I made mistakes and I learned from them. Maybe only ETS can claim it is GMAT God.38. Amphibian populations are declining in numbers worldwide. Not coincidentally, the earth’s ozone layer has been continuously depleted throughout the last 50 years. Atmospheric ozone blocks UV-B, a type of ultraviolet radiation that is continuously produced by the sun, and which can damage genes. Because amphibians lack hair, hide, or feathers to shield them, they are particularly vulnerable to UV-B radiation. In addition, their gelatinous eggs lack the protection of leathery or hard shells. Thus, the primary cause of the declining amphibian population is the depletion of the ozone layer.
Each of the following, if true, would strengthen the argument EXCEPT:
A. Of the various types of radiation blocked by atmospheric ozone, UV-B is the only type that can damage genes.
B. Amphibian populations are declining far more rapidly than are the populations of non-amphibian species whose tissues and eggs have more natural protection from UV-B.
C. Atmospheric ozone has been significantly depleted above all the areas of the world in which amphibian populations are declining.
D. The natural habitat of amphibians has not become smaller over the past century.
E. Amphibian populations have declined continuously for the last 50 years.
答案：D
思路：原文论述臭氧层的破坏造成UV-B辐射过量是导致两栖动物数量减少的主要原因。
A：支持说明为什么是UV-B而不是其他原因。
B：支持说明为什么UV-B会降低两栖动物的数量。
C：提供空间论据说明臭氧层受损和两栖动物数量减少的相关性。
D：中性评价。不Weaken也不Strengthen.
E：提供时间论据说明臭氧层受损和两栖动物数量减少的相关性。
技巧：做EXCEPT题如果答案中出现原文没有的专有名词(地名和人名等)一般就选它。
以上是新版FF解答
但看了以前有关此题的帖子，主要集中在A与D之间，但大家好象认为答案不应是D，而应该是A
有兴趣的看看http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?BoardID=24&ID=23812
自己的想法，A选项说 UV－B是唯一的damage基因的radiation，照新版解释说是加强，但如果不是唯一的，还有更多的其它radiation能伤害基因，这不是更说明ozone layer重要，从而population随着ozone减少而减少，难道不更是加强结论么！ 因为结论是Thus, the primary cause of the declining amphibian population is the depletion of the ozone layer. 注意，结论并没有体现UV－B啊，只有ozone layer与population关系！
D我认为是主要是没有引申，没有说明habitat能影响population的多少！所以是答案，不知大家同不同意
但A我没想清，为什么不是答案，请大家帮忙，主要是上面我对A的理解出错在哪
以上是新版FF解答
但看了以前有关此题的帖子，主要集中在A与D之间，但大家好象认为答案不应是D，而应该是A
有兴趣的看看http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?BoardID=24&ID=23812
自己的想法，A选项说 UV－B是唯一的damage基因的radiation，照新版解释说是加强，但如果不是唯一的，还有更多的其它radiation能伤害基因，这不是更说明ozone layer重要，从而population随着ozone减少而减少，难道不更是加强结论么！ 因为结论是Thus, the primary cause of the declining amphibian population is the depletion of the ozone layer. 注意，结论并没有体现UV－B啊，只有ozone layer与population关系！
D我认为是主要是没有引申，没有说明habitat能影响population的多少！所以是答案，不知大家同不同意
但A我没想清，为什么不是答案，请大家帮忙，主要是上面我对A的理解出错在哪
我选A. A是无关选项, 是不是only有什么关系(跑题了, 比偶的签名还骗人)
D是排除他因, 就是支持argument了.(OG里面这样的例子很多啊)
D说A的自然栖息地在过去的一个世纪没有减少；当然是加强了原文的推理！
注意原文的结论是the depletion of the ozone layer－>the declining amphibian population，不是UV-B导致，有其它的被臭氧层挡住更能体现原文的结论。
Agree on A.
The FF entry needs to be revised.
我选D， 这题讲的是臭氧层、UV-B、两栖动物数量之间的关系。
推理是： 臭氧层block UV-B， UV-B 杀害genes, 两栖动物比其他动物更少皮毛发的保护， 而且它的蛋也没有shell。所以两栖动物的减少主要是由臭氧层的破坏导致。（臭氧层存在—>UV-B否）
A. 说UV-B是唯一可杀基因的。 证实了UV-B的危害， 使臭氧层 —— 两栖动物减少之间有联系。 是加强啊。
原文中，Because amphibians lack hair, hide, or feathers to shield them, they are particularly vulnerable to UV-B radiation，然后又说它们的蛋也没保护。臭氧层破坏—>唯一杀基因的UV-B在—>两栖动物少
而D说两栖动物的栖息地没减少，跟题目的scope没关系啊，栖息地减少－数量减少，是大家无意识中已经自己推测的信息，题目中并没有给出。如果栖息地减少，可是密度增加了，那两栖动物的总数也不减少啊。 所以，d不能作为排除他因，应该是无关选项。
做逻辑的时候， 不是忌讳自己添加信息的嘛？好像这个mindfree还说过
没想到这么久了，还有人为此题而发贴，作为楼主，做得不好啊，只顾忙于自己总结了
mindfree神仙是终结答案，其实结合后面的FF134就可更加明确，D其实是一种加强。
134. The more television children watch, the less competent有能力的 they are in mathematical knowledge. More than a third of children in the United States watch television for more than five hours a day; in South Korea the figure is only 7 percent. But whereas less than 15 percent of children in the United States understand advanced measurement and geometric concepts, 40 percent of South Korean children are competent in these areas. Therefore, if United States children are to do well in mathematics, they must watch less television.
Which one of the following is an assumption upon in advanced measurement and geometric concepts for United States children than are South Korean children?
A. Children in the United States are less interested in advanced measurement and geometric concepts than are South Korean children.
B. South Korean children are more disciplined about doing schoolwork than are
C. Children who want to do well in advanced measurement and geometry will watch less television.
D. A child’s ability in advanced measurement and geometry increases if he or she watches less than one hour of television a day. E
E. The instruction in advanced measurement and geometric concepts available to children in the United States is not substantially worse than that available to South Korean children.
我同意sunshning的观点，A排除了它因的可能性，说明了uv-B是唯一对基因有害的东西，加强了原文的结论，D中的栖息地原文并没提到，属于无关选项，大家觉得它有理是潜意识里进行了一种常识的推理，但狒狒说过做逻辑题最忌自己进行常识性的推理，一定要跟着原文走啊
"mindfree神仙是终结答案" I totally disagree on this. Sorry tweid I made mistakes and I learned from them. Maybe only ETS can claim it is GMAT God.
Anyway, I stick to my answer in this one. A says "Of the various types of radiation blocked by atmospheric ozone..." Assume ozone also blocks UV-A, which also damages genes. So? Remember the conclusion of the argument is that depletion of ozone layer is to blame. So even if there are other radiations than UV-B that damage genes and can be blocked by ozone, it is still the ozone depletion that causes the problem. In other words, as long as the other radiations can be blocked by ozone, the conclusion would not change.
The answer will be different if: 1. the conclusion is that it is the UV-B that causes the decline in population, or 2. there are other radiations that cannot be blocked by ozone and can damage the genes.
Let me know whether the explanation above is clear.
Mindfree gg 讲的好哦
有人回帖，看来是关注此题．我也发个言．
本题答案是Ａ．
Ａ看似加强，其实不然．它只是把题目中已经确定的作用重新说了一遍，既没有提出新的支持，反而由于only实际上对可能的其它作用进行了限制．因此，Ａ的陈述实际上对题干的推理进行了限制和弱化．
Ｄ的排除它因加强的作用不言而喻，虽然的确隐含有＂居住地减少，会影响野生动物数量＂－－但这应该属于常识（至少在ＬＳＡＴ题目中应该是常识）
支持!
D更像是假设题的答案，还没搞懂假设题答案和加强题的关系
up
这是LSAT 1999 Oct Section 4原题，答案是A。
文章：臭氧层减少-->UVB保护减少-->Amphibian因为没有羽毛蛋受到更多辐射-->Amphibian减少
A。注意文中的particularly vulnerable to UV-B radiation，就是说文章只提到基因破坏尤其和UVB有关，没有提其他辐射。所以有没有其他种类辐射的存在对文章结论没有影响，所以A没有加强作用。
D。排除他因。如果栖息地变小可能是Amphibian减少的原因，那么就削弱了臭氧层是原因的文章结论。
mindfree与lawyer_1同时出现，此题牛了。
我觉得D项如果严格推敲也有点小瑕疵。不过正如zengerＤ所说，“虽然的确隐含有居住地减少，会影响野生动物数量－－但这应该属于常识（至少在ＬＳＡＴ题目中应该是常识）”
Ap下降，因为在过去50年里，臭氧层被不断耗尽，导致对UV-B的BLOCK下降，这个UV-B会伤害GENE。同时，这个AP没有啥保护措施，AP的蛋也没啥保护措施，所以很容易被这个UV-B伤害，故此得出结论，就是这个臭氧层下降导致AP下降。
EXCEPT题就是不加强，无关或者削弱两种可能的答案都应该被选出。
A. Of the various types of radiation blocked by atmospheric ozone, UV-B is the only type that can damage genes.
支持，强调UV-B的作用。
B. Amphibian populations are declining far more rapidly than are the populations of non-amphibian species whose tissues and eggs have more natural protection from UV-B.
支持，确实没保护
C. Atmospheric ozone has been significantly depleted above all the areas of the world in which amphibian populations are declining.
支持
D. The natural habitat of amphibians has not become smaller over the past century.
HABITAT跟这个推理其中的几个要素都无关，保护无关，UVB无关，时间无关，所以根据最初分析无关的哪项就是EXCEPT要选的。所以选D
E. Amphibian populations have declined continuously for the last 50 years.
时间对的上，支持。
顶a
d排除一个他因，支持只要求是充分，并非必要
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