atrons who are under financial pressure from their credit-card obligations tends to tip less when presented with a restaurant bill on a tray with credit-card logo than when the tray has no logo.Q13:
With a record number of new companies starting up in Derderia, and with previously
established companies adding many new jobs, a record number of new jobs were created
last year in the Derderian economy. This year, previously established companies will not
be adding as many new jobs overall as such companies added last year. Therefore, unless
a record number of companies start up this year, Derderia will not break its record for
new jobs created.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument relies?
A. In a given year, new companies starting up create more new jobs on average than
do previously established companies.
B. The number of people seeking employment is no larger this year than it was last
year.
C. This year, the new companies starting up will not provide substantially more jobs
per company than did new companies last year.
D. Previously established companies in Derderia will be less profitable this year than
such companies were last year.
E. The number of jobs created in the Derderian economy last year was substantially
larger than the number of jobs lost.
答案: C
A为什么不对?
原文结论是新工作没去年多。新工作分两部分previously established companies 产生的新工作和new companies 产生的新工作。原文已知道previously established companies 产生的新工作没去年多，需要的假设是今年的new companies 产生的新工作和去年new companies 产生的新工作比较情况。对于A所说的new companies 产生的新工作比previously established companies 产生的新工作多和原文的结论没关系。比较对象错误。
原文结论是新工作没去年多。新工作分两部分previously established companies 产生的新工作和new companies 产生的新工作。原文已知道previously established companies 产生的新工作没去年多，需要的假设是今年的new companies 产生的新工作和去年new companies 产生的新工作比较情况。对于A所说的new companies 产生的新工作比previously established companies 产生的新工作多和原文的结论没关系。比较对象错误。
谢谢, 我把选项看拧了, 给多加了个not, 其实那个given year 已经标志了这不是个答案.
这题还是有点不明白：
C选项不是和提干Therefore, unless a record number of companies start up this year, Derderia will not break its record for new jobs created有冲突吗？如果C成立，则提干就不成立了？？？因为提干说如果a record number of companies start up this year,则Derderia will break its record for new jobs created. 可从C推不出来啊？？？
我是这么想的：
假设：
去年有p1个公司创造了x1个工作，并且新增n1个公司创造了y1个工作。则去年一共有p1*x+n1*y1个工作；
今年有(p1+n1)个老公司，创造x2个工作，并且新增n2个公司创造y2个工作。则今年有(p1+n1)*x2+n2*y2个工作。
已知p1*x>(p1+n1)*x2,要想使p1*x+n1*y1<(p1+n1)*x2+n2*y2就必须使n1*y1<n2*y2.
而依题意，今年的新增公司必须创纪录(也就是n1<n2)才能使结论成立，所以必有一前提使y2=或<y1====>选C
好复杂啊！请nn指点。
我是这么想的：
假设：
去年有p1个公司创造了x1个工作，并且新增n1个公司创造了y1个工作。则去年一共有p1*x+n1*y1个工作；
今年有(p1+n1)个老公司，创造x2个工作，并且新增n2个公司创造y2个工作。则今年有(p1+n1)*x2+n2*y2个工作。
已知p1*x>(p1+n1)*x2,要想使p1*x+n1*y1<(p1+n1)*x2+n2*y2就必须使n1*y1<n2*y2.
而依题意，今年的新增公司必须创纪录(也就是n1<n2)才能使结论成立，所以必有一前提使y2=或<y1====>选C
好复杂啊！请nn指点。
楼上的能把逻辑用数学公式表达出来。 厉害。
这题，我觉得前面lawyer解释的很清楚的。
都看成是老公司，和新公司2个整体好了。不用这么复杂。在第2部分，把去年的新公司再分别独立开。 其实楼上的数学表达，已经很清楚了。
其实挺简单的，题干上说：除非今年新增加的公司数量上能有比去年多，否则总的工作机会就会比去年少。
C去掉not后：今年每家公司创造的工作比去年要多-->那就有可能：即使数量少，但创造的工作机会反而多--->削弱！
所以C。
简而言之，看作是数量和效率、或者是价格和利润之类的，一个道理
原文结论是新工作没去年多。新工作分两部分previously established companies 产生的新工作和new companies 产生的新工作。原文已知道previously established companies 产生的新工作没去年多，需要的假设是今年的new companies 产生的新工作和去年new companies 产生的新工作比较情况。对于A所说的new companies 产生的新工作比previously established companies 产生的新工作多和原文的结论没关系。比较对象错误。
"This year, previously established companies will not be adding as many new jobs overall as such companies added last year"，
如果这句话的老公司仅指去年的老公司，答案就是C（即使这样，也要考虑到去年新公司今年的表现情况），如果今年的老公司等于去年的老公司加上去年的新公司，则题干给出的意思是今年的老公司创造的工作比去年所有的新工作少，这样觉得应选A，盼确定。
哦，我想通了，A应该算weaken，只能选C了
我是这么想的：
假设：
去年有p1个公司创造了x1个工作，并且新增n1个公司创造了y1个工作。则去年一共有p1*x+n1*y1个工作；
今年有(p1+n1)个老公司，创造x2个工作，并且新增n2个公司创造y2个工作。则今年有(p1+n1)*x2+n2*y2个工作。
已知p1*x>(p1+n1)*x2,要想使p1*x+n1*y1<(p1+n1)*x2+n2*y2就必须使n1*y1<n2*y2.
而依题意，今年的新增公司必须创纪录(也就是n1<n2)才能使结论成立，所以必有一前提使y2=或<y1====>选C
好复杂啊！请nn指点。
应该是P1*X1+n1*y1>(P1+n1)*X2，这样就无法推出后面的结论了。
我认为A是说怎样才能达到突破去年新增工作的记录, 就是今年新建立的公司比上一年创造更多的工作. 但是题目中说人们已经认为今年无法突破记录, 然后问他们的假设. 这个“假设前提”就是新建立的公司平均创造的工作机会不多于先前公司创造的。C回答了问题， 而A没有， A是说如何解决问题。。。。
不知理解是否有错。。。。
5个比起来还是C比较好点。但是题干并没有说除非今年新公司数量上多了，说的是a record numer of companies。如果假设这话意思是公司数多了，C就完美了。
BTW，加菲猫的逻辑转数学太经典了。。。
GWD 8-14
请教一下，我想了很久没有明白，请大家帮我看看
Q14
Studies in restaurants show the tips left by customers who pay their bill in cash tend to be larger when the bill is presented on a tray that bears a credit-card logo. Consumer psychologists hypothesize that simply seeming a credit-card logo make many credit-card holders willing to spend more because it reminds them that their spending power exceeds the cash they have immediately available.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly support the psychologists’ interpretation of the studies?
A. The effect noted in the studies is not limited to patrons who have credit cards.
B. atrons who are under financial pressure from their credit-card obligations tends to tip less when presented with a restaurant bill on a tray with credit-card logo than when the tray has no logo.
C. In virtually all of the cases in the studies ,the patrons who paid in cash did not possess credit cards.
D. In general, restaurant patrons who pay their bill in cash leave larger tips than do those who pay by credit card.
E. The percentage of restaurant bills paid with given brand of credit increases when that credit card’s logo is displayed on the tray with which the bill is prepared.
Ans:
为什么是B啊tends to tip less……than when the tray has no logo.这和原文结论不是正好相反吗？
previously established companies应该指以前所有建立的公司；new companies就指今年的
A：不能这么比较
B：无关
C：提出了作者的假设
D：跟利润无关
E：失业多少，无关
我也觉得A实际上是一个weaken,看了lawyer的评论，说“需要的假设是今年的new companies 产生的新工作和去年new companies 产生的新工作比较情况。对于A所说的new companies 产生的新工作比previously established companies 产生的新工作多和原文的结论没关系。比较对象错误。”
我的理解是这个选项里说的previously established companies就是去年new companies,(in a given year) 比较的对象是正确的，只不过比较的结果是weaken了结论。
previously established companies 不是以前所有的公司，可以看原文的前提就是"with previsouly established companies adding many new jobs"
open to discussion
题目说unless a record number of companies start up this year,即说新公司的数目有个新纪录，就是说新公司多，但如果平均每个公司的新工作提供的数目比去年多，那是无法推出not break its record for new jobs created. （New jobs created =the number of new companies* new jobs created per company ）C给出了这个假设，平均每个公司的新工作提供的数目比去年少，弥补了不足。
可不可以这样理解？请大家指点。
这样理解不知是否恰当：A成立 =〉原文结论的否命题必成立 =〉A是原文否命题的假设，但是原文的否命题不一定正确，所以A不一定正确。
原命题为 Unless A, B如何
A支持的命题为：A发生，则B非
请指教
Q13:
With a record number of new companies starting up in Derderia, and with previously
established companies adding many new jobs, a record number of new jobs were created
last year in the Derderian economy. This year, previously established companies will not
be adding as many new jobs overall as such companies added last year. Therefore, unless
a record number of companies start up this year, Derderia will not break its record for
new jobs created.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument relies?
A. In a given year, new companies starting up create more new jobs on average than
do previously established companies.
B. The number of people seeking employment is no larger this year than it was last
year.
C. This year, the new companies starting up will not provide substantially more jobs
per company than did new companies last year.
D. Previously established companies in Derderia will be less profitable this year than
such companies were last year.
E. The number of jobs created in the Derderian economy last year was substantially
larger than the number of jobs lost.
这道题我也选C，但理解与LAWYER和加菲猫的不一样。我觉得最重要的是理清题目的中述概念的范围问题。
题干：去年新增new company starting up，加上previously established company,所以新增许多就业机会。今年preveiously established company 创造就业机会比such companys(即指previously established company 自己)去年创造的少，所以结论：今年除非又有新的a record number of companies start up出现，否则就业机会总数不会超过去年。assumption就是：去年新增new company starting up今年创造的就业机会不变或更少。所以选C。
值得注意的是，C中的第一个出现的new company starting up与第二个出现的new company都是指去年新建的公司，即题干第一句话的那个新建公司，是自我比较，不是指题干最后出现的a record number of new company starting up，题干最后出现的仅指今年新公司。
简而言之：去年就业机会=previously established company + new company starting up(新1)， 今年就业机会中previously established company 少了，只有新1不变或更少，才需要新增今年新公司（新2）才能打破去年记录。选项C中的两个new company 均指新1.
真罗嗦，供大家参考。
题干：去年新增new company starting up，加上previously established company,所以新增许多就业机会。今年preveiously established company 创造就业机会比such companys(即指previously established company 自己)去年创造的少，所以结论：今年除非又有新的a record number of companies start up出现，否则就业机会总数不会超过去年。assumption就是：去年新增new company starting up今年创造的就业机会不变或更少。所以选C。
值得注意的是，C中的第一个出现的new company starting up与第二个出现的new company都是指去年新建的公司，即题干第一句话的那个新建公司，是自我比较，不是指题干最后出现的a record number of new company starting up，题干最后出现的仅指今年新公司。
简而言之：去年就业机会=previously established company + new company starting up(新1)， 今年就业机会中previously established company 少了，只有新1不变或更少，才需要新增今年新公司（新2）才能打破去年记录。选项C中的两个new company 均指新1.
真罗嗦，供大家参考。
偶也注意到这个问题,并在答题时受此困惑.其实这不是不同的理解,你只是把推理过程中的有些东东细化了,而前人在推理中(至少在贴子的表述中)把你说的"新公司概念"囊括进去了,作为当然的前提,如果大家对这个词的理解不同的话,不会得到相同的答案.这叫"英雄所见"
还是改写一下老托的那句名言吧"正确的都是相同的","不正确的各有各的错误"
哈哈,一笑而已,权当复习放松了
嗯，这种理解很重要，我绕了半天就是因为我觉得去年的new company今年就是旧的了。。。
这道题目我也选择了A,其实归跟到底是没有清楚原文的推理链.我发现GWD很多题目都是算术的加加减减,所以一定注意原文的所出现的关键因素和结论的的关系.
而切根据结论的特殊性,in a given year, 也可以推测太general了
我觉得美国人数学没那么复杂
其实就是previously established companies+ new companies
如果还要去考虑去年的new companies成了今年的previously established companies似乎背离了ETS要考的初衷
原文结论是新工作没去年多。新工作分两部分previously established companies 产生的新工作和new companies 产生的新工作。原文已知道previously established companies 产生的新工作没去年多，需要的假设是今年的new companies 产生的新工作和去年new companies 产生的新工作比较情况。对于A所说的new companies 产生的新工作比previously established companies 产生的新工作多和原文的结论没关系。比较对象错误。
Many people suffer an allergic reaction to certain sulfites, including those that are commonly added to wine as preservatives. However, since there are several wine makers who add sulfites to none of the wines they produce, people who would like to drink wine but are allergic to sulfites can drink wines produced by these wine makers without risking an allergic reaction to sulfites.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A. These wine makers have been able to duplicate the preservative effect produced by adding sulfites by means that do not involve adding any potentially allergenic substances to their wine.
B. Not all forms of sulfite are equally likely to produce the allergic reactions.
C. Wine is the only beverage to which sulfites are commonly added.
D. Apart from sulfites, there are no substances commonly present in wine that give rise to an allergic reaction.
E. Sulfites are not naturally present in the wines produced by these wine makers in amounts large enough to produce an allergic reaction in someone who drinks these wines.
这题始终不明白为什么选E啊，我选的D。哪位可以帮忙解释下啊~~THX
没有创纪录的更多的新公司成立à
不可能break去年的new job created record
答案：新公司平均提供的new job是和去年一样的（排除一个新公司可能提供很多工作的可能）
我的理解
Q13:
With a record number of new companies starting up in Derderia, and with previously
established companies adding many new jobs, a record number of new jobs were created
last year in the Derderian economy. This year, previously established companies will not
be adding as many new jobs overall as such companies added last year. Therefore, unless
a record number of companies start up this year, Derderia will not break its record for
new jobs created.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument relies?
A. In a given year, new companies starting up create more new jobs on average than
do previously established companies.
B. The number of people seeking employment is no larger this year than it was last
year.
C. This year, the new companies starting up will not provide substantially more jobs
per company than did new companies last year.
D. Previously established companies in Derderia will be less profitable this year than
such companies were last year.
E. The number of jobs created in the Derderian economy last year was substantially
larger than the number of jobs lost.
这道题我也选C，但理解与LAWYER和加菲猫的不一样。我觉得最重要的是理清题目的中述概念的范围问题。
题干：去年新增new company starting up，加上previously established company,所以新增许多就业机会。今年preveiously established company 创造就业机会比such companys(即指previously established company 自己)去年创造的少，所以结论：今年除非又有新的a record number of companies start up出现，否则就业机会总数不会超过去年。assumption就是：去年新增new company starting up今年创造的就业机会不变或更少。所以选C。
值得注意的是，C中的第一个出现的new company starting up与第二个出现的new company都是指去年新建的公司，即题干第一句话的那个新建公司，是自我比较，不是指题干最后出现的a record number of new company starting up，题干最后出现的仅指今年新公司。
简而言之：去年就业机会=previously established company + new company starting up(新1)， 今年就业机会中previously established company 少了，只有新1不变或更少，才需要新增今年新公司（新2）才能打破去年记录。选项C中的两个new company 均指新1.
真罗嗦，供大家参考。
除非是这么理解了，不然我真没办法说服自己。我也把去年才建立的公司今年就当成previously了……
ETS那帮人怎么这么别扭阿，也不怕把自己的脑子绕晕了~
总Jobs的数量= 以前公司的jobs + 新成立公司jobs
以前公司的jobs：今年的<去年
结论：总Jobs的数量：今年的<去年
假设：新成立公司jobs：今年<= 去年
都是自己和自己以前在比较
lupisces 发表于 2009-4-21 23:42
没有创纪录的更多的新公司成立à 不可能break去年的new j ...
s110600338 发表于 2015-5-11 10:01
从国外的论坛上找了这个解释，很清楚的逻辑：
Last Year:
1. Established companies = MANY new jobs
s110600338 发表于 2015-5-11 10:01
从国外的论坛上找了这个解释，很清楚的逻辑：
Last Year:
1. Established companies = MANY new jobs
brucejohnson 发表于 2006-7-15 00:04
Q13: With a record number of new companies starting up in Derderia, and with previously established ...
brucejohnson 发表于 2006-7-15 00:04
Q13: With a record number of new companies starting up in Derderia, and with previously established ...
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