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标题: 【每日阅读训练第三期——速度越障2系列】【2-5】文史哲-哲学 [打印本页]

作者: shelvey 时间: 2012-3-24 23:58
标题: 【每日阅读训练第三期——速度越障2系列】【2-5】文史哲-哲学
速度
American History: The 2000 Elections
速度一【290】
STEVE EMBER: Welcome to THE MAKING OF A NATION – American history in VOA Special English. I'm Steve Ember.
This week in our series, we look at the presidential election of two thousand. It was an election that few Americans would soon forget.
DAN RATHER: "The Presidential race looks jar-lid-tight. We could be in for a long night, as voters decide whether Vice President Al Gore or Texas Governor George Bush will be the next President of the United States. It is that close."

(MUSIC)

In two thousand, Americans were preparing to elect a new president in November. The United States Constitution limits presidents to two terms. Bill Clinton would be leaving office. So his Democratic Party needed to choose a new candidate.
The Democrats nominated Clinton's vice president, Al Gore. Gore chose Senator Joseph Lieberman of Connecticut as his running mate. Lieberman became the first Jewish candidate ever nominated by a major party to such a high office. He was first elected to the Senate in nineteen eighty-eight.

(MUSIC)

Al Gore was born in Washington in nineteen forty-eight. He was named after his father, a United States senator from Tennessee. The future vice president grew up in Washington and in Carthage, Tennessee, where his family had a farm.
He studied government at Harvard in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and graduated in nineteen sixty-nine. That was during the Vietnam War. His father opposed American involvement in that war. But the young Al Gore joined the Army and spent about six months of his service as a military journalist in Vietnam.
Back in civilian life, Gore again worked as a reporter. Later he studied religion and then law at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. But he dropped out of law school to enter politics.

速度二【289】
He was elected to the United States House of Representatives in nineteen seventy-six. He became known for supporting nuclear arms control and protecting the environment.
Al Gore was elected to the Senate in nineteen eighty-four. He was re-elected six years later. That was after he had tried to become the Democratic candidate for president in nineteen eighty-eight.

Then, in nineteen ninety-two, Bill Clinton won the party's nomination and asked Al Gore to be his vice president. As vice president, Gore became known for his work on issues involving the environment, technology and foreign relations.

(MUSIC)

In March nineteen ninety-nine he gave an interview on CNN. During that interview he talked about his plans to enter the race for the presidential nomination the following year.
He made the statement that during his service in Congress,
AL GORE: "I took the initiative in creating the Internet."
He went on to say that he "took the initiative in moving forward" other efforts important to the economy, environmental protection and educational improvements. But his comment about the Internet led to jokes and criticism that he was claiming to have actually invented it.

(MUSIC)

The Republicans nominated Texas Governor George W. Bush as their presidential candidate. For his running mate, he chose Dick Cheney, a former secretary of defense.
George Walker Bush was born in Texas in nineteen forty-six, the oldest child of former President George Herbert Walker Bush. He grew up in the Texas cities of Midland and Houston.
He graduated from Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, and earned a master's in business administration at Harvard University.
During the Vietnam War years, he was a pilot in the Texas Air National Guard. Later he worked in the state's oil and gas industry.

速度三【306】
In nineteen eighty-eight, Bush worked on his father's winning campaign for president. Later, he became one of the owners of the Texas Rangers, a Major League baseball team.
In nineteen ninety-four George W. Bush was elected governor of Texas. He was re-elected four years later.
Several other candidates also ran for president in the November two thousand election. These minor or so-called third party candidates included activist Ralph Nader. He represented the Green Party. He criticized large corporations for having too much influence in America. Pat Buchanan, a conservative, ran as the Reform Party candidate.

(MUSIC)

Public opinion surveys showed that the race between George Bush and Al Gore would be extremely close. The election took place on November seventh. More than one hundred million people voted for them. Al Gore received about five hundred forty thousand more of those votes than George Bush did.

(MUSIC)

But winning the popular vote does not make someone president.
Americans do not directly elect their president. When they vote for a candidate, what they are really doing is voting for electors. The number of electors for each state is based on the size of its congressional delegation, which is based on population. These electors then vote in December in a system known as the Electoral College. The Electoral College officially elects the president.
In the two thousand election, there were five hundred thirty-eight electors in the Electoral College. To become president, the winner needed a simple majority of two hundred seventy.

(MUSIC)

Al Gore won the popular vote, but neither he nor George Bush won a majority of the electoral votes. Not that any of this was clear on Election Night.
(ANCHOR MONTAGE)

DAN RATHER: "Bulletin: Florida pulled back into the undecided column. This thing is so wild, wacky, and woolly, nobody knows how it's going to come out."

速度四【290】
BERNARD SHAW: "...as CNN right now is moving Florida to the too-close-to-call column... "

TOM BROKAW: "...too close to call..."

DAN RATHER: "Florida is now too close to call. want to say that again, it's a confusing situation. Now, if you're disgusted with us, frankly I don't blame you."

(MUSIC)

Florida is a big southern state. It had enough electoral votes to make either candidate the winner. Election officials counted almost six million votes on Election Night. George Bush had slightly more votes than Al Gore but not enough to avoid a recount. Florida state law calls for a recount when the difference between two candidates is less than one-half of one percent of the votes.

State recounts normally involve the governor. But the governor of Florida said he would not get involved. That was because the governor was Jeb Bush, George Bush's brother.
And there were other issues with the election. Some black voters said election workers had unjustly prevented them from voting. There were also problems with voting machines and ballots. In one area, some Gore supporters believed they had voted for Pat Buchanan by mistake. The names were next to one another on the ballot. Democrats said the ballot design was illegal. Republicans said Democratic Party officials had never objected to it.

(MUSIC)

The disputed election results in Florida introduced a new term into popular speech. Americans began talking about "chads." Whether it was "hanging chads," "pregnant chads" or "dimpled chads," it amounted to the same problem. It meant that a voting machine had not cleanly punched out a bit of paper, called a chad, when the voter made a choice. As a result, the ballot would confuse a vote-counting machine and make the choice unreadable.

速度五【307】
That, in turn, meant election workers had to look at each questionable ballot and try to decide the voter's choice. All this took place with the nation -- and the world -- watching and wondering who would become America's next president.

(MUSIC)

Something else only added to anger and debate over the situation in Florida. Florida's secretary of state, its chief election officer, Katherine Harris, also happened to be a leader of the Bush campaign there.
KATHERINE HARRIS: "Governor George W. Bush – two million, nine hundred twelve thousand seven hundred ninety."

Almost three weeks after the election, Florida officials declared George Bush the winner of the state's twenty-five electoral votes. That gave him a total of two hundred seventy-one.

Out of six million ballots, state officials said he had defeated Al Gore by five hundred thirty-seven votes.
But the election was still not over. Gore and his supporters in Florida asked the courts to reject the results because of what they said were the many voting problems. The Florida Supreme Court ordered another count of the disputed ballots.
Bush campaign officials quickly appealed to the United States Supreme Court. The court said Florida law did not explain how officials should judge the ballots. The court found the situation in Florida unconstitutional because there were different standards around the state. The justices also said not enough time remained to settle the issue before the Electoral College had to meet. On December twelfth, the court voted seven to two to end the recount, and five to four against ordering a new one.
Six days later, on December eighteenth, members of the Electoral College met in each state capital and the District of Columbia. They made the election official. George W. Bush would become the forty-third president of the United States.

GEORGE BUSH: "I, George Walker Bush, do solemnly swear..."

自由阅读
CHIEF JUSTICE WILLIAM REHNQUIST: "That I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States..."
GEORGE BUSH: "That I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States..."
He took office on January twentieth, two thousand one.

(MUSIC)

The election dispute had divided Americans. But less than a year later, the nation was brought together by events that would set the direction for George W. Bush's presidency.
KATIE COURIC: "A plane has just crashed into the World Trade Center here in New York City. It happened just a few moments ago..."
The United States suffered the worst terrorist attacks in its history on September eleventh, two thousand one -- a day that would be remembered as 9-11. That will be our story next week.

越障
Science of Logic
【1393】
Hegel's work The Science of Logic (Wissenschaft der Logik) outlined his vision of logic, which is an ontology that incorporates the traditional Aristotelian syllogism as a sub-component rather than a basis. For Hegel, the most important achievement of German Idealism, starting with Kant and culminating in his own philosophy, was the demonstration that reality is shaped through and through by mind and, when properly understood, is mind. Thus ultimately the structures of thought and reality, subject and object, are identical. And since for Hegel the underlying structure of all of reality is ultimately rational, logic is not merely about reasoning or argument but rather is also the rational, structural core of all of reality and every dimension of it. Thus Hegel's Science of Logic includes among other things analyses of being, nothingness, becoming, existence, reality, essence, reflection, concept, and method. As developed, it included the fullest description of his dialectic. Hegel considered it one of his major works and therefore kept it up to date through revision. The Science of Logic is sometimes referred to as the Greater Logic to distinguish it from the condensed version of it he presented in what is called the Lesser Logic, namely the Logic section of his Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences.

Hegel's General Concept of Logic

According to Hegel, logic is the form taken by the science of thinking in general. He thought that, as it had hitherto been practiced, this science demanded a total and radical reformulation “from a higher standpoint.” His stated goal with The Science of Logic was to overcome what he perceived to be a common flaw running through all other former systems of logic, namely that they all presupposed a complete separation between the content of cognition (the world of objects, held to be entirely independent of thought for their existence), and the form of cognition (the thoughts about these objects, which by themselves are pliable, indeterminate and entirely dependent upon their conformity to the world of objects to be thought of as in any way true). This unbridgeable gap found within the science of reason was, in his view, a carryover from every day, phenomenal, unphilosophical consciousness.

The task of extinguishing this opposition within consciousness Hegel believed he had already accomplished in his book Phenomenology des Geistes (1807) with the final attainment of Absolute Knowing: “Absolute knowing is the truth of every mode of consciousness because ... it is only in absolute knowing that the separation of the object from the certainty of itself is completely eliminated: truth is now equated with certainty and certainty with truth.” Once thus liberated from duality, the science of thinking no longer requires an object or a matter outside of itself to act as a touchstone for its truth, but rather takes the form of its own self-mediated exposition and development which eventually comprises within itself every possible mode of rational thinking. “It can therefore be said,” says Hegel, “that this content is the exposition of God as he is in his eternal essence before the creation of nature and a finite mind.” The German word Hegel employed to denote this post-dualist form of consciousness was Begriff (traditionally translated either as Concept or Notion).

General Division of the Logic

The self-exposition of this unified consciousness, or Notion, follows a series of necessary, self-determined stages in an inherently logical, dialectical progression. Its course is from the objective to the subjective "sides" (or judgments as Hegel calls them) of the Notion. The objective side, its Being, is the Notion as it is in itself, its reflection in nature being found in anything inorganic such as water or a rock. This is the subject of Book One: The Doctrine of Being. Book Three: The Doctrine of the Notion outlines the subjective side of the Notion as Notion, or, the Notion as it is for itself; human beings, animals and plants being some of the shapes it takes in nature. The process of being’s transition to the Notion as fully aware of itself is outlined in Book Two: The Doctrine of Essence, which is included in the Objective division of the Logic. The Science of Logic is thus divided like this:

Volume One: The Objective Logic
Book One: The Doctrine of Being
Book Two: The Doctrine of Essence
Volume Two: The Subjective Logic
Book Three: The Doctrine of the Notion

This division, however, does not represent a strictly linear progression. At the end of the book Hegel wraps all of the preceding logical development into a single Absolute Idea. Hegel then links this final absolute idea with the simple concept of Being which he introduced at the start of the book. Hence the Science of Logic is actually a circle and there is no starting point or end, but rather a totality. This totality is itself, however, but a link in the chain of the three sciences of Logic, Nature and Spirit, as developed by Hegel in his Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences (1817), that, when taken as a whole, comprise a “circle of circles.”

Ground

Simply put ground is the "essence of essence," which for Hegel arguably means the lowest, broadest rung in his ontology because ground appears to fundamentally support his system. Hegel says, for example, that ground is "that from which phenomena is understood." Within ground Hegel brings together such basic constituents of reality as form, matter, essence, content, relation, and condition. The chapter on ground concludes by describing how these elements, properly conditioned, ultimately will bring a fact into existence (a segue to the subsequent chapter on existence).
Hegel considers form to be the focal point of "absolute ground," saying that form is the "completed whole of reflection." Broken into components, form taken together with essence gives us "a substrate for the ground relation" (Hegel seems to mean relation in a quasi-universal sense). When we combine form with matter the result is "determinate matter." Hegel thinks that matter itself "cannot be seen": only a determination of matter resulting from a specific form can be seen. Thus the only way to see matter is by combining matter with form (given a literal reading of his text). Finally, content is the unity of form and determinate matter. Content is what we perceive.
"Determinate ground" consists of "formal ground," "real ground," and "complete ground." Remember with Hegel that when we classify something as determinate we are not referring to absolute abstractions (as in absolute ground, above) but now (with determinate ground) have some values attached to some variables—or to put it in Hegel's terminology, ground is now "posited and derived" with "determinate content."
In formal ground Hegel seems to be referring to those causal explanations of some phenomena that make it what it is. In a (uncharacteristically) readable three paragraph remark, Hegel criticizes the misuse of formal grounds, claiming that the sciences are basically built upon empty tautologies. Centrifugal force, Hegel states as one of several examples drawn from the physical sciences, may be given as prime grounds (i.e. "explanation of") some phenomena, but we may later find upon critical examination that this phenomenon supposedly explained by centrifugal force is actually used to infer centrifugal force in the first place. Hegel characterizes this sort of reasoning as a "witch's circle" in which "phenomena and phantoms run riot."
Real ground is external and made up of two substrates, both directly applicable to content (which evidently is what we seem to perceive). The first is the relation between the ground and the grounded and the second substrate handles the diversity of content. As an example Hegel says that an official may hold an office for a variety of reasons—suitable connections, made an appearance on such and such occasion, and so forth. These various factors are the grounds for his holding office. It is real ground that serves to firstly make the connection between holding office and these reasons, and secondly to bind the various reasons, i.e. diverse content, together. Hegel points out that "the door is wide open" to infinite determinations that are external to the thing itself (recall that real ground is external). Potentially any set of reasons could be given for an official to be holding office.
In complete ground Hegel brings together formal and real ground, now saying that formal ground presupposes real ground and vice versa. Complete ground Hegel says is the "total ground-relation."

作者: kaitlynyl 时间: 2012-3-25 00:02
今天找了张纸，终于开始拿英文写了。从纸上腾上来。ipad打字不太好使。速度300字以上的两段差了四五行没读完，虽然比以前慢，好歹和理解力配合得不错。速度1：today we talk about election in 2000.AG and Bush.DEmocrats nominated AG because Clinton will leave this term.AG is Clinton's VP.THen sth about AG,such as school and career.速度2: AG's career on politics.ONce he was interviewed on CNN and he pointed out some opinions about initiative. Sth about BUsh,Republicans'nominator.When he was born,which school he went,and where he worked after graduated.速度3:Some public comments on the election and AG >BUsh.AGwon the popular vote,but both of them didn't won the electoral vote.THe population of the people who vote for them.
速度4：STh about Florida.The governer is Bush's brother.What's chad
速度5:The result of the election,Bush won.AG felt dissatisfied with the result because in Florida there are many problems.
Then Bush became the president in 2001.Then they got 911accident.
越障：H's work about science of logic
How H demonstrate science of logic.THe reality is shaped and the mind catches it.Logic is rational,structural and dimensional.After his demonstration,he revised his works.the science of logic refers to His logic section of the Encyclopedia.
H's concept of logic.He overcomes the flaw between the form of cognition and the content of cognition.Where can we find the task to extinguish theopposition within consciousness.
H's division of logic.How he separate science of logic and this division does not represent linear progression.Sth about circle of circles.
Ground. The concept of H's ground.What's form.What's matter.What's content.What's determinate ground:
1. Formal ground
2.real ground
3.complete ground.
累死了。框架明确，喜欢shelvey的文章，值得一读。歇会去。。。

作者: dengly 时间: 2012-3-25 00:14
占座

作者: CHRISTINE2010 时间: 2012-3-25 01:09
1'39
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脑袋昏了老半天。。。生词有些不太懂，理解力低下。。

作者: naiier 时间: 2012-3-25 02:09
第一次跟队- -，白天玩儿去了，明天要认真点才行了
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作者: fox0923 时间: 2012-3-25 04:28
1'05"
58"
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自由 20"

作者: wuye1990 时间: 2012-3-25 08:52
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作者: Rena张 时间: 2012-3-25 10:50
第一篇：2000年美国的总统选举，有两位候选人，一个是AG一个是Bush，AG是克林顿内阁的，随后介绍了AG的生平~1'45

第二篇：AG做了6年的总统后，又开始了新的选举，这次被提名的是克林顿，而克林顿选了AG为其副总统，此后AG在经济、教育等方面的改革为其赢得了名声。而共和党人则提名布什为候选人，他也为自己选了副总统，之后简介了布什的生平。1'20

第三篇：布什在德州连任过governor。参与选举的除了这两大党，还有其他小党派，如绿党的RN，改革党的PB。11月份选举开始，AG与布什的选举结果花落谁家还不能仅凭其获得的投票数的多少而下结论，因为需要按人口比例从每个州选出选民，12月份的选民的投票结果才算数，这次共有538名选民，要赢得选举，AG或布什要获得270+的票数才能当选，而这次的选举结果是他们二人的选票都未过半。1'38

第四篇：佛罗里达州的人口多，其选票足以让他们二人中的任何一个人赢得选举，但是佛罗里达州的州长没有按惯例参加投票，因为他是布什的哥哥。在选举投票的过程中有人抱怨投票用的机器、设备有问题。有人说本来要投给AG的票误投给了PB等等……1'52

第五篇：正因为选民们提出的这些问题使得XX不得不重新人工计算一次投票结果。布什的选举团队的秘书宣布布什获得了XXX选票。不久后，官员就宣布了布什当选这一结果，因为布什以271票一篇之多战胜了AG。但是选举仍然没有结束，因为AG的支持者要求法院否认这一结果，因为投票过程中有很多问题。但是布什的团队也提出了反对。由于佛罗里达州没有关于这方面的健全的法律，加上要重新立案计算投票结果已经来不及了，所以经过投票法院就默认了布什当选的结果。布什就成为了美国的第XX届总统。1'48

自由阅读部分：布什宣誓，并于2001年就任。虽然因为选举让美国人分开了，但是后来发生的911事件又把他们紧紧地团结在了一起。30''

越障：啊啊啊啊啊啊啊啊啊啊……看到后面不知道是我脑袋斜了还是眼睛斜了，反正屏幕上的字全都是斜的……

虽然真心没看懂，但我也真心一个字一个字地看到最后一个字啦~

shelvey，今天的字数好多的说

…… 那么以我这样的速度是不是不算太差哩……虽然还是好差的说

作者: Rena张 时间: 2012-3-25 10:54
PS：越障我看了快20min才勉强看完……

作者: Rena张 时间: 2012-3-25 11:01
shelvey，有没有解析什么的啊……或者有没有哪位高手能点拨一下啊……

作者: shelvey 时间: 2012-3-25 13:43
我。。。。汗一个，以为这次没有法律了会好一点，然后选了一个黑格尔的小逻辑的介绍。也算增加下大家哲学方面的词汇量。。。。额。。。。其实。。。。我就是担心看不懂，而且之前已经发过萨特的存在主义的内容了，就把里面关于存在论和本质论的内容都删掉了的。。。
我把大致的中文介绍分享一下吧。。不知道能不能好一点。。。

首先是作者介绍：

　黑格尔（1770～1831年），德国哲学家，德国古典唯心主义的集大成者。杜宾根大学哲学博士。曾任家庭教师。纽伦堡文科中学校长。海德堡大学、柏林大学教授。1830年任柏林大学校长。创立了欧洲哲学史上最庞大的客观唯心主义体系。并极大地发展了唯心主义辩证法。认为思想和存在统一于绝对精神，绝对精神是一独立主体。是万事万物的本原与基础，它的辩证发展经历了逻辑、自然、精神三个阶段。他的哲学也就相应地由逻辑学、自然哲学、精神哲学三个部分组成。主要著作有《精神现象学》《逻辑学》《哲学全书》《哲学史演讲录》《历史哲学》《美学》《宗教哲学》等。

关于《小逻辑》

在黑格尔的思想体系中，逻辑学是自然哲学和精神哲学的灵魂，自然哲学和精神哲学则是逻辑学的应用和展开。黑格尔以恢弘庞大的气势、条分细缕的谨慎。仿佛想揭开人类的一切迷惑，他的哲学体系在他的身后衍生出一系列哲学流派：青年先锋黑格尔派、传统精英黑格尔派、新黑格尔主义等等。干脆有哲学家称：19世纪以后所有伟大的哲学思想均源于黑格尔。　　黑格尔的逻辑体系可分为三个部分：存在论、本质论、概念论。存在的概念是直接的、抽象的。他认为包括质、量、度三个环节。质是指事物直接存在的规定性，量指的是事物存在的外在规定性。质与量的统一便是度。度是有质的量。本质的概念是间接的、矛盾的。包括本质自身、现象和现实三个环节。概念表现成双成对、相互联系的反思关系，对立双方互相排斥、互相转化，表现为直接性和间接性的对立统一。这就是黑格尔思考世界的逻辑体系大厦。

摘要
　　包括《小逻辑》在内的《哲学全书》，本来是黑格尔印发给学生的讲课提纲，原书有纲要性的正文和说明两部分，都出自黑格尔的手笔，黑格尔去世后，他的学生在编订全集时，又把听课笔记加进去作为附释。　　《小逻辑》和《大逻辑》内容基本相同，但文字简明扼要，大体上是《大逻辑》的一个提要或缩写。另外，《小逻辑》比《大逻辑》成书较晚，一些观点比《大逻辑》更成熟，发挥得更充分，其中一些部分还是《大逻辑》所没有的。批判形而上学，创立和发挥唯心主义辩证法，是黑格尔这部著作的最重要成果。
存在论
　　“存在只是潜在的概念。存在的各个规定或范畴都可用是去指谓。把存在的这些规定分别开来看，它们是彼此互相对立的。从它们进一步的规定（或辩证法的形式）来看，它们是互相过渡到对方。这种向对方过渡的进程，一方面是一种向外的设定，因而是潜在存在着的概念的开展，并且同时也是存在的向内回复或深入于其自己本身。因此在存在论的范围内去解释概念，固然要发挥存在的全部内容，同时也要扬其存在的直接性或扬弃存在本来的形式。”这就是辩证法。
本质论
　　“当我们一提到本质时，我们便将本质与存在加以区别，而认存在为直接的东西，与本质比较看来，只是一假象（Schein）。但这种假象并非空无所有，完全无物，而是一种被扬弃的存在。本质的观点一般地讲来即是反思的观点。反映或反思（Re?elexion）这个词本来是用来讲光的，当光直线式地射出，碰在一个镜面上时，又从这镜面上反射回来，便叫做反映。在这个现象里有两方面，第一方面是一个直接的存在，第二方面同一存在是作为一间接性的或设定起来的东西。当我们反映或（象大家通常说的）反思一个对象时，情形亦复如此。因此这里我们所要认识的对象，不是它的直接性，而是它的间接的反映过来的现象。我们常认为哲学的任务或目的在于认识事物的本质，这意思只是说，不应当让事物停留在它的直接性里，而须指出它是以别的事物为中介或根据的。事物的直接存在，依此说来，就好象是一个表皮或一个帷幕，在这里面或后面，还蕴藏着本质。”这是黑格尔对本质的重要解释。
概念论
　　“概念的观点一般讲来就是绝对唯心论的观点。哲学是概念性的认识，因为哲学把别的意识当作存在着的并直接地独立自存的事物，却只认为是构成概念的一个理想性的环节。在“知性逻辑”（Verstandeslogik）里，概念常被认作思维的一个单纯的形式，甚或认作一种普通的表象。为情感和心情辩护的立场出发所常常重复说的：“概念是死的、空的、抽象的东西”这一类的话，大概都是指这种低视概念的看法而言。其实正与此相反，概念才是一切生命的原则，因而同时也是完全具体的东西。概念的这种性质是从前此的整个逻辑运动发展而来的，因而这里用不着先予以证明。至于刚才提到的以各概念只是形式的那种想法，是由于固执内容与形式的对立，而这种对立已经和反思所坚持的一些别的对立范畴，全都得到辩证地克服了，亦即通过它们自身矛盾发展的过程得到克服了。换言之，正是概念把前此一切思维范畴都曾加以扬弃并包含在自身之内了。概念无疑地是形式，但必须认为是无限的有创造性的形式，它包含一切充实的内容在自身内，并同时又不为内容所限制或束缚。同样，如果人们所了解的具体是指感觉中的具体事物或一般直接的可感知的东西来说，那末，概念也可以说是抽象的。概念作为概念是不能用手去捉摸的，当我们在进行概念思维时，听觉和视觉必定已经成为过去了。可是如前面所说，概念同时仍然是真正的具体东西。这是因为概念是“存在”与“本质”的统一，而且包含这两个范围中全部丰富的内容在自身之内。”这是黑格尔对概念的解释。

作者: shelvey 时间: 2012-3-25 13:56
257
245
213
225
249

作者: kevin405hu 时间: 2012-3-25 15:15
1‘45
1’30
1‘34
1’20
1‘33

9’07 越到后面，越迷糊了

作者: Rena张 时间: 2012-3-25 16:35
辛苦shelvey了~
不过这个真的很难懂啊……嘿嘿

作者: 搞G战士DB 时间: 2012-3-25 17:00
速度：1'20 1'19 1'25 1'16 1'18
自由：'25
越障：7'13
我就知道速度简单，越障肯定……果然shelvey选的越障又给我看哭了。。七分多钟下来脑子里只有大概的框架，细节基本记不住，知道是讲黑格尔讲逻辑。考试要是碰到这种文章且全考细节题直接找根白绫一吊得了……

作者: 搞G战士DB 时间: 2012-3-25 17:03
shelvey，表示中文翻译都看不懂……

作者: liulu007 时间: 2012-3-25 21:16
宁可慢也坚决不默读。。。越障打算分段记忆了。。。小菜菜的脑袋实在木有那么大的存储量。。。。
速度：2‘55
写了2000年总统竞选很难忘，就是BUSH VS GORE竞选那届。。。2000年克林顿要退位，然后民主党需要一个候选人。。。布什和一个人竞争好像是？（木有记住人名）简单介绍了一下GORE，出生1984在一个小镇，爆发了一个什么战争，他爸爸反对，他却参军了。。。
3’05
他被选为代表。。。支持核能源神马的。。。又成为了参议员。。。后来被克林顿选为副总统。。。然后处理了很多问题。。。他接受了CNN的采访。。。发表了演说：要（刺激？）网络？的措施？人们很批判。。。。
又介绍了Bush的背景。。。出生在哪。。。耶鲁大学。。。哈佛硕士。。。之前在一个GAS公司上班？？？？
2‘49
木有太看明白。。。就记得说他们两个人的票数不相上下。。。然后介绍了一下投票的原理。。。谁赢到270的大多数谁就赢了。。。
3’02
在FLORIDA，统计票数。。Bush比GORE多但不够忽略recount的。。这个recount计算要怎么样。。木有看懂。。。然后好像说统计的并不公平神马的。。木有保护黑人投票。。。。
2‘19
最后Bush赢了，但是还木有结束。。因为GORE说投票有问题。。并通过最高法院解决。。。7天后宣布Bush是下届总统。。。
自由：40’
竞选结束1年后，美国遭遇了历史上最恐怖的911。。。
越障。。。5‘12
讲了H这个人，他主要成就是认为（哲学还是逻辑？）是mind，要合理？？
介绍了他的这个概念。。。。
介绍他的模式。。。。具体内容都木有读懂。。。。
3’42 ground这段真心木有看懂。。。。5555.。。。我再读读去。。

作者: Leola鱼 时间: 2012-3-25 21:18
1'19
1'29
1'26
51
1'27
8'33迷糊……

作者: 猫咪团团 时间: 2012-3-25 22:05
2min27
1min52
2min05
2min
2min01
46'

8min38 我表示，越障虽然硬着头皮看下来了，但是完全完全没有看懂，只知道是跟黑格尔有关...

作者: cathynine 时间: 2012-3-25 22:10
1'20
1'00
1'20
1'00
1'20

后面一篇快速的看完了只知道是讲黑格尔的黑格尔的逻辑黑格尔的哲学观点
哲学好有爱的说但是……看中文都没能看明白（掩面><~）

争取每天进步一点

作者: CCcarol 时间: 2012-3-25 22:40
1‘09
1’02
1‘21
1’13
1‘05
速度还是慢~~~唉唉唉~~~

越障是5‘16,但是看不懂的好多...!
我还得再仔细看看去!!!

作者: 双色鹿 时间: 2012-3-25 23:12
1min23s
1min27s
1min28s
1min20s
58s

越障
黑格尔的逻辑——唯心，所有的一切都是mind

逻辑的主要内容：要解决一个长期存在的错误——把cognition的内容和cognition的形成分开了。前者就是客观存在，被认为与thinking完全不相关；后者就是thinking

黑格尔认为自己解决了这个问题，通过阐明了absolute knowing

逻辑总是被分为两方面：客观存在和thinking，所有逻辑问题就是这两者的联系。这二者不是线性被分开的，黑格尔认为是这样一个圆：客观—主观—客观

最后关于ground，分为absolute ground和determination ground。前者说任何客观存在都是form和matter的结合；后者包含三个：formal、real、complete。第一个是某种解释；第二个是外部的；第三个是前两者的结合

作者: abjure 时间: 2012-3-26 00:35
1：34
1：22
1：38
1：28
1：33

作者: towerush 时间: 2012-3-27 11:28
2:00
2:01
1:38
1:13
1:17
36

9:57

作者: babybearmm 时间: 2012-3-27 15:18
我来补作业了，shelvey推荐的越障我太喜欢了哇，谢谢mm~~呼唤今后更多logics的内容。
这次读得很细（就是很慢22'55''），然后发现居然基本都能懂。哲学的文章想通了之后觉得特别畅快！我这次就在纸上画图当回忆了，用语言不太好写，还是用diagram爽，传个草稿上来。

速度：50'' 1'03'' 56'' 55'' 56''

作者: babybearmm 时间: 2012-3-27 15:33
我个人觉得，英文比中文好懂。如果有同学像我一样对哲学不熟悉，那就直接学英文的哲学，不要翻译中文。原因是，如果你不熟悉哲学，那么翻译成中文也是抽象词，比如说idealogy，翻译成“意识形态”，用中文能理解什么叫做“意识形态”么？反正我是不能，“意识形态”这个中文对我来说是个抽象词，还不如e-e的解释呢"a body of ideas that reflects the beliefs and interests of a nation, political system, etc. and underlies political action"，这个多好理解！

我想吧，既然参加英语的考试，就用英文学习新东东。比如我学生化的，从一开始就用的英文教材，全英文授课。所以我至今对不上那些种氨基酸的中文名字，我能对应上每个氨基酸的英文名-化学式-结构特征，这对于科研来说已经足够了（因为我看paper写paper都是用英文，不需要知道化合物的中文名，何必给自己脑袋增加负担呢）！

以上，个人一点建议，针对本来就对哲学不熟悉的同学。但如果你是学文科的，用中文读过大量的哲学，那我觉得可以翻译成中文帮助你理解。

我。。。。汗一个，以为这次没有法律了会好一点，然后选了一个黑格尔的小逻辑的介绍。也算增加下大家哲学方面的词汇量。。。。额。。。。其实。。。。我就是担心看不懂，而且之前已经发过萨特的存在主义的内容了，就把里面关于存在论和本质论的内容都删掉了的。。。
我把大致的中文介绍分享一下吧。。不知道能不能好一点。。。
-- by 会员 shelvey (2012/3/25 13:43:01)

作者: cindytaurus 时间: 2012-3-27 22:38
嗯终于下决心要开始突破阅读啦~
速度好慢的说
1:44
2:00
2:29
2:06
1:59
自由0:50越障 10:09.。。。。真心没看懂。。。就知道说黑格尔和逻辑。。。惨了

作者: Threesu 时间: 2012-3-27 22:59
嗷~~
1‘22
1’12
1‘25
1’24
1‘26
都没一分钟内的。。。好伤心
感觉这篇比那些科技的好玩多了

作者: cindytaurus 时间: 2012-3-27 23:00

我来补作业了，shelvey推荐的越障我太喜欢了哇，谢谢mm~~呼唤今后更多logics的内容。
这次读得很细（就是很慢22'55''），然后发现居然基本都能懂。哲学的文章想通了之后觉得特别畅快！我这次就在纸上画图当回忆了，用语言不太好写，还是用diagram爽，传个草稿上来。

速度：50'' 1'03'' 56'' 55'' 56''

-- by 会员 babybearmm (2012/3/27 15:18:28)

baby姐大N啊~~~~看了你画的这个简图感觉特别受用~~一下子清晰起来了~~谢谢

作者: lovecloris 时间: 2012-3-28 02:01
1'06
1'12
1'24
1'06
1'12

越障明天补吧，为了练eye span，眼泪都出来了...哲学这两天刚听过一个Oxford lecture，很亲切啊

btw，baby，你那个图很强大；pic好可爱。。。

作者: 778879 时间: 2012-3-28 06:55
速度
1‘20
1’14
1‘25
1’37
1‘38
0’30
越障
我靠这越障太难了，词基本都能看懂，就是不知道是神马意思。哲学家们太可怕了。。。
介绍了黑格尔的哲学思想
他认为世界上的东西，主观和客观都是相同的，这与我们平常认为的是不同的
他认为forms、essence、contents等等共同组成了这个世界，他们相互连接，比如essence是我们观察不到的，只有connect with forms，才能有content，从而被人们看到。
在他的书中，他分为了几章，这些章节相互关联，并且最后一章又和第一章关联起来，也就是说，他的书能连成一个圈，没有开始也没有结束。
后来又说了半天ground，什么real ground。。。没看懂了。。。

作者: babybearmm 时间: 2012-3-28 07:51

1'06
1'12
1'24
1'06
1'12

越障明天补吧，为了练eye span，眼泪都出来了...哲学这两天刚听过一个Oxford lecture，很亲切啊

btw，baby，你那个图很强大；pic好可爱。。。

-- by 会员 lovecloris (2012/3/28 2:01:58)

汗..我觉得我画得好丑哇

字也很难看，其实是老美的写英文的书法就是比咱中国人的难看很多，我被同化了....上次看cloris jj发上来的那个，你的字真漂亮哇

作者: 一加heidy 时间: 2012-3-29 20:36
1‘20 1’19 1‘17 1’12 1‘11
越障不说了伤心。。。。。

作者: thouzand_ 时间: 2013-9-12 11:18
第一遍：07‘01 回头再好好读- -
1) H overcomed the flaw in his work
flaw: distration between the content and form of cognition
2) H graded the Beng's theory and made the idea into "Cycle"
3) explain the major division of ground
- absolute
- formal : ?? force
- real : relation between grounded 1 and 2
(- -)

作者: Nievesma 时间: 2016-7-5 01:56
T1: 2"01
It talks about the presidential election of 2000. One of the candidate will be Al Gore, vice president and from the Democracy Party.
Biography about Al Gore
T2: 1"52
Biography about Al Gore, the issues that he is concerned about are environmental protections, technology and foreign relations, especially he stated the initiative to create Internet.
The Republicans' candidate is Gorge Bush, Texas governor.
Biography about Gorge Bush
T3: 2"54
Biography about Gorge Bush
The process to select the president:
Al Gore won the popular vote but it did not mean that he would be the president, because Americans do not select their president directly, instead they vote for selectors. The Electoral College officially select the president later and the one with simple majority will win.
2000 Selection:
Al Gore won the popular vote, but neither Al Gore nor Bush won the majority, so the result only can be known on Election Night
T4: 2"29
Disputed selection results of Florida
Florida's results are important since the state has a population that is big enough to make either candidate win.
Some problems withe the results of Florida
T5: 1"33
After dealing with the questionable election problems with the Courts, Bush finally became the president of the United States.
Obstacle: 18"23
Hegel's Science of Logic reflects his vision of logic which is the ontology. The traditional Aristotelian is only a subcomponent rather than the basis for Hegel's system of logic.
He agree with German Idealism in their theory that reality is shaped through by mind and is the mind.
The Greater Logic of Hegel includes: rational, logic, analysis of being, nothingness, becoming, existence, reality, essence, reflection, concept and method, more developed with his dialect.
General concept:
science of thinking
There is flaw in the other system of logic: the duality-separation between content of cognition (the world of object) and the form of cognition( the thoughts about object). Liberated from duality, there is no need for object or matter
General division of logic:
1. being, notion itself-book 1 and 3 (objective of logic)
2. the process of beings' transition to notion- book 2 (subjective of logic)
end: Final Absolute Idea
Circle of circles: logic-spirit-nature
Ground-fundamental support to its system, essence of essence
Formal ground: explanation to phenomena that make it what it is
Real ground: external reasons-2 substracts
relation between ground and the grounded
diversity of content
complete ground: total ground relation, putting together the formal ground and real ground

作者: 鸡翼鸡翼鸡翼 时间: 2016-11-11 21:42

babybearmm 发表于 2012-3-27 15:18
我来补作业了，shelvey推荐的越障我太喜欢了哇，谢谢mm~~呼唤今后更多logics的内容。这次读得很细（就是很 ...

Mark一下！

作者: lisiberry 时间: 2017-1-21 05:51
十分感谢LZ的文章，看了大约2个半小时终于看完第二篇文章。感觉自己实力还要加强呀。不过除了最后一段都看得很明白。
在这里解释一下研究成果吧，嘿嘿：

首先哲学的基本建立在亚里士多德与柏拉图建立的形而上学里。（metaphysics）而其实，形而上学就是研究事物的存在。

黑格尔，如文章所说，创造了Ontology（本体论），本体论就是把形而上学的哲学思想具象化。然后，人们又把本体论进行分类。物质本体论，就是唯物主义。强调现有物质才有思想。而相对的意识本体论是，就是唯心注意，强调先有意识才有形态。

------------------------------以上是哲学基本------------------------------------------------

黑格尔认为，所谓的逻辑是思考科学（science of thinking）的一种形式。他认为之前的哲学都不太对，因为人们总是区分认知内容与认知形式。但是其实这两个东西不应该是分开考虑的。

为了解释，他写了一本精神现象学的书，提出了一个绝对认知的概念。（我的理解是，绝对认知只是一个假设或一个概念，因为没有人能证明）。有了绝对认知，就可以解释为什么认知内容与认知形式是相关的。

然后ground 就没力气写了。。。
总之，非常有深度的文章。再次感谢LZ还有介绍我看这篇文章的朋友。

作者: emmahiggins09 时间: 2017-1-24 19:18

shelvey 发表于 2012-3-25 13:43
我。。。。汗一个，以为这次没有法律了会好一点，然后选了一个黑格尔的小逻辑的介绍。也算增加下大家哲学方 ...

越障那篇没有一些哲学的知识是不容易读懂的，论起哲学，用中文读都是一知半解的。我就拿这篇文章来练手行文结构和文笔修饰了，边看还在边做笔记，这样的文章就当增加自身的知识了

作者: Sabrina_xuanxua 时间: 2018-4-20 13:39
备考小白看到baby姐文章，觉得受益匪浅，很多关于SC的logic还没能领悟，留着慢慢看~

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