Q5 to Q7:
According to a theory advanced
by researcher Paul Martin, the wave
of species extinctions that occurred
Line in North America about 11,000 years
(5) ago, at the end of the Pleistocene era,
can be directly attributed to the arrival
of humans, i.e., the Paleoindians, who
were ancestors of modern Native
Americans. However, anthropologist
(10) Shepard Krech points out that large
animal species vanished even in areas
where there is no evidence to demon-
strate that Paleoindians hunted them.
Nor were extinctions confined to large
(15) animals: small animals, plants, and
insects disappeared, presumably not
all through human consumption. Krech
also contradicts Martin’s exclusion of
climatic change as an explanation by
(20) asserting that widespread climatic
change did indeed occur at the end of
the Pleistocene. Still, Krech attributes
secondary if not primary responsibility
for the extinctions to the Paleoindians,
(25) arguing that humans have produced
local extinctions elsewhere. But,
according to historian Richard White,
even the attribution of secondary
responsibility may not be supported
(30) by the evidence. White observes that
Martin’s thesis depends on coinciding
dates for the arrival of humans and the
decline of large animal species, and
Krech, though aware that the dates
(35) are controversial, does not challenge
them; yet recent archaeological
discoveries are providing evidence
that the date of human arrival was
much earlier than 11,000 years ago.
Q6:
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken Krech’s objections to Martin’s theory?
The answer is B. I think C is the right answer. What you think?
原文10-17行说明K反驳M说这些东西不是因为人们使用造成灭绝,题干问如何去削弱?
B说新的发现显示P使用这些逐渐灭绝的东西。其实就是将原文取非了。原文的consumption在这里用made use of替换了。
I don't agree.
使用这些逐渐灭绝的东西 doesn't mean it caused this small animals,plants to become extinct. And in the passage, K alread admitted "small animal" was consumed by human being but it's not all consumed by human being. So it doesn't weaken.
But C says "Additional evidence indicating that widespread climatic change occurred not only at the end of the Pleistocene era but also in previous and subsequent eras"
In line 17-22"Krech also contradicts Martin’s exclusion of climatic change as an explanation by asserting that widespread climatic change did indeed occur at the end of the Pleistocene."
By saying the wide spead climatic change not only happened at the end of the P, but also happened in previous, which did not cause the extinction, the reason of climatic change was weakened.
为何C错?
I support C.
首先我们搞清楚K反对M的是什么.
1. M认为human是动物灭绝的主因, K认为这个是secondary而不是primary的原因. 所以, 我认为K这里是qualification, 不是objection.
2. M认为天气不是原因, K表示反对, 这才是K反对M的内容.
所以C is better than B.
注意题目Which of the following, if true, would most weaken Krech’s objections to Martin’s theory。
在文章中K已经对M将天气变化的原因排除在外进行了反驳,反驳的理由是该世纪末期确实天气有变化了。因此C对这个的加强,而不是削弱
请注意K的反驳逻辑, K认为天气变化出现在动物灭绝的同时, 所以K认为动物灭绝与气候变化相关.
而C的意思是, 天气变化早就出现了, 而且持续了很久, 那么动物灭绝自然就和天气无关了. 很明显的削弱啊...
请注意K的反驳逻辑, K认为天气变化出现在动物灭绝的同时, 所以K认为动物灭绝与气候变化相关.
而C的意思是, 天气变化早就出现了, 而且持续了很久, 那么动物灭绝自然就和天气无关了. 很明显的削弱啊...
og里面有一道削弱题,大意是关于环境污染的,说现在检查出有病的人比去年少。有官员认为是因为种了树使得水源质量提高。它的正确答案是今年使用的仪器使去年诊断为得病得人确诊是误诊。
这道题目得a选项内容是,过去5年确实种了很多树(大意如此)。ets就认为这个是加强。
和这道题目非常类似,我当初想了很久所以记得很清楚。可惜记不得题号
====================================
再补充一点,这个是我当初选b的原因。我觉得气候变化之类的东东其实并不在文章一开始提出的理论范围内。文章一开始说的很清楚,他的理论是人对动物灭绝起绝对作用。
(10) Shepard Krech points out that large
animal species vanished even in areas
where there is no evidence to demon-
strate that Paleoindians hunted them.
Nor were extinctions confined to large
(15) animals: small animals, plants, and
insects disappeared, presumably not
all through human consumption.
SK指出 small animals, plants, and
insects disappeared, presumably not
all through human consumption. 而
B选项中只能说明人类在extinction作用中
起到了某些作用,而文中SK并未完全否定人的作用,如文中所说:Still, Krech attributes
secondary if not primary responsibility
for the extinctions to the Paleoindians,而SK真正反驳的人为主因的解释是large animal extiction,如果B中谈到人对large animal 的extinction起到了主要作用,那么就是很好的weaken
所以,我认为B选项并不能做到很好的消弱。
而C选项中Additional evidence indicating that widespread climatic change occurred not only at the end of the Pleistocene era but also in previous and subsequent eras直接反驳了SK 将as an explanation by asserting that widespread climaticchange did indeed occur at the end of the Pleistocene.作为extintion主要原因的说法。
所以我认为C是正确答案。
欢迎讨论和板砖
我也支持c对。
k认为天气突变导致种族灭绝,c直接削弱。
而b只是说有人使用了灭绝的small animals, plants, and insects
k的理论和m的理论都不否认这一点。
这道题我看到b是选的b,但看到c时就改了。注意16行的not all。表明的确有人使用small animals, plants, and insects
我也选了C 这么想的:K反对M之处在于K认为1:天气是一个影响因素,因为climatic change did indeed occur at the end of the Pleistocene. 。2:hunting至少不是首要原因,因为“large animal species vanished even in areas where there is no evidence to demonstrate that Paleoindians hunted them” c说climatic change occurred not only at the end of the Pleistocene era but also in previous and subsequent eras,是一个有因无果的削弱(在承认原文开头所说的extinction发生在the end of the Pleistocene era 的前提下) B说的Nor were extinctions confined to large animals: small animals, plants, and insects disappeared, presumably not all through human consumption。没看懂意思,请问这句话是谁的立场?我觉得是K的。 请大家帮我看看我的错在哪里,B对在哪里? 谢谢! |
建议转逻辑区讨论
我有新发现!
C的削弱方式应该是有因无果(有A 发生,但B没有发生)削弱,常理上可以接受。
但是有因无果削弱,尤其是用时间跨度削弱(题目说现在有A 发生,所以B发生,削弱说过去就有A发生过),在OG中几乎没有作为正确选项过。作为错误选项到倒是有(OG29)题目如下:
The number of people diagnosed as having a certain intestinal disease has dropped significantly in a rural county this year, as compared to last year. Health officials attribute this decrease entirely to improved sanitary conditions at water-treatment plants, which made for cleaner water this year and thus reduced the incidence of the disease.
Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the health officials’ explanation for the lower incidence of the disease?
A. Many new water-treatment plants have been built in the last five years in the rural county.
B. Bottled spring water has not been consumed in significantly different quantities by people diagnosed as having the intestinal disease, as compared to people who did not contract the disease.
C. Because of a new diagnostic technique, many people who until this year would have been diagnosed as having the intestinal disease are now correctly diagnosed as suffering from intestinal ulcers.
D. Because of medical advances this year, far fewer people who contract the intestinal disease will develop severe cases of the disease.
E. The water in the rural county was brought up to the sanitary standards of the water in neighboring counties ten years ago.
A项可以认为是跨时间的有因无果,但ETS认为“Since A supports the view that sanitary conditions have been improving, it tends to support the officials’ explanation.”
我没做过LSAT,大全没做多少,所以很困惑这种时间跨度削弱(题目说现在有A 发生,所以B发生,削弱说过去就有A发生过)是否能够作为削弱!!
请NN指教!
Still, Krech attributes
secondary if not primary responsibility
for the extinctions to the Paleoindians,
(25) arguing that humans have produced
local extinctions elsewhere一点个人看法:
K反驳M在两点:一、K认为气候变化是最主要的原因;二、K认为人是第二位但不是第一位的原因。所以如果要削弱K对M的反驳,则应该立足于以下两点:一、气候变化不是最主要的原因,或者,二、人不是第二位而是第一位的原因。带着这种看法我们再来看看,B和C可不可以这样理解:
B New discoveries indicating that Paleoindians made use of the small animals, plants, and insects that became extinct
C Additional evidence indicating that widespread climatic change occurred not only at the end of the Pleistocene era but also in previous and subsequent eras
C虽然指出在the end of era之前/之后都发生过widespread climatic change,但是文中并没有完全说明“之前/之后的气候”与“动物灭绝”的关系:如果之前/之后气候变化,动物也灭绝,那么气候变化就可能是原因;如果之前/之后气候变化而动物没有灭绝,那么气候变化则可能不是原因。所以C选项其实对于反驳K对M的反驳是可以起到正反两方面的作用的。
B虽然没有完全证明“人是首要原因而非次原因”,但其正确指出了“人对动物的使用”以及“动物灭绝”的关系,因此要比C好一些(也只是比C好一些而已)。
呵呵,偶来说两句。
这题答案确定是C,因为B根本不对,文中写道:
However, anthropologist
(10) Shepard Krech points out that large
animal species vanished even in areas
where there is no evidence to demon-
strate that Paleoindians hunted them.
Nor were extinctions confined to large
(15) animals: small animals, plants, and
insects disappeared, presumably not
all through human consumption. Krech
also contradicts Martin’s exclusion of
climatic change as an explanation by
(20) asserting that widespread climatic
change did indeed occur at the end of the Pleistocene.
我突出显示的部分,已经明确说了Krech并不是说human没有消费这些生物,只是不全是。也即,这个不是这些生物灭绝的主要原因。那是什么?Krech继续说,反对Martin把气候变化作为生物灭绝的原因之外,而是作为第一位的原因。而第二位的原因是人。
因此,B说人消费了这些生物,能反对Krech的论点吗?实际上是加强,而不是削弱。必错。
C说气候一直在变化,就很好削弱了Krech的理论,因为它的基础就是气候的变化和这些生物的灭绝是同时的。
逻辑很清楚的啊。。。。
欢迎大砖!
支持C!(CD上果然巨多牛人啊,随便拿道gwd可以引用og,太强了!)不过我还停留于高中“答案文中找”的水平
B. 如楼上所说的,presumably not all through human consumption说明Paleoindians made use of ... 所以跟K的objection是一致的
C. 文中说K also contradicts M's exclusion of climatic change as an explanation by asserting that widespread climatic change did indeed ocur at the end of the Pleistocene (K认为extinction的primary explanation是P的末期的气候变化)所以C说气候变化在P末期前后都发生,直接weaken K's objection
谢谢指教。
og里面有一道削弱题,大意是关于环境污染的,说现在检查出有病的人比去年少。有官员认为是因为种了树使得水源质量提高。它的正确答案是今年使用的仪器使去年诊断为得病得人确诊是误诊。
这道题目得a选项内容是,过去5年确实种了很多树(大意如此)。ets就认为这个是加强。
和这道题目非常类似,我当初想了很久所以记得很清楚。可惜记不得题号
====================================
再补充一点,这个是我当初选b的原因。我觉得气候变化之类的东东其实并不在文章一开始提出的理论范围内。文章一开始说的很清楚,他的理论是人对动物灭绝起绝对作用。
选B,支持流沙的观点。大家注意文章中说
However, anthropologist Shepard Krech points out that large animal species vanished even in areas where there is no evidence to demonstrate that Paleoindians hunted them. Nor were extinctions confined to large animals: small animals, plants, and insects disappeared, presumably not all through human consumption.
答案B正好击中要害,而C是在支持K关于气候论的观点,没有对K反驳M理论的论据构成削弱。
欢迎大家拍砖。
hehe,原来俺问的问题,这里有人讨论呀。
反对B,支持C.
呵呵,偶来说两句。
这题答案确定是C,因为B根本不对,文中写道:
However, anthropologist
(10) Shepard Krech points out that large
animal species vanished even in areas
where there is no evidence to demon-
strate that Paleoindians hunted them.
Nor were extinctions confined to large
(15) animals: small animals, plants, and
insects disappeared, presumably not
all through human consumption. Krech
also contradicts Martin’s exclusion of
climatic change as an explanation by
(20) asserting that widespread climatic
change did indeed occur at the end of the Pleistocene.
我突出显示的部分,已经明确说了Krech并不是说human没有消费这些生物,只是不全是。也即,这个不是这些生物灭绝的主要原因。那是什么?Krech继续说,反对Martin把气候变化作为生物灭绝的原因之外,而是作为第一位的原因。而第二位的原因是人。
因此,B说人消费了这些生物,能反对Krech的论点吗?实际上是加强,而不是削弱。必错。
C说气候一直在变化,就很好削弱了Krech的理论,因为它的基础就是气候的变化和这些生物的灭绝是同时的。
逻辑很清楚的啊。。。。
欢迎大砖!
对于E选项,New discoveries establishing that both the arrival of humans in North America and the wave of Pleistocene extinctions took place much earlier than 11,000 years ago。如前面的几位所说,K与M的不同,集中在气候变化和狩猎使用两方面。E选项说灭绝和人类抵达时间大大早于11000年前,这基本与题目所涉及的两个问题无关。
谢谢NN指导。可是我觉得,如果动物灭绝和人类来到都发生在远远早于11000年前的话,而K说的气候变化造成动物灭绝的主要证据是11000年前的气候变化,那么K的证据就不适用了。所以K的气候理论就不成立了,而M的“人类到来造成动物灭绝”的理论依然成立。
请指教。
wangyu大哥,偶觉得C没有削弱K的理论。帮我看看,我在本贴19楼也有回复。
http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=25&ID=55208&star=2&page=1
wangyu大哥,偶觉得C没有削弱K的理论。帮我看看,我在本贴19楼也有回复。
http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=25&ID=55208&star=2&page=1
Nor were extinctions confined to large animals: small animals, plants, and insects disappeared, presumably not all through human consumption.
灭绝不仅仅限于大型动物:那些不是全部由人类使用所造成的小动物、植物和昆虫的灭绝也出现了。
我认为,这句的原意是可以包含或可以包容“人类使用这些动植物”的意思,即B选项所指。因为文中说不全归因于“人类使用这些动植物”,但完全有可能部分归因于“人类使用这些动植物”。所以B选项不能构成削弱。
Krech also contradicts Martin’s exclusion of climatic change as an explanation by asserting that widespread climatic change did indeed occur at the end of the Pleistocene.
K也反对了M排除了气候因素作为一种解释的观点,K认为,广泛的气候改变确实发生在Pleistocene纪的后期。
K的隐含意思是气候改变是这个时期动物灭绝的原因,因为气候改变确实发生了。这里K的逻辑有个跳跃,即气候改变当时是存在的--气候改变是灭绝原因之一,这两点之间的逻辑关系存在着“存在即原因”的疑问尚待弥和。C选项的意思有:气候改变,在P纪后期之前就存在,而动物灭绝,没有在P纪后期之前就灭绝。即“存在但无果”,直接削弱了逻辑的疑问。所以,我选C。
请参考并指正。
B. New discoveries indicating that Paleoindians made use of the small animals, plants, and insects that became extinct新发现表明p使用了灭绝的小动物,植物和昆虫。
正是削弱了K的观点阿。
不过,现在我觉得好像C也有一定的削弱作用,但我还是倾向B。
头大中。。。。。
B New discoveries indicating that Paleoindians made use of the small animals, plants, and insects that became extinct
C Additional evidence indicating that widespread climatic change occurred not only at the end of the Pleistocene era but also in previous and subsequent eras
C虽然指出在the end of era之前/之后都发生过widespread climatic change,但是文中并没有完全说明“之前/之后的气候”与“动物灭绝”的关系:如果之前/之后气候变化,动物也灭绝,那么气候变化就可能是原因;如果之前/之后气候变化而动物没有灭绝,那么气候变化则可能不是原因。所以C选项其实对于反驳K对M的反驳是可以起到正反两方面的作用的。
B虽然没有完全证明“人是首要原因而非次原因”,但其正确指出了“人对动物的使用”以及“动物灭绝”的关系,因此要比C好一些(也只是比C好一些而已)。
我觉得这道题目出得不严密,B和C都不是太好,(当然,其他答案更不对)。
我的看法和cheng的有些类似:
C、说这之前也发生过气候变化,但是万一之前的气候变化也导致过物种灭绝,那么说明气候变化这个因素还是存在的,起不到削弱K的意见的作用;
B、文中与B相呼应的原文是不完全否定,disappeared, presumably not all through human consumption,,并没有否认人们的consumption对这些东东的灭绝有影响,B中说人们有consume这些东东...削弱的程度不大,但是我认为比C好一些吧...
so,虽然我做题时是选的C,现在我倾向支持B...
og里面有一道削弱题,大意是关于环境污染的,说现在检查出有病的人比去年少。有官员认为是因为种了树使得水源质量提高。它的正确答案是今年使用的仪器使去年诊断为得病得人确诊是误诊。
这道题目得a选项内容是,过去5年确实种了很多树(大意如此)。ets就认为这个是加强。
和这道题目非常类似,我当初想了很久所以记得很清楚。可惜记不得题号
====================================
再补充一点,这个是我当初选b的原因。我觉得气候变化之类的东东其实并不在文章一开始提出的理论范围内。文章一开始说的很清楚,他的理论是人对动物灭绝起绝对作用。
支持B。 我把流沙提到的这道题目就是OG的29题。
29. The number of people diagnosed as having a certain intestinal disease has dropped significantly in a rural county this year, as compared to last year. Health officials attribute this decrease entirely to improved sanitary conditions at water-treatment plants, which made for cleaner water this year and thus reduced the incidence of the disease.
Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the health officials’ explanation for the lower
incidence of the disease?
A. Many new water-treatment plants have been built in the last five years in the rural county.
B. Bottled spring water has not been consumed in significantly different quantities by people diagnosed as having the intestinal disease, as compared to people who did not contract the disease.
C. Because of a new diagnostic technique, many people who until this year would have been diagnosed as having the intestinal disease are now correctly diagnosed as suffering from intestinal ulcers.
D. Because of medical advances this year, far fewer people who contract the intestinal disease will develop severe cases of the disease.
E. The water in the rural county was brought up to the sanitary standards of the water in neighboring counties
ten years ago.
ETS的解释
The health officials’ explanation assumes that the decrease in the number of people diagnosed with the disease accurately reflects a diminution in cases of the disease. By pointing out that this assumption is false, C undermines the officials’ explanation and thus is the best answer. Since A supports the view that sanitary conditions have been improving, it tends to support the officials’ explanation. B also tends to support the officials’ explanation, because it eliminates a factor that might have differentiated between those contracting and those not contracting the disease and thus rules out an alternative explanation. The reduction of the severity of the diagnosed cases does not bear on the officials’ explanation. So D is not correct. Since the standards in neighboring counties might themselves have been inadequate, E does not weaken the officials’ explanation.
对比一下两道题目,觉得真的是很接近。
Nor were extinctions confined to large
(15) animals: small animals, plants, and
insects disappeared, presumably not
all through human consumption.
K认为,当时不仅仅是large animals灭亡了,还有small animals, plants, and insects ,K推测,总不可能这些都是因为human consumption。
B.New discoveries indicating that Paleoindians made use of the small animals, plants, and insects that became extinct 。 正像ETS解释29一样,pointing out that this assumption is false。
C.Additional evidence indicating that widespread climatic change occurred not only at the end of the Pleistocene era but also in previous and subsequent eras。 按照ETS解释29 A选项一样,此选项为加强。
可能会觉得C选项和OG29的A选项的语气有所区别,但是思路还是一致的。
不如交給lawyer_1請他來解看看覺得那一項是最削弱的吧
我選C 因為K也知道是有人類吃小動物的 not all human, K並不否認 所以B起不了削弱作用
但是 C就否定了天氣 不會是滅絕的主因 因為早就發生天氣不好了 因此削弱了K支持M
好注意!
现在还找得到laywer_1?他好久没上来了,我同意B,明确反对,跟OG上的那题一个样子
哈哈,快晕了,一道阅读题快成逻辑题了,做GWD快做疯了,希望考试时不会遇上这样的题。
我的浅见:
首先要准确理解原文的意思。
原文说:
Shepard Krech points out that large
animal species vanished even in areas
where there is no evidence to demon-
strate that Paleoindians hunted them.
Nor were extinctions confined to large
(15) animals: small animals, plants, and
insects disappeared, presumably not all through human consumption.
我觉得原文有这样一种意思:你们觉得是因为人类的hunting & consumption导致extinction是吧?那为什么这些人类一般情况下不hunt or consume 的东西也die out了呢?特别是谈到insect的时候,我觉得更多的有一种讽刺的意味在里面。
那么隐含的意思就是说:人们根本就不会去consume这些东西啊。
B选项正好指出会!所以是答案。
而对于c选项来说:原文只说did indeed occur at the end of the Pleistocene,其实仅仅是强调有可能存在climate change的影响。但是并没有说就是climate change就仅仅发生了一次。 而C选项 "widespread climatic change occurred not only at the end of the Pleistocene era but also in previous and subsequent eras". 却assume K说的是仅仅一次。
而且,以前发生过并不代表这次不能发生啊?并且文章也没有说extinction只有一次呢!
Open for discussion.
自己做的时候选的B,不过做完后检查时觉得C, E都可以,C比较直接,容易理解,E要引申一下才能解释。
做的时候我也选B,现在觉得C好!
Krech
also contradicts Martin’s exclusion of
climatic change as an explanation by
(20) asserting that widespread climatic
change did indeed occur at the end of
the Pleistocene.
我觉得did indeed 暗示了M之所以否定气候原因就是他认为 the end of
the Pleistocene. 并没有发生气候变化。所以我觉得C否定了K对M的否定!!!
我的新发现:
原文:small animals, plants, and insects disappeared, presumably not all through human consumption.
B. New discoveries indicating that Paleoindians made use of the small animals, plants, and insects that became extinct
注意highlight的not all, 不难发现其实B并没有起到对SK的weaken作用。 因为SK本来就认同有一小部分small animals....insects是consumed by huma.
我的新发现:
原文:small animals, plants, and insects disappeared, presumably not all through human consumption.
B. New discoveries indicating that Paleoindians made use of the small animals, plants, and insects that became extinct
注意highlight的not all, 不难发现其实B并没有起到对SK的weaken作用。 因为SK本来就认同有一小部分small animals....insects是consumed by huma.
C.Additional evidence indicating that widespread climatic change occurred not only at the end of the Pleistocene era but also in previous and subsequent eras
就算in previous eras可以削弱,in subsequent eras和原文都没什么关系呀,我做的时候一看到这个时间状语就把C当无关了,现在看C也还是不象ETS正确答案的样子。
I support C.
首先我们搞清楚K反对M的是什么.
1. M认为human是动物灭绝的主因, K认为这个是secondary而不是primary的原因. 所以, 我认为K这里是qualification, 不是objection.
2. M认为天气不是原因, K表示反对, 这才是K反对M的内容.
所以C is better than B.
注意题目Which of the following, if true, would most weaken Krech’s objections to Martin’s theory。
在文章中K已经对M将天气变化的原因排除在外进行了反驳,反驳的理由是该世纪末期确实天气有变化了。因此C对这个的加强,而不是削弱
既然气候变化一直存在,那么显然不是气候变化造成动物灭绝!所以反驳Krech的观点,也就是支持Martin的观点“动物灭绝与气候变化无关”。
对于B。只是部分削弱。因为没有这种人的地方大的动物也灭绝了。
呵呵,支持选C
如果B改成humain hunt的所有animal都extinct了,可能会像一点正确答案,否则削弱的力度不够强
这题真有意思,我看到B,就选了B,看见C,就改成C,最后看到E,选的就是E.
没想到这么少的人选E.
第六题还是应该选B吧:
Objection: 拒绝的理由。
因此本题的意思是削弱K对于M观点的拒绝理由,即很多小动物等的灭绝也不是因为人们的食用;而削弱不是K的观点。
应该是C。
B肯定不对。选B,说明还没有看懂这两句话的意思:
1。
Nor were extinctions confined to large
(15) animals: small animals, plants, and
insects disappeared, presumably not
all through human consumption
2。
Still, Krech attributes
secondary if not primary responsibility
for the extinctions to the Paleoindians,
(25) arguing that humans have produced
local extinctions elsewhere
支持选项C.
1。small animals, plants, and insects disappeared, presumably not all throug human consumption. 划线部分并没有否认人不吃它们。B选项说,证据说明人们确实make use of them。没有weaken。
2。此题问法是weaken K's objection to M's theory.K's objection 有三个:1.没有这些人的地方的的动物也灭绝了;2。没有完全被人消费的小动物,植物,昆虫等也灭绝了;3。反对M'排除了气候的的影响。1的内容选项中没有;2的内容在选项B中提到,但没有weaken的作用;3的内容要求要求,如果要weaken的话,必须指明气候不是原因。而c是:
C. Additional evidence indicating that widespread climatic change occurred not only at the end of the Pleistocene era but also in previous and subsequent eras
既然在这之前同样的气候变化也没有导致extinction,那么使此原因的可能性降低,从而起到了weaken的作用。
3。此题与流沙举的OG的例子有所不同。水厂的修建对肠胃病的影响是个长期的过程,不是说一修建,就能起到作用,所以那道题它是起到了support的作用。而此题是weaken。
我说两句,总结一下前面讨论:), 我认为b错,c对
1, 本题很可能是测试题;)
2, 关于b错的原因,前面也讨论了,not all的取非应该是all, b只是说make use of一些灭绝了的小动物,没有说小动物的灭绝all because of human's consumption..
3, 最后,让我们再从后文找一些启示,看看author怎么来做weaken题的。最后几句,RW甚至完全否认人类出现是动物灭绝的原因,他weaken的方式就是说: 有证据表明人类早在11,000年以前就出现了。这和c选项weaken的方式100%相同。
recent archaeological
discoveries are providing evidence
that the date of human arrival was
much earlier than 11,000 years ago.
4, 这题思路不能等同于og29题。:)
楼上说的好,B是有些牵强;从作者的角度看C占优,不知ETS是否顺着作者出题。
NN们还不赶快出来澄清一下标准答案?!
楼上说的好,B是有些牵强;从作者的角度看C占优,不知ETS是否顺着作者出题。
NN们还不赶快出来澄清一下标准答案?!
c no doubt!!
og里面有一道削弱题,大意是关于环境污染的,说现在检查出有病的人比去年少。有官员认为是因为种了树使得水源质量提高。它的正确答案是今年使用的仪器使去年诊断为得病得人确诊是误诊。
这道题目得a选项内容是,过去5年确实种了很多树(大意如此)。ets就认为这个是加强。
和这道题目非常类似,我当初想了很久所以记得很清楚。可惜记不得题号
====================================
再补充一点,这个是我当初选b的原因。我觉得气候变化之类的东东其实并不在文章一开始提出的理论范围内。文章一开始说的很清楚,他的理论是人对动物灭绝起绝对作用。
我的理解
题目中指whick one weaken K's objextions to Martin's theory, 就说明选项中要表明支持M观点从而来反对K的观点,所以B比较好。
由于K的观点是气候是主要因素,人类活动充其量属于次要因素,所以选项C是注重weaken K的主要观点,但是不是K针对M的观点。
我的理解
题目中指whick one weaken K's objextions to Martin's theory, 就说明选项中要表明支持M观点从而来反对K的观点,所以B比较好。
由于K的观点是气候是主要因素,人类活动充其量属于次要因素,所以选项C是注重weaken K的主要观点,但是不是K针对M的观点。
支持这个解释
虽然做的时候选B,现在支持C
反对“K反对M”的观点,不代表就要同意M(自己曾经就犯过这种错误)
除了2个句子理解之外,这题C正确的最大暗示就是文末了(来个analogy吧),虽然我当时看文末那句还在想这样ms不能削弱的,甚至瞬间想了一下会不会这里出个逻辑题削弱一下,没想到。。。
不过author(ets)都这么说了就这样吧(但是文章也没认定RW说的就一定对就是了)
我做题的时候也选得C,现在被搞晕。
不过同意若干楼上的一个XDJM的意见,“not all”是要好好考虑的,所以,还是C吧
俺也说2句,
首先我支持B, 通过看选项,我们留下B和C进行筛选:
B New discoveries indicating that Paleoindians made use of the small animals, plants, and insects that became extinct
C Additional evidence indicating that widespread climatic change occurred not only at the end of the Pleistocene era but also in previous and subsequent eras
看原文:
Nor were extinctions confined to large
(15) animals: small animals, plants, and
insects disappeared, presumably not
all through human consumption. Krech
also contradicts Martin’s exclusion of
climatic change as an explanation by
(20) asserting that widespread climatic
change did indeed occur at the end of the Pleistocene.
根据ETS的逻辑理论:
A 推出B 但是不能由B就推出一定是A,
根据理解我们来看看上面文章
Martin认为P人类的到来=A 导致 物种灭绝 B,
或者 P人类使用了小动物=A 导致 物种灭绝B
而S.K.认为:(黄色部分)(presumably not all through human consumption)
也就是 物种灭绝B 不能推测出 P人类使用了小动物=A (即 B 不能推出A)
S.K.还认为 Martin 把 climate change =C 也可以推出 物种灭绝B 给排除了
即 (climate change) C 导致 物种灭绝B
问题让我们支持Martin, 削弱S.K. 那么有2个途径:
1。
P人类使用了小动物=A 就一定导致 物种灭绝B
2。物种灭绝和天气没有关系
选项B New discoveries indicating that Paleoindians made use of the small animals, plants, and insects that became extinct ( A 推出了B 支持了Martin)
而选项C Additional evidence indicating that widespread climatic change occurred not only at the end of the Pleistocene era but also in previous and subsequent eras
这句话很多人认为物种灭绝和天气没有关系。因为如果有关系,物种在以前早就灭绝了,也就没有11000年前的故事了。其实不然,仔细想想,如果在22000年前,发生的climate change 导致了物种灭绝,然后又慢慢的出现了11000年前的其它物种。 这样不也说得过去么,所以C可能削弱,也可能不削弱S.K.的说法。
说的太多了,可能太绕了, 就看后面11行就行了。
再一次强调B,
Martin 说 small animal consumption by human 导致了 extinction,
而 s.K. 说 (disappeared, presumably not all through human consumption )
extinction 不全是因为 human consumption
这是我对presumably not all through human consumption
这句话的理解。
我认为,C选项对于“M反对K排除天气因素”没有任何影响。因为C只说了半句话。如果补上后半句,变成“前世纪,后世纪天气都有变化,但是动物没有灭绝”,这样就能起到削弱的作用。
vote for C: the article describes that still, Krech attributes secondary if not primary responsibility for the extinctions to
the Paleoindians, arguing that humans have produced local extinctions elsewhere. K presents two opinions, one is that he partly agreed that paleoindians is responsible for the extinctions(according to the words in bold), the second is that the climatic changes should be primary culprit who caused the extinction. K uses the two reasons to object M. Option C describes the climatic changes occured after and before P era. so weaken his opinion.
本来自己分析题目就头大,看完讨论以后更是觉得要疯了
感觉根据not all这个部分否定,B肯定是不好的
有争议的其实就是怎么去理解C
关于C到底是削弱还是加强,两种观点的NN都解释得好有道理哦,唉,彻底疯了
支持C!
反对B的主要理由就是那个not all。
偶的观点E对,B没有E好,C肯定错
1) B错的原因在”made use of”不等同于consumption,原文说只有在human consumption,食用的这种情况下,才可能导致物种灭绝。
2) E和C其实说的都是天气变化对物种的影响。这里就要谈到Krech坚信天气变化是一个重要因素的推理过程。Krech推理基于两个前提。第一,就是P时期的物种灭绝发生在北美的11,000年前,即P时期的末期(Line4- 5, at the end of the P era);第二,就是在P时期的末期刚好也确实发生了范围很大的气候变化(Line20-22, asserting that widespread climatic change did indeed occur at the end of the P). 我认为E正确的原因是,E否定了Krech推理的第一个前提,就是物种灭绝很早就发生了,不是在P时期末期发生的。所以Krech的推论被否定。C错的原因是,其他时期是否发生气候变化对Krech推理的两个前提没有影响,即没有weaken到这两个前提中的任何一个,所以作为无关选项排除。
欢迎大家批驳
consume不一定是要食用,任何形式的消耗都可以说是consume,请你再好好体会一下.
另外,对于这道题,我原来选C,可是后来再看的时候,觉得题目要问的是削弱K反驳M的理论的理由.
而天气因素是M没有提到的,K只是加入了这个因素.因此,我觉得气候因素不是K用来反驳M的理由.
不过B选项对应原文NOT ALL,的确有点问题~~
6题C反对的是M将exclusion of climatic change as an explanation, 也就是说这是M论证过程中的错误,但是问题问的是对M'theory的反对,上面说的气候变化不是theory的范畴之内的.
而B项刚好和THEORY对应,文中讲完M的理论,紧接着就是however,然后就是B项的内容,是直接对应的
consume不一定是要食用,任何形式的消耗都可以说是consume,请你再好好体会一下.
另外,对于这道题,我原来选C,可是后来再看的时候,觉得题目要问的是削弱K反驳M的理论的理由.
而天气因素是M没有提到的,K只是加入了这个因素.因此,我觉得气候因素不是K用来反驳M的理由.
不过B选项对应原文NOT ALL,的确有点问题~~
ding!
呵呵,支持选C
如果B改成humain hunt的所有animal都extinct了,可能会像一点正确答案,否则削弱的力度不够强
同意!支持C!
K的主要观点:1)没有证据证明动物灭绝的地方,P曾猎杀过他们,小动物和植物不是P的主要食物;
2)K反对P排除气候变化;
后面又说K把人类作为次要原因。说明部分同意K的观点。那么主要反对的是K排除气候变化的因素。因此,气候变化一直都发生,就说明应该排除气候变化的原因。从而削弱K的观点。
支持B。 我把流沙提到的这道题目就是OG的29题。
29. The number of people diagnosed as having a certain intestinal disease has dropped significantly in a rural county this year, as compared to last year. Health officials attribute this decrease entirely to improved sanitary conditions at water-treatment plants, which made for cleaner water this year and thus reduced the incidence of the disease.
Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the health officials’ explanation for the lower
incidence of the disease?
A. Many new water-treatment plants have been built in the last five years in the rural county.
B. Bottled spring water has not been consumed in significantly different quantities by people diagnosed as having the intestinal disease, as compared to people who did not contract the disease.
C. Because of a new diagnostic technique, many people who until this year would have been diagnosed as having the intestinal disease are now correctly diagnosed as suffering from intestinal ulcers.
D. Because of medical advances this year, far fewer people who contract the intestinal disease will develop severe cases of the disease.
E. The water in the rural county was brought up to the sanitary standards of the water in neighboring counties
ten years ago.
ETS的解释
The health officials’ explanation assumes that the decrease in the number of people diagnosed with the disease accurately reflects a diminution in cases of the disease. By pointing out that this assumption is false, C undermines the officials’ explanation and thus is the best answer. Since A supports the view that sanitary conditions have been improving, it tends to support the officials’ explanation. B also tends to support the officials’ explanation, because it eliminates a factor that might have differentiated between those contracting and those not contracting the disease and thus rules out an alternative explanation. The reduction of the severity of the diagnosed cases does not bear on the officials’ explanation. So D is not correct. Since the standards in neighboring counties might themselves have been inadequate, E does not weaken the officials’ explanation.
对比一下两道题目,觉得真的是很接近。
Nor were extinctions confined to large
(15) animals: small animals, plants, and
insects disappeared, presumably not
all through human consumption.
K认为,当时不仅仅是large animals灭亡了,还有small animals, plants, and insects ,K推测,总不可能这些都是因为human consumption。
B.New discoveries indicating that Paleoindians made use of the small animals, plants, and insects that became extinct 。 正像ETS解释29一样,pointing out that this assumption is false。
C.Additional evidence indicating that widespread climatic change occurred not only at the end of the Pleistocene era but also in previous and subsequent eras。 按照ETS解释29 A选项一样,此选项为加强。
虽然我选的是C,我觉得B更好了。
首先要说 OG中的题和这里的题还是不一样的
OG中的A选项只是说了water-treatment plants 没有说sanitary conditions 所以根本没有削弱作用。
个人认为这道题目不能用来引证GWD的这题。
我觉得B。C都可以,但B更佳。
因为原文中提到presumely,…………B直接否定了这个presume达到了削弱作用。更符合ETS的出题思路。
请大家指教
...看得我TOTALLY晕掉了...
最后还是没明白为什么E不对.
B项和C项似乎都有问题,我做题的时候选了B。看了讨论之后似乎不知道选那个好了,更多要猜测出题者思路和ETS的偏好了。
个人感觉,C更好一些。
我觉得C更象答案.
做这题的时候就很疑惑,我认为C是正确答案。Cweaken的逻辑也符合原文啊。原文后面反驳古人不是extinction的原因,就是说古人很早就出现了,要灭绝动物,早就灭了。而c是说,天气不是原因,因为天气一直在变化,要影响早就影响了。
反观B,起不到很强的weaken作用。
支持B。 我把流沙提到的这道题目就是OG的29题。
29. The number of people diagnosed as having a certain intestinal disease has dropped significantly in a rural county this year, as compared to last year. Health officials attribute this decrease entirely to improved sanitary conditions at water-treatment plants, which made for cleaner water this year and thus reduced the incidence of the disease.
Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the health officials’ explanation for the lower
incidence of the disease?
A. Many new water-treatment plants have been built in the last five years in the rural county.
B. Bottled spring water has not been consumed in significantly different quantities by people diagnosed as having the intestinal disease, as compared to people who did not contract the disease.
C. Because of a new diagnostic technique, many people who until this year would have been diagnosed as having the intestinal disease are now correctly diagnosed as suffering from intestinal ulcers.
D. Because of medical advances this year, far fewer people who contract the intestinal disease will develop severe cases of the disease.
E. The water in the rural county was brought up to the sanitary standards of the water in neighboring counties
ten years ago.
ETS的解释
The health officials’ explanation assumes that the decrease in the number of people diagnosed with the disease accurately reflects a diminution in cases of the disease. By pointing out that this assumption is false, C undermines the officials’ explanation and thus is the best answer. Since A supports the view that sanitary conditions have been improving, it tends to support the officials’ explanation. B also tends to support the officials’ explanation, because it eliminates a factor that might have differentiated between those contracting and those not contracting the disease and thus rules out an alternative explanation. The reduction of the severity of the diagnosed cases does not bear on the officials’ explanation. So D is not correct. Since the standards in neighboring counties might themselves have been inadequate, E does not weaken the officials’ explanation.
对比一下两道题目,觉得真的是很接近。
Nor were extinctions confined to large
(15) animals: small animals, plants, and
insects disappeared, presumably not
all through human consumption.
K认为,当时不仅仅是large animals灭亡了,还有small animals, plants, and insects ,K推测,总不可能这些都是因为human consumption。
B.New discoveries indicating that Paleoindians made use of the small animals, plants, and insects that became extinct 。 正像ETS解释29一样,pointing out that this assumption is false。
C.Additional evidence indicating that widespread climatic change occurred not only at the end of the Pleistocene era but also in previous and subsequent eras。 按照ETS解释29 A选项一样,此选项为加强。
很久以前的帖子了,但是我认为这种比较是不对的。gmat考试的逻辑weaken,强调的是通过否定前提来否定结论。og29的逻辑推理是,生病的少了——水源改善是起到了作用;正确的否定应该是否定推理前提,(这才是这两个题共同的地方)即生病的少了(c反驳了,因为c说生病的其实没少),故C正确。
gwd6q6,推理过程是,天气变化在动物灭绝的时候发生了——动物灭绝是由于天气变化。正确的否定要否定原因,就是天气变化不只在那个时候变化了,一直在变化,要灭动物早灭了,而且这个反驳逻辑在原文也用了,所以c正确
选B。
刚做这个题 我也选的C
感觉题眼可能在那个M's theory上
因为M的理论没有说天气 所以就无所谓反不反对了 自然C就起不到weaken的作用了
忍不住来发言
当然是选B,C不削弱。理由如下:
However, anthropologist Shepard Krech points out that large animal species vanished even in areas where there is no evidence to demonstrate that Paleoindians hunted them. Nor were extinctions confined to large animals: small animals, plants, and insects disappeared, presumably not all through human consumption. Krech also contradicts Martin’s exclusion of climatic change as an explanation by asserting that widespread climatic change did indeed occur at the end of the Pleistocene.
PM的逻辑是: 大动物灭绝,是由于人类对这些动物的consumption
SK反对PM的逻辑:如果说是由于人类 对大动物的consumption而导致动物灭绝的话, 为什么在人类没有出现的地方,大动物照样灭绝。而且照PM的逻辑小动物应该不受影响,注意SK这里用的 presumably (LDOCE:used to say that you think something is probably true,也就是假设的意思,即presume的副词 B. New discoveries indicating that Paleoindians made use of the small animals, plants, and insects that became extinct (在GMAT的逻辑里面,是典型的反对假设,故而削弱结论)
B. New discoveries indicating that Paleoindians made use of the small animals, plants, and insects that became extinct (在GMAT的逻辑里面,是典型的反对假设,故而削弱结论)
B. New discoveries indicating that Paleoindians made use of the small animals, plants, and insects that became extinct (在GMAT的逻辑里面,是典型的反对假设,故而削弱结论)
再来看C:
原文后面说SK反对PM完全排除climate的因素,因为climate确实在P时代末发生,用的是同时发生,故互为因果的逻辑。
选项C:
C. Additional evidence indicating that widespread climatic change occurred not only at the end of the Pleistocene era but also in previous and subsequent eras
说climate 不单单在P末发生,在其前面、后面都有发生。但是注意了,文章第一句话the wave of species extinctions that occurred in
BTW,我读文章的时候,就注意到了这个presumably, 因为OG里面有相应的考点。OG10-163 , 题目里面考的就是presumably 这个词汇, 163题问的就是哪个是作者的推测,而非事实。 共大家参考
突然明白鸟,只有B能weaken,C不能
之前一直觉得题目中Krech’s objections to Martin’s theory这句话中的objection是复数,就说明K的objection包含两个方面,即1,人类活动不是影响因素;2,气候变化是影响因素。
所以,只要能有现象表明:1,人类活动是影响因素(选项B);2,气候变化不是影响因素(选项C),就能weaken K的objections。
但是,真正的问题是,这里忽略了Krech’s objections to Martin’s theory这句的后半段——to M's theory。M的理论中只涉及到人类活动这个影响因素!M在创建自己理论的时候没有考虑气候变化的因素,但并不代表不考虑气候变化的因素是其理论的一部分!所以,题目中所问到的K的objections只可能是和人类活动的影响有关的部分,所以也就只能由B来weaken!
个人觉得,这是题目的一个大陷阱。。。
个人觉得如果B要WEAKEN的话应该指出 Paleoindians CONSUME small animals, plants, and insects TO A CERTAIN EXTENT THAT 可以导致它们灭绝,如果仅仅说Paleoindians made use of the small animals, plants, and insects that became extinct 是和SK的观点一致的
SK反对PM的逻辑: 灭绝不仅仅局限于LARGE ANIMALS,小动物也灭绝了( presumably not all through human consumption),注意:NOT ALL
说明SK承认人类确实MADE USE OF SMALL ANIMALS,但他假设人类的CONSUMPSTION并不是导致小动物灭绝的全部原因,也就是说人类的CONSUMPTION并没有到达可以导致小动物灭绝的程度.所以B
New discoveries indicating that Paleoindians made use of the small animals, plants, and insects that became extinct 并不能削弱
FUTHER DISCUSSION NEEDED..
使用这些逐渐灭绝的东西 doesn't mean it caused this small animals,plants to become extinct. And in the passage, K alread admitted "small animal" was consumed by human being but it's not all consumed by human being. So it doesn't weaken.
我不太同意valarie的观点,K object M时说“small animals, plants, and insects disappeared, presumably not all through human consumption.”,而B选项说得是人吃了这些灭绝的小动物,直接weaken了K的说法,与是否能造成灭绝没有关系。削弱只是把80%降低到40%的过程,没有充分性。
xdf的蓝皮书上给的答案就是B。
至于C选项,文中说at the end of P 发生了气候的改变,C选项承认了at the end 并且加了一个previous and subsequent,即使之前和之后都发生气候的变化,也对K说得 end 发生了也没有削弱作用啊。
虽然我还是感觉B不太对,但是C是明显错了(想了好久,终于明白了)
其实大家都错误的判断了一个事实,文中只是说Krech also contradicts Martin’s exclusion of climatic change as an explanation by asserting that widespread climatic change did indeed occur at the end of the Pleistocene,M只是排除了天气的变化是动物灭绝的一个解释,但是M并没有否认是否存在天气变化。换言之,M可能知道有天气变化,只是认为天气变化不是动物灭绝的原因而已。K反对M除外天气变化是原因,K提出有天气变化,这个理由根本没有反对K,所以如果知道天气变化非常强烈就可以反对M(加强K的反对),如果天气变化很多也可部分的反对M(部分的加强K的反对)。
应该是C吧
文中Krech反对的理由是“large animal species vanished even in areas where there is no evidence to demonstrate that Paleoindians hunted them.”
B选项说的是small animals,应该是irrelant吧
何况文章也说了“Nor were extinctions confined to large animals: small animals, plants, and insects disappeared, presumably not all through human consumption.”,说明大家都知道human要米西大小动物的,B中说发现了人吃小动物,仅仅对已知事实的一个再陈述,无法削弱。
突然明白鸟,只有B能weaken,C不能
之前一直觉得题目中Krech’s objections to Martin’s theory这句话中的objection是复数,就说明K的objection包含两个方面,即1,人类活动不是影响因素;2,气候变化是影响因素。
所以,只要能有现象表明:1,人类活动是影响因素(选项B);2,气候变化不是影响因素(选项C),就能weaken K的objections。
但是,真正的问题是,这里忽略了Krech’s objections to Martin’s theory这句的后半段——to M's theory。M的理论中只涉及到人类活动这个影响因素!M在创建自己理论的时候没有考虑气候变化的因素,但并不代表不考虑气候变化的因素是其理论的一部分!所以,题目中所问到的K的objections只可能是和人类活动的影响有关的部分,所以也就只能由B来weaken!
个人觉得,这是题目的一个大陷阱。。。
厉害厉害,同意~~!!
I think C is the right answer.
K asserts that clamatic change is the primary reason for the extinction and human activity is the second.
B,however,states the phrase " make use of" ,which does not mean "deplete". K attribute the human activity as secondary reason to the extinction. Thus, "make us of " partly supports rather than weakens K's argument. By the way, B just states the fact that "Paleoindians makes use of small animals that became extinct", does not indicate any relations between the "consumption" and the "extinction". In this perception, I regard B as an irrelevant item.
C,if climatic change occured previously. Why did not the extinction occur then? Thus there must be factors other than clamatic change that conttribute to the extinction. K's argument is weakened here.
忍不住来发言
当然是选B,C不削弱。理由如下:
However, anthropologist Shepard Krech points out that large animal species vanished even in areas where there is no evidence to demonstrate that Paleoindians hunted them. Nor were extinctions confined to large animals: small animals, plants, and insects disappeared, presumably not all through human consumption. Krech also contradicts Martin’s exclusion of climatic change as an explanation by asserting that widespread climatic change did indeed occur at the end of the Pleistocene.
PM的逻辑是: 大动物灭绝,是由于人类对这些动物的consumption
SK反对PM的逻辑:如果说是由于人类 对大动物的consumption而导致动物灭绝的话, 为什么在人类没有出现的地方,大动物照样灭绝。而且照PM的逻辑小动物应该不受影响,注意SK这里用的 presumably (LDOCE:used to say that you think something is probably true,也就是假设的意思,即presume的副词 B. New discoveries indicating that Paleoindians made use of the small animals, plants, and insects that became extinct (在GMAT的逻辑里面,是典型的反对假设,故而削弱结论)
B. New discoveries indicating that Paleoindians made use of the small animals, plants, and insects that became extinct (在GMAT的逻辑里面,是典型的反对假设,故而削弱结论)
B. New discoveries indicating that Paleoindians made use of the small animals, plants, and insects that became extinct (在GMAT的逻辑里面,是典型的反对假设,故而削弱结论)
B. New discoveries indicating that Paleoindians made use of the small animals, plants, and insects that became extinct (在GMAT的逻辑里面,是典型的反对假设,故而削弱结论)
再来看C:
原文后面说SK反对PM完全排除climate的因素,因为climate确实在P时代末发生,用的是同时发生,故互为因果的逻辑。
选项C:
C. Additional evidence indicating that widespread climatic change occurred not only at the end of the Pleistocene era but also in previous and subsequent eras
说climate 不单单在P末发生,在其前面、后面都有发生。但是注意了,文章第一句话the wave of species extinctions that occurred in
BTW,我读文章的时候,就注意到了这个presumably, 因为OG里面有相应的考点。OG10-163 , 题目里面考的就是presumably 这个词汇, 163题问的就是哪个是作者的推测,而非事实。 共大家参考
好像明白了,B选项中的made use of 就相当于consumption,也就说明了是人为因素导致灭绝。有点绕~~
偶的观点E对,B没有E好,C肯定错
1) B错的原因在”made use of”不等同于consumption,原文说只有在human consumption,食用的这种情况下,才可能导致物种灭绝。
2) E和C其实说的都是天气变化对物种的影响。这里就要谈到Krech坚信天气变化是一个重要因素的推理过程。Krech推理基于两个前提。第一,就是P时期的物种灭绝发生在北美的11,000年前,即P时期的末期(Line4- 5, at the end of the P era);第二,就是在P时期的末期刚好也确实发生了范围很大的气候变化(Line20-22, asserting that widespread climatic change did indeed occur at the end of the P). 我认为E正确的原因是,E否定了Krech推理的第一个前提,就是物种灭绝很早就发生了,不是在P时期末期发生的。所以Krech的推论被否定。C错的原因是,其他时期是否发生气候变化对Krech推理的两个前提没有影响,即没有weaken到这两个前提中的任何一个,所以作为无关选项排除。
欢迎大家批驳
虽然我当初选的C,但是最后还是E更合理,似乎文章的结尾部分已经为我们提供了答案。
文章中出现过三个学者,PM、SK和RW,他们的观点分别如下:
PM:11000年前,因为古印第安人的活动和生物灭绝发生在同一时期,所以是人类活动导致生物灭绝。并且否认气候因素。
SK:人的活动是第二因素(如果是个因素的话。从这里我们可以看出,SK并没有否认人的因素,所以就算B证明人类确实消耗了小动物和植物,也无法对SK的观点构成威胁。),而气候的变化才是第一因素。
RW:(似乎前面的讨论都把他给忽略了)他说,SK虽然意识到古印第安人的活动和生物的灭绝不是发生在同一时期,但并没有去证实这一点“Krech, though aware that the dates are controversial, does not challenge them”,然后文章最后一句给出证据“ yet recent archaeological discoveries are providing evidence that the date of human arrival was much earlier than 11,000 years ago. ” 这个证据很好的反驳了PM的观点,因为古印第安人的活动跟生物的灭绝根本就不在同一时期,所以这两个事件之间不存在因果关系。 让我们来看看E选项,简直就是“依葫芦画瓢”啊。E说有证据表明人类的活动和生物的灭绝比11000年前还要早许多年,这说明生物的灭绝与气候的变化根本就不是同时发生的(原文说气候变化确实发生在11000年前)。这不就推翻了Sk的观点了吗?注意到人类的活动的时间和生物灭绝的时间是同时提前的,故而从某种程度上来说有加强了PM的观点。 一点不成熟的想法,供大家参考。
yet recent archaeological discoveries are providing evidence that the date of human arrival was much earlier than 11,000 years ago.
” 这个证据很好的反驳了PM的观点,因为古印第安人的活动跟生物的灭绝根本就不在同一时期,所以这两个事件之间不存在因果关系。
让我们来看看E选项,简直就是“依葫芦画瓢”啊。E说有证据表明人类的活动和生物的灭绝比11000年前还要早许多年,这说明生物的灭绝与气候的变化根本就不是同时发生的(原文说气候变化确实发生在11000年前)。这不就推翻了Sk的观点了吗?注意到人类的活动的时间和生物灭绝的时间是同时提前的,故而从某种程度上来说有加强了PM的观点。
一点不成熟的想法,供大家参考。
这题真有意思,我看到B,就选了B,看见C,就改成C,最后看到E,选的就是E.
没想到这么少的人选E.
我也选的E,呵呵
首先C肯定错
K反对M的理由是确实有climatic change 发生在at the end of the Pleistocene era(about 11,000 years ago),他基于的假设是extinction和climatic change都是发生在at the end of the P era. 如果灭绝(earlier than 11000 years ago)都发生了,再发生climatic (about 11000 years ago)change,怎么能说是 climatic change导致了灭绝呢?
我也选的E,呵呵
首先C肯定错
K反对M的理由是确实有climatic change 发生在at the end of the Pleistocene era(about 11,000 years ago),他基于的假设是extinction和climatic change都是发生在at the end of the P era. 如果灭绝(earlier than 11000 years ago)都发生了,再发生climatic (about 11000 years ago)change,怎么能说是 climatic change导致了灭绝呢?
题目问的是weaken K的objection 我认为 应该要针对她的objection来反对
至于C和B 我犹豫了好久 B的那个make use of实在不能说明问题;C说之前之后都有,要weaken只需要这个evidence有用,既然之前有,为什么没有导致extinction呢?这样想的话C是可以接受的
当然,一家之言,希望考试不要遇到。。。。
我说两句,总结一下前面讨论:), 我认为b错,c对
1, 本题很可能是测试题;)
2, 关于b错的原因,前面也讨论了,not all的取非应该是all, b只是说make use of一些灭绝了的小动物,没有说小动物的灭绝all because of human's consumption..
我认为,B is right, C 错, E错,没有去反对 拒绝的理由=objection,不沾边
拒绝的理由=objection=small animals, plants, and insects disappeared, presumably not all through human consumption
all through human consumption
B New discoveries indicating that Paleoindians made use of the small animals, plants, and insects that became extinct 限制性定从已经说了:只要是灭绝的small animals, plants, and insects,人类都使用过了。
这正是反驳K对M的拒绝的理由
C 的问题是:之前和之后的气候变化导致了灭绝没有?没有信息。 所以可能同因异果,也可能同因同果
3, 最后,让我们再从后文找一些启示,看看author怎么来做weaken题的。最后几句,RW甚至完全否认人类出现是动物灭绝的原因,他weaken的方式就是说: 有证据表明人类早在11,000年以前就出现了。这和c选项weaken的方式100%相同。
recent archaeological
discoveries are providing evidence
that the date of human arrival was
much earlier than 11,000 years ago.
4, 这题思路不能等同于og29题。:)
欢迎光临 ChaseDream (https://forum.chasedream.com/) | Powered by Discuz! X3.3 |