 cents, 请指点！
B. Under the most recent environmental regulations, industrial plants are no longer permitted to produce these outputs. (this is not true, there are plants still doing so...)
no longer permitted 和 still doing so 并不矛盾啊，否则怎么叫noncompiant呢？B错在哪？请继续讨论。
再顶出来！求求大家帮忙！
我觉得A是有道理的，
但是却怎么也想不明白B怎么错了？？？
New regulations have imposed
extensive compliance costs on
companies still using older
industrial coal-fired burners that 这句话不就等于(B)industrial plants are no longer permitted to produce these outputs吗
(35) generate high sulfur dioxide and
nitrogen oxide outputs, for
example, whereas new facilities
generally avoid processes that
would create such waste pro-
(40) ducts.
又或者，是我对compliance cost 这个词的理解有误？谁能帮我解释一下？？
谢谢！
选C，A中文章未提及说老设备不能改变, 只是老设备在新regulation下会costly，有可能是因为要adaptive所以才costly；B中文章只是说cost增加了，没说not permitted to use.
10 选A.
还是要看文章的结构啊！
从11行开始的for example....然后additionally。。。然后finally....
作者举了三种不同的例子证明regular costs disadvantage or benefit companies
第一种情况说的是location的问题。
第二种情况说的size的问题。large company and small company
第三种情况说的是company with older technology and new technology的问题。
这道题的定位应该是第三种情况，这个没问题。
A.直接将范围固定在第三种情况上.C的some plants没有体现出文章的这种结构性。
而且文中主要说的是，company with older technology之所以仍然违反environmental regulations是因为他们很难转变这种机制（adapt 的意思）C只是说明了那样一种情况而没有点出原因。
如果按照“梦不落”的分析，贯通全篇来看，C应该是更加合理的啦。
按照分析的第一第二第三种情况，都说明了。无论一些公司是不是不遵循了环境法规，都可能有漏洞可以钻。
只要灵活地把地理位置、公司的实际情况以及科技条件结合起来，就可以减少环境法规对其的影响，例如，一些大的公司其实是可以接受complaince的费用，因为，它的规模大，这些费用相对于整个规模来说都是很小的。所以，尽管old technology会有些违反环境法规的废气排放，但是，鉴于成本的问题，换新的设备也许更加昂贵。
而且，old technology和new facility似乎是独立的东西，尽管旧的科技不能消除这些废气的排放，是因为用的旧的fuel burner，但是可以购置新的facilities，avoid 产生废气的process。
而A说的是 旧的技术不可改良，而后面的例子则说明了是可以改良的，只要换了burner，就可以避免产生文中所述的废气。
technologies often
continue to generate toxic wastes
that were not regulated when the
(30 ) technology was first adopted.
New regulations have imposed
extensive compliance costs on
companies still using older
industrial coal-fired burners that
(35) generate high sulfur dioxide and
nitrogen oxide outputs, for
example, whereas new facilities
generally avoid processes that
would create such waste pro-
(40) ducts.
A更好一些
B：从new regulation到products都是举例，是为了说明对成本不平均分配的第3个因素older production technologies，而new regulation只是个例子，并不能推出the most recent regulation也禁止sd和no
C：Finally后面重点是说technology对成本不平均分配的影响，并不是说公司会怎么做。C的意思是“尽管它们对环境有害，但一些工厂仍然会继续排放”，说的是工厂会怎么办，但本题毕竟是Statement，不是infer，如果是infer的话，应该可以推出C项
迷惑了好久以后再看一遍原文的那段话突然感觉豁然开朗
发现大家都把注意力集中到后面那句New regulations have imposed extensive ompliance costs on companies still using older industrial coal-fired burners that generate high sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide outputs, for example, whereas new facilities generally avoid processes that would create such waste products.
实际上是不是更应该关注这句:older production technologies often continue to generate toxic wastes 我们再看看A: Older production technologies cannot be adapted so as to reduce production of these outputs as waste products. 而这题是ACCORDING TO THE PASSAGE, 大家不要再推意思了,直接找原文原话. A的意思也就是在说older production technologies cannot reduce production of these outputs as waste products. 原文说older production technologies 时常产生有害物,(后面那句提到新的设备避免了产生有害物的程序,注意, 旧的生产程序是被避免了,但旧的technologies是会产生有害物) 无论A中的adapted到底指"被改造"(我认为是应该理解为被改造)还是指"适合的", 都是说旧的technologies 无法减少有害物的排放, 能被改造以减少有害物产生的是新的设备facilities而不是technologies.
我们再看看A: Older production technologies cannot be adapted so as to reduce production of these outputs as waste products.
而这题是ACCORDING TO THE PASSAGE, 大家不要再推意思了,直接找原文原话. A的意思也就是在说older production technologies cannot reduce production of these outputs as waste products.
原文说older production technologies 时常产生有害物,(后面那句提到新的设备避免了产生有害物的程序,注意, 旧的生产程序是被避免了,但旧的technologies是会产生有害物)
无论A中的adapted到底指"被改造"(我认为是应该理解为被改造)还是指"适合的", 都是说旧的technologies 无法减少有害物的排放, 能被改造以减少有害物产生的是新的设备facilities而不是technologies.
偶选了B,觉得这题比较confusing
选A正确。
文中只是说了有公司继续用老技术，所以要征收高费用，以达到减少老技术污染重的问题。而不是说征了高费企业还用老技术。选C是顺序倒置的。
10题11题
都是BUG题！！！
题目问的是ＡＣＣＯＲＤＩＮＧ ＴＯ ＴＨＥ ＰＡＳＳＡＧＥ，说明是细节题，这里就是要找原问的改写．而不能加如推理．这不是ＩＮＦＥＲＥＮＣＥ 题．
所以应该选Ｃ．
这题应该是C
我觉得A根本就没有信息 cannot be adapted ？
文章没说老技术能不能改，只说新技术避免了这个问题，这可是CR大忌啊！！
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