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标题: 【每日阅读训练第三期——速度越障1系列】【1-22】科技-human brain [打印本页]

作者: babybearmm 时间: 2012-3-19 16:06
标题: 【每日阅读训练第三期——速度越障1系列】【1-22】科技-human brain
Top Ten Myths About the Brain
When it comes to this complex, mysterious, fascinating organ, what do—and don’t—we know?

[计时一]

1. We use only 10 percent of our brains.
This one sounds so compelling—a precise number, repeated in pop culture for a century, implying that we have huge reserves of untapped mental powers. But the supposedly unused 90 percent of the brain is not some vestigial appendix. Brains are expensive—it takes a lot of energy to build brains during fetal and childhood development and maintain them in adults. Evolutionarily, it would make no sense to carry around surplus brain tissue. Experiments using PET or fMRI scans show that much of the brain is engaged even during simple tasks, and injury to even a small bit of brain can have profound consequences for language, sensory perception, movement or emotion.

True, we have some brain reserves. Autopsy studies show that many people have physical signs of Alzheimer’s disease (such as amyloid plaques among neurons) in their brains even though they were not impaired. Apparently we can lose some brain tissue and still function pretty well. And people score higher on IQ tests if they’re highly motivated, suggesting that we don’t always exercise our minds at 100 percent capacity.

2. “Flashbulb memories” are precise, detailed and persistent.
We all have memories that feel as vivid and accurate as a snapshot, usually of some shocking, dramatic event—the assassination of President Kennedy, the explosion of the space shuttle Challenger, the attacks of September 11, 2001. People remember exactly where they were, what they were doing, who they were with, what they saw or heard. But several clever experiments have tested people’s memory immediately after a tragedy and again several months or years later. The test subjects tend to be confident that their memories are accurate and say the flashbulb memories are more vivid than other memories. Vivid they may be, but the memories decay over time just as other memories do. People forget important details and add incorrect ones, with no awareness that they’re recreating a muddled scene in their minds rather than calling up a perfect, photographic reproduction.

[337 WORDS]

[计时二]

3. It’s all downhill after 40 (or 50 or 60 or 70).
It’s true, some cognitive skills do decline as you get older. Children are better at learning new languages than adults—and never play a game of concentration against a 10-year-old unless you’re prepared to be humiliated. Young adults are faster than older adults to judge whether two objects are the same or different; they can more easily memorize a list of random words, and they are faster to count backward by sevens.

But plenty of mental skills improve with age. Vocabulary, for instance—older people know more words and understand subtle linguistic distinctions. Given a biographical sketch of a stranger, they’re better judges of character. They score higher on tests of social wisdom, such as how to settle a conflict. And people get better and better over time at regulating their own emotions and finding meaning in their lives.

4. We have five senses.
Sure, sight, smell, hearing, taste and touch are the big ones. But we have many other ways of sensing the world and our place in it. Proprioception is a sense of how our bodies are positioned. Nociception is a sense of pain. We also have a sense of balance—the inner ear is to this sense as the eye is to vision—as well as a sense of body temperature, acceleration and the passage of time.

Compared with other species, though, humans are missing out. Bats and dolphins use sonar to find prey; some birds and insects see ultraviolet light; snakes detect the heat of warmblooded prey; rats, cats, seals and other whiskered creatures use their “vibrissae” to judge spatial relations or detect movements; sharks sense electrical fields in the water; birds, turtles and even bacteria orient to the earth’s magnetic field lines.

By the way, have you seen the taste map of the tongue, the diagram showing that different regions are sensitive to salty, sweet, sour or bitter flavors? Also a myth.

[329 WORDS]

[计时三]

5. Brains are like computers.
We speak of the brain’s processing speed, its storage capacity, its parallel circuits, inputs and outputs. The metaphor fails at pretty much every level: the brain doesn’t have a set memory capacity that is waiting to be filled up; it doesn’t perform computations in the way a computer does; and even basic visual perception isn’t a passive receiving of inputs because we actively interpret, anticipate and pay attention to different elements of the visual world.

There’s a long history of likening the brain to whatever technology is the most advanced, impressive and vaguely mysterious. Descartes compared the brain to a hydraulic machine. Freud likened emotions to pressure building up in a steam engine. The brain later resembled a telephone switchboard and then an electrical circuit before evolving into a computer; lately it’s turning into a Web browser or the Internet. These metaphors linger in clichés: emotions put the brain “under pressure” and some behaviors are thought to be “hard-wired.” Speaking of which...

6. The brain is hard-wired.
This is one of the most enduring legacies of the old “brains are electrical circuits” metaphor. There’s some truth to it, as with many metaphors: the brain is organized in a standard way, with certain bits specialized to take on certain tasks, and those bits are connected along predictable neural pathways (sort of like wires) and communicate in part by releasing ions (pulses of electricity).

But one of the biggest discoveries in neuroscience in the past few decades is that the brain is remarkably plastic. In blind people, parts of the brain that normally process sight are instead devoted to hearing. Someone practicing a new skill, like learning to play the violin, “rewires” parts of the brain that are responsible for fine motor control. People with brain injuries can recruit other parts of the brain to compensate for the lost tissue.

[313 WORDS]

[计时四]

7. A conk on the head can cause amnesia.
Next to babies switched at birth, this is a favorite trope of soap operas: Someone is in a tragic accident and wakes up in the hospital unable to recognize loved ones or remember his or her own name or history. (The only cure for this form of amnesia, of course, is another conk on the head.)

In the real world, there are two main forms of amnesia: anterograde (the inability to form new memories) and retrograde (the inability to recall past events). Science’s most famous amnesia patient, H.M., was unable to remember anything that happened after a 1953 surgery that removed most of his hippocampus. He remembered earlier events, however, and was able to learn new skills and vocabulary, showing that encoding “episodic” memories of new experiences relies on different brain regions than other types of learning and memory do. Retrograde amnesia can be caused by Alzheimer’s disease, traumatic brain injury (ask an NFL player), thiamine deficiency or other insults. But a brain injury doesn’t selectively impair autobiographical memory—much less bring it back.

8. We know what will make us happy.
In some cases we haven’t a clue. We routinely overestimate how happy something will make us, whether it’s a birthday, free pizza, a new car, a victory for our favorite sports team or political candidate, winning the lottery or raising children. Money does make people happier, but only to a point—poor people are less happy than the middle class, but the middle class are just as happy as the rich. We overestimate the pleasures of solitude and leisure and underestimate how much happiness we get from social relationships.

On the flip side, the things we dread don’t make us as unhappy as expected. Monday mornings aren’t as unpleasant as people predict. Seemingly unendurable tragedies—paralysis, the death of a loved one—cause grief and despair, but the unhappiness doesn’t last as long as people think it will. People are remarkably resilient.

[333 WORDS]

[计时五]

9. We see the world as it is.
We are not passive recipients of external information that enters our brain through our sensory organs. Instead, we actively search for patterns (like a Dalmatian dog that suddenly appears in a field of black and white dots), turn ambiguous scenes into ones that fit our expectations (it’s a vase; it’s a face) and completely miss details we aren’t expecting. In one famous psychology experiment, about half of all viewers told to count the number of times a group of people pass a basketball do not notice that a guy in a gorilla suit is hulking around among the ball-throwers.

We have a limited ability to pay attention (which is why talking on a cellphone while driving can be as dangerous as drunk driving), and plenty of biases about what we expect or want to see. Our perception of the world isn’t just “bottom-up”—built of objective observations layered together in a logical way. It’s “top-down,” driven by expectations and interpretations.

10. Men are from Mars, women are from Venus.
Some of the sloppiest, shoddiest, most biased, least reproducible, worst designed and most overinterpreted research in the history of science purports to provide biological explanations for differences between men and women. Eminent neuroscientists once claimed that head size, spinal ganglia or brain stem structures were responsible for women’s inability to think creatively, vote logically or practice medicine. Today the theories are a bit more sophisticated: men supposedly have more specialized brain hemispheres, women more elaborate emotion circuits. Though there are some differences (minor and uncorrelated with any particular ability) between male and female brains, the main problem with looking for correlations with behavior is that sex differences in cognition are massively exaggerated.

[289 WORDS]

[自由阅读]
Women are thought to outperform men on tests of empathy. They do—unless test subjects are told that men are particularly good at the test, in which case men perform as well as or better than women. The same pattern holds in reverse for tests of spatial reasoning. Whenever stereotypes are brought to mind, even by something as simple as asking test subjects to check a box next to their gender, sex differences are exaggerated. Women college students told that a test is something women usually do poorly on, do poorly. Women college students told that a test is something college students usually do well on, do well. Across countries—and across time—the more prevalent the belief is that men are better than women in math, the greater the difference in girls’ and boys’ math scores. And that’s not because girls in Iceland have more specialized brain hemispheres than do girls in Italy.

Certain sex differences are enormously important to us when we’re looking for a mate, but when it comes to most of what our brains do most of the time—perceive the world, direct attention, learn new skills, encode memories, communicate (no, women don’t speak more than men do), judge other people’s emotions (no, men aren’t inept at this)—men and women have almost entirely overlapping and fully Earth-bound abilities.

Read more: http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/Top-Ten-Myths-About-the-Brain.html#ixzz1pXUqSc00

越障

在此强力推荐一段15min的演讲（可作为听力练习），是下文的主角Henry Markram在2009年做的TED talk
http://www.ted.com/talks/henry_markram_supercomputing_the_brain_s_secrets.html
（可在线收看，也可download，Interactive transcript是文本）
btw:最近发现TED网站很多启迪心智的演讲，包罗万象，强烈推荐给大家
http://www.ted.com/talks

Computer modelling: Brain in a box
Henry Markram wants ? billion to model the entire human brain. Sceptics don't think he should get it.
22 February 2012

It wasn't quite the lynching that Henry Markram had expected. But the barrage of sceptical comments from his fellow neuroscientists — “It's crap,” said one — definitely made the day feel like a tribunal.

Officially, the Swiss Academy of Sciences meeting in Bern on 20 January was an overview of large-scale computer modelling in neuroscience. Unofficially, it was neuroscientists' first real chance to get answers about Markram's controversial proposal for the Human Brain Project (HBP) — an effort to build a supercomputer simulation that integrates everything known about the human brain, from the structures of ion channels in neural cell membranes up to mechanisms behind conscious decision-making.

Markram, a South-African-born brain electrophysiologist who joined the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL) a decade ago, may soon see his ambition fulfilled. The project is one of six finalists vying to win ? billion (US$1.3 billion) as one of the European Union's two new decade-long Flagship initiatives.

“Brain researchers are generating 60,000 papers per year,” said Markram as he explained the concept in Bern. “They're all beautiful, fantastic studies — but all focused on their one little corner: this molecule, this brain region, this function, this map.” The HBP would integrate these discoveries, he said, and create models to explore how neural circuits are organized, and how they give rise to behaviour and cognition — among the deepest mysteries in neuroscience. Ultimately, said Markram, the HBP would even help researchers to grapple with disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. “If we don't have an integrated view, we won't understand these diseases,” he declared.

As the response at the meeting made clear, however, there is deep unease about Markram's vision. Many neuroscientists think it is ill-conceived, not least because Markram's idiosyncratic approach to brain simulation strikes them as grotesquely cumbersome and over-detailed. They see the HBP as overhyped, thanks to breathless media reports about what it will accomplish. And they're not at all sure that they can trust Markram to run a project that is truly open to other ideas.

“We need variance in neuroscience,” declared Rodney Douglas, co-director of the Institute for Neuroinformatics (INI), a joint initiative of the University of Zurich and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETH Zurich). Given how little is known about the brain, he said, “we need as many different people expressing as many different ideas as possible” — a diversity that would be threatened if so much scarce neuroscience research money were to be diverted into a single endeavour.

Markram was undeterred. Right now, he argued, neuroscientists have no plan for achieving a comprehensive understanding of the brain. “So this is the plan,” he said. “Build unifying models.”

Markram's big idea

Markram has been on a quest for unity since at least 1980, when he began undergraduate studies at the University of Cape Town in South Africa. He abandoned his first field of study, psychiatry, when he decided that it was mainly about putting people into diagnostic pigeonholes and medicating them accordingly. “This was never going to tell us how the brain worked,” he recalled in Bern.

His search for a new direction led Markram to the laboratory of Douglas, then a young neuroscientist at Cape Town. Markram was enthralled. “I said, 'That's it! For the rest of my life, I'm going to dig into the brain and understand how it works, down to the smallest detail we can possibly find.'”

That enthusiasm carried Markram to a PhD at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot, Israel; to postdoctoral stints at the US National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland, and at the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research in Heidelberg, Germany; and, in 1995, to a faculty position at Weizmann. He earned a formidable reputation as an experimenter, notably demonstrating spike-timing-dependent plasticity — in which the strength of neural connections changes according to when impulses arrive and leave.

By the mid-1990s, individual discoveries were leaving him dissatisfied. “I realized I could be doing this for the next 25, 30 years of my career, and it was still not going to help me understand how the brain works,” he said.

To do better, he reasoned, neuroscientists would have to pool their discoveries systematically. Every experiment at least tacitly involves a model, whether it is the molecular structure of an ion channel or the dynamics of a cortical circuit. With computers, Markram realized, you could encode all of those models explicitly and get them to work together. That would help researchers to find the gaps and contradictions in their knowledge and identify the experiments needed to resolve them.

Markram's insight wasn't original: scientists have been devising mathematical models of neural activity since the early twentieth century, and using computers for the task since the 1950s. But his ambition was vast. Instead of modelling each neuron as, say, a point-like node in a larger neural network, he proposed to model them in all their multi-branching detail — down to their myriad ion channels. And instead of modelling just the neural circuits involved in, say, the sense of smell, he wanted to model everything, “from the genetic level, the molecular level, the neurons and synapses, how microcircuits are formed, macrocircuits, mesocircuits, brain areas — until we get to understand how to link these levels, all the way up to behaviour and cognition”.

The computer power required to run such a grand unified theory of the brain would be roughly an exaflop, or 1018 operations per second — hopeless in the 1990s. But Markram was undaunted: available computer power doubles roughly every 18 months, which meant that exascale computers could be available by the 2020s. And in the meantime, he argued, neuroscientists ought to be getting ready for them.

Markram's ambitions fit perfectly with those of Patrick Aebischer, a neuroscientist who became president of the EPFL in 2000 and wanted to make the university a powerhouse in both computation and biomedical research. Markram was one of his first recruits, in 2002. “Henry gave us an excuse to buy a Blue Gene,” says Aebischer, referring to a then-new IBM supercomputer optimized for large-scale simulations. One was installed at the EPFL in 2005, allowing Markram to launch the Blue Brain Project: his first experiment in integrative neuroscience and, in retrospect, a prototype for the HBP.

Part of the project has been a demonstration of what a unifying model might mean, says Markram, who started with a data set on the rat cortex that he and his students had been accumulating since the 1990s. It included results from some 20,000 experiments in many labs, he says — “data on about every cell type that we had come across, the morphology, the reconstruction in three dimensions, the electrical properties, the synaptic communication, where the synapses are located, the way the synapses behave, even genetic data about what genes are expressed”.

By the end of 2005, his team had integrated all the relevant portions of this data set into a single-neuron model. By 2008, the researchers had linked about 10,000 such models into a simulation of a tube-shaped piece of cortex known as a cortical column. Now, using a more advanced version of Blue Gene, they have simulated 100 interconnected columns.

The effort has yielded some discoveries, says Markram, such as the as-yet unpublished statistical distribution of synapses in a column. But its real achievement has been to prove that unifying models can, as promised, serve as repositories for data on cortical structure and function. Indeed, most of the team's efforts have gone into creating “the huge ecosystem of infrastructure and software” required to make Blue Brain useful to every neuroscientist, says Markram. This includes automatic tools for turning data into simulations, and informatics tools such as http://channelpedia.net — a user-editable website that automatically collates structural data on ion channels from publications in the PubMed database, and currently incorporates some 180,000 abstracts.

The ultimate goal was always to integrate data across the entire brain, says Markram. The opportunity to approach that scale finally arose in December 2009, when the European Union announced that it was prepared to pour some ? billion into each of two high-risk, but potentially transformational, Flagship projects. Markram, who had been part of the 27-member advisory group that endorsed the initiative, lost no time in organizing his own entry. And in May 2011, the HBP was named as one of six candidates that would receive seed money and prepare a full-scale proposal, due in May 2012.

If the HBP is selected, one of the key goals will be to make it highly collaborative and Internet-accessible, open to researchers from around the world, says Markram, adding that the project consortium already comprises some 150 principal investigators and 70 institutions in 22 countries. “It will be lots of Einsteins coming together to build a brain,” he says, each bringing his or her own ideas and expertise.

[越障结束 1492 WORDS]

To continue reading, please refer to the attached original article.
Source:
Nature 482, 456–458 (23 February 2012)
http://www.nature.com/news/computer-modelling-brain-in-a-box-1.10066

作者: kaitlynyl 时间: 2012-3-19 16:44
这么好，我先抢个沙发
速度：也学学大家计总时的方式。基本在1.15-30内完成。讲了大脑的。还有什么有五种感觉。刚才出去打了个电话想不起来了。好吧。今天先不写速度内容了。
越障：讲了一个叫M的人，目标快要实现了。他要模拟brain，这个工程的简要介绍，这个人的介绍，然后说做这个工程需要什么。接着开始讲这个工程怎么来的，从M有这个想法开始，他要把他下辈子的热情都投入到这，然后他去伊朗还有哪里去学习深造，提出这个想法，慢慢有很多人加入这个项目，用了很多高级机器，IBM的什么计算机之类的。遇到了什么困难，项目的发展，他的看法，项目的现状，未来的展望。他的想法快要实现了。
好吧。。。科学家的热情，比不了。我可不喜欢做这种工程，费神。

作者: CHRISTINE2010 时间: 2012-3-19 16:47
板凳。。。

作者: HarrisZheng 时间: 2012-3-19 17:50
黑体加粗的部分是原本如此还是熊MM自己着重强调的？

作者: fox0923 时间: 2012-3-19 21:12
占位子先~喜欢baby的速度文章，所以每次都要好好地读不过速度就慢下来很多~1'30"
1'24"
1'27"
1'47"
1'50"
自由
1'00"

这篇越障虽然长，但感觉思路还是比较清晰的~
M.I: The argument of development of super computer that can be simulated as the entirety of human brain is supported by the scientist Markram yet opposed by others due to the impossible factors. However, the author does support Mr. M's idea.
- There is a meeting held in Bern, a conference about the design of the super computer that can be operated as same as human brain, and many scientists including neuroscientists and electrophysiologists involved.
a. There is a South Africa electrophysiologist Markarm, who is very ambitious about the proposal and wishes to get 1.3Billion for the initiate sponsor for HBP (human brain project).
b. He researched single detail of each neuron in the human's brain, but he wants to integrate all of these neurons into a unified project in order to design the super computer in a level of cognitive of sensors, thinking process, etc.
c. However, other scientists opposed his ideas because it's impossible to achieve M's goal without the help of neuroscientists.
- The introduction of M's achievement of his research and his biography.
a. M was born in South Africa, and then later went to college in Africa with Psychiatric major. But then he quit it because he realized that this field of study would not bring him to understand more about human brain. Then he turned to study in Israel and becomes a PHD there. Eventually, he came to US and became a PHD in Maryland.
b. M did many researches when he was in school and after graduated, he researched all single details of each neurons, the synapses and the connectivity of these neurons to understand how human think and sense.
c. His research also involves the experiment on rat's cortex, this can help him and his group to identify the electrical properties and synapses communication.
d. Despite all these, his research actually contributes the unpublished distribution of synapses and brings the findings to an advanced level.
- Currently, M. is the member of 27 parts of the research group, and HBP is 6 of them. If HBP could win the 1.3B, he might be able to achieve his ambition in 2020. By then, all scientists from all over the world will be gathered and give their ideas and expertise.

作者: 风鸣蝉 时间: 2012-3-19 21:34
2'25
1'56
1'59
1'50
1'36

越障：
10'12

作者: kevin405hu 时间: 2012-3-19 21:40
先占着，明天读，嘿嘿

作者: liulu007 时间: 2012-3-19 21:46
刚归队。。。读文章总走神。。。
速度：3‘38/1’58/2‘12/3’04/2‘39
越障：第一段讲有个什么东东召开了，引出了M这个人和他主要的成就。好像还有个人和他的观点不太一致。。后来主要介绍M这个人的成就怎么完成的。。按时间的顺序。。只隐约记得到19世纪中期还没有研究出来。。能记住的大概就这么多了。。单词真心贫瘠哇。。。

作者: abjure 时间: 2012-3-19 22:25
注意力阿注意力

2:00
2:03
3:20
3:01
3:09

作者: cynthia1230 时间: 2012-3-19 22:44
2:11
1:59
2:01
2:06
1:45
越障 9:45
就记住了M这个人是个神经学家，他想模拟大脑，每年有很多关于大脑的论文发表，但是只涉及到很小的方面，全面研究有助于疾病治疗。。。自从他接触这个以来就全部热情投入。。。深造。。。研究中遇到很多问题。。。未来的展望神马的

作者: 614000 时间: 2012-3-19 22:52
占位

作者: dengly 时间: 2012-3-20 00:05
2.16
2.09
2.07
1.34
1.47

自由阅读
越障

作者: babybearmm 时间: 2012-3-20 02:53
是subtitles啊，原本如此，我可不会那么nice去降低你们的阅读难度，哈哈

黑体加粗的部分是原本如此还是熊MM自己着重强调的？

-- by 会员 HarrisZheng (2012/3/19 17:50:23)

作者: babybearmm 时间: 2012-3-20 02:58
orz....狐姐姐的越障一如既往地强大啊~~
其实我也是，看到自己特感兴趣的，就想每句话都读进去，自然就慢。GMAT考试阅读跟平时的凭兴趣阅读确实不一样的。

占位子先~喜欢baby的速度文章，所以每次都要好好地读不过速度就慢下来很多~1'30"
1'24"
1'27"
1'47"
1'50"
自由
1'00"

这篇越障虽然长，但感觉思路还是比较清晰的~
M.I: The argument of development of super computer that can be simulated as the entirety of human brain is supported by the scientist Markram yet opposed by others due to the impossible factors. However, the author does support Mr. M's idea.
- There is a meeting held in Bern, a conference about the design of the super computer that can be operated as same as human brain, and many scientists including neuroscientists and electrophysiologists involved.
a. There is a South Africa electrophysiologist Markarm, who is very ambitious about the proposal and wishes to get 1.3Billion for the initiate sponsor for HBP (human brain project).
b. He researched single detail of each neuron in the human's brain, but he wants to integrate all of these neurons into a unified project in order to design the super computer in a level of cognitive of sensors, thinking process, etc.
c. However, other scientists opposed his ideas because it's impossible to achieve M's goal without the help of neuroscientists.
- The introduction of M's achievement of his research and his biography.
a. M was born in South Africa, and then later went to college in Africa with Psychiatric major. But then he quit it because he realized that this field of study would not bring him to understand more about human brain. Then he turned to study in Israel and becomes a PHD there. Eventually, he came to US and became a PHD in Maryland.
b. M did many researches when he was in school and after graduated, he researched all single details of each neurons, the synapses and the connectivity of these neurons to understand how human think and sense.
c. His research also involves the experiment on rat's cortex, this can help him and his group to identify the electrical properties and synapses communication.
d. Despite all these, his research actually contributes the unpublished distribution of synapses and brings the findings to an advanced level.
- Currently, M. is the member of 27 parts of the research group, and HBP is 6 of them. If HBP could win the 1.3B, he might be able to achieve his ambition in 2020. By then, all scientists from all over the world will be gathered and give their ideas and expertise.

-- by 会员 fox0923 (2012/3/19 21:12:23)

作者: 花呀clear 时间: 2012-3-20 07:01
1'58
1'37
1'38
1'45
1'05

越障8'19

讲一个神经学家，想要做出一个跟大脑的各种结构完全相同的supercompute. 他的想法是把大脑小至细胞大至神经（？）的各种结构全部搞出来一个模型，然后依靠电脑科技的发展，到2020s可以制成把这些模型归结到一个模型的电脑，所以他认为“我们现在就应该为此准备了。”同行有相当一部分不看好他的这个想法，因为这些需要对大脑各个部位的细节有非常深入的理解，但是每个人都有不同的理解，容易起争端？
然后介绍了这个人的生平，开始是学那个……我怀疑是催眠？然后此人觉得这种事胡扯的，之后看到有人研究电脑，想哇！这就是我一生的事业！
然后就去上研究所啊考PHD啊然后还被一个刚成立的组织录用了，这个组织受他鼓动还买了一个IBM的用来处理大数据的电脑。
然后现在大家都在争那个1万欧元的赞助。说如果他这个项目被选上了话就会有全世界的更多组织参与到这个项目来，不过，现在已经有很多了~

作者: TS28 时间: 2012-3-20 09:45
3:00
1:58
2:50
2:31
1:49

作者: rgggg 时间: 2012-3-20 10:13
1   A   01:42
2   A   01:37
3   A   01:41
4   A   01:44
5   A   01:30
6   A   09:09
越障好多生词

作者: 半阙 时间: 2012-3-20 12:14
01:34
01:37
01:51
01:45
01:27
01:07

越障：
1、   先说了一个计划HBP，在神经细胞膜的离子上研究大脑什么的。HBP是把很多分散的研究综合到一起。
2、   有些人提出质疑，说M是ill-conceived，因为神经学研究很复杂，用该尽可能听取多家意见，但M没有这么做，还因为。。。。。
3、   所以对于神经学的研究就一直不进展，但是M站出来了，把各种方面的研究整合到一起了。
4、   然后就说M的idea，一大堆进展历程之类的。。。。对M的思想进行评价。。。中间有说到用computer怎么好，有说到M不满足于现在的成就，还要往什么gene等等各个方面发展。其他的不记得了，反正是大赞M的。
5、   另外一个人H加入进来，H的EPFL计划为HBP计划打下了基础。
6、   说HBP计划以及它的深远影响。

读的时候觉得还好，读完中间很多就都不记得了。。。

作者: 很邻家 时间: 2012-3-20 13:26
1. In a conference of supercomputer design, some neuroscientists presented their new idea of creating a model of human brain, for which they apply ?b to make research.
2. M is one of the members in this group of neuroscientist. He chose to study human brain after graduation, and his enthusiasm and hardworking made him getting a degree of PhD. Although many experts are skeptical about his big idea, M is persist in his study is an ambitious one and will make great contributions to the human brain study.

作者: ImdoingGmat 时间: 2012-3-20 15:20
1:43
1:47
1:52
1:42

M was study psychical, but he found no hope to understand the brain in that field, so he changed his major to neuron science. M studied from cape town to Maryland. He is working as a professor and proposed the blue brain project which is selected as 1 of the 6 seeds will get he euro 1 B big funding, the result will be announced on may 2012.
There are more details showed in the middle about his the research progresses, can't remember all the details.

作者: towerush 时间: 2012-3-20 18:10
2:03
1:49
1:30
1:53
1:38
1:06

12:08基本没看明白。。。

作者: phoebe0624 时间: 2012-3-20 19:52
喜欢baby的帖子！

速度
01:16
01:11
01:29
01:20
01:14
55''

越障
8'11''
M decide to develop a computer system to simulate the human being brain，and he needs a high investment for about 1.3B for this program.
Many scienceist do not believe because the system is so complex and M wants to have the same function as the brian do. M wants that every nerve is similar to human being brain placed.
sth. about M
M bron in Africa, he majoyed the Psychiatric. He quit because he wanted to know how the brain works rather than take care of psychic patient.
He went to work in a research center and got PHD degree, but he still did not konw the function of the brain. So he leaved the reaseach center.
When computer was developed very well，he found the way to simulate the human being brain through compter. A preson from IBM worked with him and helped with him.
If HBP could win the 1.3B, he might be able to achieve his ambition in 2020. .

作者: 778879 时间: 2012-3-20 22:54
1‘42
1’23
1‘38
1’20
1‘40
讲M并不满足于现在的模拟部分大脑，而是想要把大脑全部用计算机模拟，包括所有细节。可以研究出一些现在不知道的问题，治疗疾病什么的
讲了M的大概成长历程：上大学，放弃。。的机会专心致力于大脑的研究，去各种地方读书、做研究等等
然后在一个地方收到一个校长的赏识，让他在学校做研究，学校还专门为他买了Blue Gene 来满足此研究对于庞大数据的需求。然后追踪了一下这些年来此项目的进展
最近有人投资这项目。如果成功的话，会怎样怎样。。。。

作者: lileeli 时间: 2012-3-21 09:41
2:12
1;55
2;08
2:19
2:45
11:00

作者: aprilzhanghj 时间: 2012-3-21 11:46
2'20
2'09
2'20
2'37
2'10
1'38

速度
the ten myth about the brain: we could only use 10% of the brain, while brain is fully engaged even during simple task. we know what could make us happy; man and women difference; brain is wired; brain will grow as we ages; vivid momery...
阅障
Mark, the neronscientist, want to integrate the research work of how the brain work and how we behavior and cognition. His ambition encounter some criticism. His interests in know how the brain work lead him to an initiative which is to win the funding from a European organization. Though, diversity among neuron scientist is welcomed, Mark think the research work is not systmatic and the result cannot be reached and scatter. He hopes to build a network which every researchers around the world corner can access and contribute. Mark's Blue Brain project pave the road for the BPH project in a way that the project is quit accomplishable.

作者: qiuhua01234567 时间: 2012-3-21 14:38
2:14
1:59
2:03
2:41
2:02
10:00我看懂了。。。奇迹啊。。。天开眼了。。

作者: babybearmm 时间: 2012-3-22 01:16
恭喜恭喜~~我觉得这篇越障专业性挺强的，不过挺有趣倒是，看懂的同学都很赞啊

2:14
1:59
2:03
2:41
2:02
10:00我看懂了。。。奇迹啊。。。天开眼了。。

-- by 会员 qiuhua01234567 (2012/3/21 14:38:20)

作者: 一加heidy 时间: 2012-3-24 13:14
1‘36 1’23 1‘34 1’40 1‘20
越障七分钟，不是很明白，大概是以时间顺序讲了个人他对大脑的研究

作者: lovecloris 时间: 2012-3-25 00:00
2'
1'53
1'37
2'
1'48

越障10‘02
还在想是不是就是演讲的那人，一对名字就是哈。（看到他讲的精彩，觉得这个研究很有前景，baby就去搜生平了，符合你的风格，呵呵）

首先说他提到每年研究brain的paper非常多，10000多maybe，但都只是从神经元...等局部角度的分析，没有一个综合整体性的研究。他希望花25-30年来完成这样一个研究，构建对brain了全方位认识，因为只有全面的了解才能治疗一个什么病，
这人非常ambitious，任了一个什么机构负责人，组成了一个实验室，IBM提供给他们电脑，现在他们需要10billion fund.... (鉴于太长后面就走神去想：怎么这么长，然后再看的就不去脑子了).罪过

作者: lovecloris 时间: 2012-3-25 00:02
对了，刚加入小分队，（上一次来打了一次酱油）

baby：如果文章里的生词是不是最后重新精读一遍？

作者: babybearmm 时间: 2012-3-25 01:41
cloris jj，我其实是看到Nature那篇，被吸引住了，因为我本身就对artificial intelligence很感兴趣哇，然后才从links那里看到了他2009年的TED演讲，所以推荐给大家。我还听了Nature上面链接的他去年夏天在一个computer science某方向的会议上的学术报告，那个讲的更学术化，也是很精彩的。

baby：如果文章里的生词是不是最后重新精读一遍？
看你的兴趣。这个算是泛读，材料比较随机，所以不是说要当作教材一样精读。当你有欲望背单词或者学习难句的时候，你就回去再读一遍，慢慢揣摩。所谓欲望，就像你买商品，买两种：1.你需要的；2.你喜欢的。背单词也是：1.这个单词老出现，我必须记住啊，不记住不行啊;2.这个单词用得太漂亮了，我想学会，然后我也可以写这么漂亮的表达

对了，刚加入小分队，（上一次来打了一次酱油）

baby：如果文章里的生词是不是最后重新精读一遍？

-- by 会员 lovecloris (2012/3/25 0:02:00)

作者: lovecloris 时间: 2012-3-25 13:46
thanks你那个强大的video推荐，又吸引了我野马似的联想力啊。
1. 我觉得这和mindset那篇里train you brain just like train the muscle 有异曲同工之妙哈。由于我是听觉信息接收者，所以我的听说能力比较好（符合神猴推测论），实际上也就是说明与听说的神经元相对训练比较发达；但这并不表明我的视觉信息接受没有提高空间，甚至随着有意识的训练，完全有可能超过听觉神经元能力。每个人过去的经验不同侧重不同，所以每个人自己的不同神经元有强弱之分，同样人与人之间的大脑神经构造也不可能完全一样，也是这个道理。虽然遗传因素界定了初始起点的不同，but you can train it by your conscious practice。同意你第一篇速度里的概念：“ we don’t always exercise our minds at 100 percent capacity.” btw， Henry Markram的CR能力很强大，膜拜，居然还能口才那么好，更膜拜。

2. 前两天我在看Oxford的Critical reasoning，里面涉及到了逻辑的基本理论。Berkely （one logician）said：“The chair did not exist except the conception in my mind. 也就是Henry Markram提到的关于Rose的例子是一个概念。

现在疯狂的爱上哲学尤其是逻辑学，以及神经学（interested about how our brain works）了，感谢推荐！

cloris jj，我其实是看到Nature那篇，被吸引住了，因为我本身就对artificial intelligence很感兴趣哇，然后才从links那里看到了他2009年的TED演讲，所以推荐给大家。我还听了Nature上面链接的他去年夏天在一个computer science某方向的会议上的学术报告，那个讲的更学术化，也是很精彩的。

baby：如果文章里的生词是不是最后重新精读一遍？
看你的兴趣。这个算是泛读，材料比较随机，所以不是说要当作教材一样精读。当你有欲望背单词或者学习难句的时候，你就回去再读一遍，慢慢揣摩。所谓欲望，就像你买商品，买两种：1.你需要的；2.你喜欢的。背单词也是：1.这个单词老出现，我必须记住啊，不记住不行啊;2.这个单词用得太漂亮了，我想学会，然后我也可以写这么漂亮的表达

对了，刚加入小分队，（上一次来打了一次酱油）

baby：如果文章里的生词是不是最后重新精读一遍？

-- by 会员 lovecloris (2012/3/25 0:02:00)

-- by 会员 babybearmm (2012/3/25 1:41:04)

作者: babybearmm 时间: 2012-3-25 16:54
jj见解果然不凡，我学到了~
1. 你说得没错！这就是所谓neuroplasticity. 在速度文章里也提到过。这方面的证据、现象非常多，有些相当有趣相当神奇.....（算了打住，我在考虑要不要将来安排一期这个话题的阅读）
2. Great find! 这个让我想起之前shelvey推荐的一篇法律哲学的越障
http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_RC/thread-681531-1-1.html?extparms=ThreadCatalogID%3d72%26page%3d1
I Couldn’t See It Until I Believed It

好，把oxford critical reasoning列入计划中~我现在也是对神经科学强烈感兴趣啊~
咋办，继续安排神经方面的阅读（不过换一个角度/话题）？还是先照顾别的学科，让咱涉猎范围更广泛些？想听大家意见.....其实我有n个potential topics的想法，就纠结怎么安排的问题。

thanks你那个强大的video推荐，又吸引了我野马似的联想力啊。
1. 我觉得这和mindset那篇里train you brain just like train the muscle 有异曲同工之妙哈。由于我是听觉信息接收者，所以我的听说能力比较好（符合神猴推测论），实际上也就是说明与听说的神经元相对训练比较发达；但这并不表明我的视觉信息接受没有提高空间，甚至随着有意识的训练，完全有可能超过听觉神经元能力。每个人过去的经验不同侧重不同，所以每个人自己的不同神经元有强弱之分，同样人与人之间的大脑神经构造也不可能完全一样，也是这个道理。虽然遗传因素界定了初始起点的不同，but you can train it by your conscious practice。同意你第一篇速度里的概念：“ we don’t always exercise our minds at 100 percent capacity.” btw， Henry Markram的CR能力很强大，膜拜，居然还能口才那么好，更膜拜。

2. 前两天我在看Oxford的Critical reasoning，里面涉及到了逻辑的基本理论。Berkely （one logician）said：“The chair did not exist except the conception in my mind. 也就是Henry Markram提到的关于Rose的例子是一个概念。

现在疯狂的爱上哲学尤其是逻辑学，以及神经学（interested about how our brain works）了，感谢推荐！

-- by 会员 lovecloris (2012/3/25 13:46:19)

作者: lovecloris 时间: 2012-3-25 18:20
baby MM 过奖了，我们互相学习讨论，更激起了我对GMAT motivated 的心态，才该谢谢你呢。

我想“联想和归纳能力”，大概属于文科童鞋的思维优势吧。早上看了本法律逻辑的书，这种Inductive argument是从特殊到一般的能力，属于归纳推理，但这种能力是非常不适合GMAT要求的rational思维，因为从特殊到一般存在的前提：All inductive arguments rely on the assumption of the uniformity of nature，一个特殊性反例就可以undermine.

而GMAT要求的是前提为真，则能推导出结论为真的能力，这是演绎推理。通俗讲就是从一般到特殊，这就是为什么SC的套路：用固定搭配，Being一定错，With一定怎么用, Ving一定怎么用......是错的，以上属于不完全归纳法。而用语意和逻辑结构来判断SC才是一般规律，可以用到任何一个题目；同样CR关于前提结论的辨识，argument valid or invalid的判断才是万变不离其宗的principle，就像Oxford Professor提到的，If you grasp the basic form of logic argument， you will get the meaning whatever the content（发现法律界也是一样，只不过是事件和事件的逻辑线）。也就是说，如果你形成了logic ways of thinking，做上1000题，和只做几十题巩固思维应该是一个效果，and Knowing why can maintain the memory。

inductive reasoning 对我来说似乎已经变成intuition，但deductive reasoning and critical thinking ability（skeptic ability）还比较弱，不过现在很喜欢，也在迫切的学习和积累中.... （就是GMAT复习进度慢了点，自我安慰目前是在追根溯源吧）

btw，那个Oxford professor很牛，概念讲的深入浅出，就是口才差了一点点（没有大碍）。期待关于neuroplasticity（又跟你学了个词），conscious control，人类更了解自己以及开发自身潜能的相关的主题；baby提供的其他涉猎肯定也会带来更大惊喜～～

先谢谢了～

作者: babybearmm 时间: 2012-3-26 12:43
我觉得两种科学思维方法都很重要的，适用性不同。deductive reasoning常用于数理逻辑，就是建筑于定义和公理之上，靠纯粹的数学逻辑推导建立起来的自洽的体系。而inductive argument常见于人文科学以及生命科学，很多属于empirical studies。说起生命科学，之所以倾向于empirical studies，就是因为生命现象太复杂了，具有很大的随机性、不可预测性...比如就说最近咱聊的神经科学，你说物质世界和精神世界如何联系起来？怎么能够用实体的neurons & synapses，来承载“虚幻的”思想感情？没有人能给出一个确切的能够作为公理的回答，而神经科学家们得到的，是大量的data (empirical studies)，于是才有人——比如Henry Markram——提出构建一个grand unifying theory.

baby MM 过奖了，我们互相学习讨论，更激起了我对GMAT motivated 的心态，才该谢谢你呢。

先谢谢了～

-- by 会员 lovecloris (2012/3/25 18:20:22)

作者: Threesu 时间: 2012-4-8 10:51
1'14第一个是人们用脑用的比例很小，然后用脑的百分比越大越聪明。然后第二个是闪记？关于detail神马的。。。
0‘57第一个是小孩比大人记忆力之类的好。第二个是人的几种感觉，标题是我们有5种感觉
0’55第一个是大脑如电脑，做了一下比较之类的。第二个是hard-wired。
0‘57第一个是在大脑里的conk会导致失忆，下文分成两类，然后讲了一个案例。下一个是人们知道什么东西可以让自己开心
0’57第一个是我们认为我们看到的世界就是我们的世界，第二个是男人来自火星，女人来自水星。讲了男女有别的理论的发展。

作者: 爱眠梦的咸鱼 时间: 2012-4-8 12:03
2'03''
1'14''
1'05''
1'26''
1'01''

10'16''
M wanna make a model of the entire brain, including all details.
thousands of people do research about the brain, but only in a special area.
HBP decided to intergate all the different kinds of researches.
M's insight was not origanial. he want to modeling all details of the entire brain.
PA is a scientist who has the same goal with M
computers now cannot do such work, but as computers will be better, will help their research.
numbers of people are in. there will be thousands of Einstein together.

作者: 木南子 时间: 2012-4-8 13:31
2:11
1:46
2:07
1:59
1:46
越障没来得及读

跟着阅读小组第三天啦~慢慢有点进步了，开心~

作者: clover928 时间: 2012-4-8 19:57
回归小分队的速度&越障~果然阅读速度慢了。。文章很好~很喜欢这种题材~~谢谢baby~
1:30
1:21
1:26
1:32
1:19
55s

越障：7:29 min
隐约记得的内容：
1.many people doubt M's plan, which is to make an integrated brain.
2.introduction of M
3.many experiments of the brain are seperated and M wants to integrate them, so he plans to make a unified brain.
4.M's plan is a good idea, but his ambition is too vast.
5.IBM???Blue Gene...
6.This plan is highly risky.....EURO 1billion....

作者: babybearmm 时间: 2012-4-9 06:16
thanx for your feedback~
以后还有这方面话题的，呵呵

回归小分队的速度&越障~果然阅读速度慢了。。文章很好~很喜欢这种题材~~谢谢baby~
1:30
1:21
1:26
1:32
1:19
55s

越障：7:29 min
隐约记得的内容：
1.many people doubt M's plan, which is to make an integrated brain.
2.introduction of M
3.many experiments of the brain are seperated and M wants to integrate them, so he plans to make a unified brain.
4.M's plan is a good idea, but his ambition is too vast.
5.IBM???Blue Gene...
6.This plan is highly risky.....EURO 1billion....

-- by 会员 clover928 (2012/4/8 19:57:27)

作者: thouzand_ 时间: 2013-8-18 13:44
越障跳Tone三天后回归- -
1st round 07'57, 2nd round 06'39.
HBP brain modeling
1) controversal : whether is HBP open to other fields or scholars?
results:HBP turned out to be unifying model
2) HBP is an ambitious plan modelling by computers
(doubled computer powers, aid by PA, Blue G', unifying datas included)

作者: neverland1021 时间: 2014-10-15 18:45
谢谢baby姐~
电脑抽风，后来重新读了保存不了，⊙﹏⊙b
2'10[337 WORDS]
we only use 10% of our brain.
our memory fades all the time.

1'55[329 WORDS]
describe the difference of cognitive abilities between adults and children
five normal senses, we also have other senses
animals have some senses that human does not have

2'11[313 WORDS]
brain functions like computer
some part of the brain is damaged or 发育不全，其他地方就会发育更好

2'01[333 WORDS]
第7点走神了
people are relisient, the unhappy experience does not last as long as we think.

1'33[289 WORDS]
第9点走神
describe the difference between the brain of man and that of woman. and the difference might be exaggerated.

9’23
走神了

第二遍：
1‘57
1）只有10%的大脑在被使用，但是并不意味着剩下的90%的大脑无用
任何对大脑组织造成的损伤会造成对行为，感官以及其他方面的影响
2）对一些事件我们可能记得很清楚（发生的时间、地点、人物）但是记忆是随着时间推移而逐渐淡化，甚至我们的记忆会被认为修改添加入不正确的信息。

1‘55
3）成年人和小孩的cognitive ability是不一样的，小孩学习语言更容易，注意力更集中等等，而成年人对于一门语言的掌握更好，知道更多的词汇，能用更准确的语言来描述事物特征，
4）人有五感，听觉，视觉，嗅觉，味觉，触觉。但是动物有一些感觉是人没有的，比如蝙蝠用声纳来感知外界，蛇用温度，还有些动物甚至是微生物会运用磁场。

作者: Feelun 时间: 2021-5-11 22:48
4'51'' -- a popular theory is that we only use small part of our brain. But our brain costs so much energy and there is no reason for us to carry the useless part. and after the scan, we find out that most of the part in our brain is working even when we are doing something simple. But sure, we do have some reserves, and that is why someone suffered the diseases but the brain is still working.
People can remember the most dramatic event....give some examples. but in the expriment, the most vivid memories could fade with time and some people will add something new to the memory.

3'39''
it is true that with the age grows, some functions of the brain does not work better than young people, but still some parts of the brain in the old adults of are better than that in the young people.
besides the five senses, we have other ways to sense the world. Surprisingly, for some areas, human being cannot compete with animals. give some examples......

3'10''
we often compare our brain to something, but our brain does not fit it in every part of it. for example, our brain does not just take the input directly, since we interpret information.

for a long time, we have been thinking that our brain are electrical ciruits. there is some truth. However, the most great find in the past 10 years is that our brain is plastic. then give some examples...

4'12''
give a background of losing memories. then talk about the the forms of amnesia. then give the example.
what to make us happy? sometimes we overstmate something can bring happiness and for other time we underestimate something will bring the satisfaction. give examples...

3'01''
we are not just receving information, since we are looking for what fits our expectatoin. it is not bottom-up, but top down.
the brain of men and women are difference? surely there is some differences, but most of it are from the biase we have.

3'09''
bias makes some results. actually, the brain of men and women are overlapping for most of the parts!

13'53''
1. 引子
2. 背景 -- 讨论HM的HBP计划
3. 继续介绍背景
4. HM介绍自己想法的由来
5. 其他科学家的反应
6. 引用RD的话来说一个反对的声音的理由
7. M没有被震慑住，坚持自己的想法
8/9/10. 介绍HM的背景
11. 提到他的疑惑
12. 通过这个疑惑，他开始构思整合新发现这个想法
13. 其实M的想法并不是新的，但是确实是野心更大的一个 -- 讲和以往操作方法的不同
14. 继续讲M的推理
15. M的想法得到PA的支持
16. M已经开始实践自己的想法 -- 介绍这个实践
17. 截止到2005，M团队的成果
18. 已经出成果了
19. 讲终极目标，2009年是一个转折点，钱到位了；
20. 讲了HM的愿景

作者: Feelun 时间: 2021-5-12 15:20

Feelun 发表于 2021-5-11 22:48
4'51'' -- a popular theory is that we only use small part of our brain. But our brain costs so much ...

昨天做的，但是效果并不理想，虽然感觉每句话大体读懂了，但是读完了感觉还是没有一条清晰的线。于是刚刚再回过头来看，发现有几个问题：
1. 确实有些句子没理解，这个是长难句以及自己的底层阅读能力问题，但是再次读却发现影响不是十分大
2. 遇到难的生僻单词就打退堂鼓，其实对理解整体逻辑没有十分大的影响，是心理因素在作怪
3. 要注意转折词，要去理解作者的行文路线，作者到底想要说什么？
4. 最后一篇大长阅读，里面有一些时间线，第一遍读的时候有点混乱
5. 在时间压力下读文章和平常的读，感觉不一样；我刚刚再次读，发现精力集中，试图想知道作者想要告诉我什么的时候，整个文章脉络非常清晰；但是昨晚在时间压力下，精力很难集中，总是想着现在过去多少秒了，赶紧读，时间不够了之类的。确实需要focus，放平常心来看。

作者: 窝窝wooo 时间: 2021-12-11 16:57
1:59
1:51
1:54
2:00
2:03
越障 12mins
两部分：先介绍HBP, 之后介绍HBP的发明者mar
HBP:1. 定义：模拟大脑 2.作用：可以解决大脑的disorder，具有医学价值 3.科学家对计划的疑点：收集很多的不同观点的paper真的有效吗？

Mar ：1. 人生经历：哪上学的 2.他提出的HBP与其他experiment的最大不同点：model all Brian, not just a neuron circuit 3.HBP进程：一开始很多实验室都在做，从details开始，在2005年时候已经可以integrate details
4.achievement：unifying model
5.最终目标：integrate data across brain
6.机会：HBP 可以获得一个欧洲的奖项，这个奖项可以帮助mar 把HBP和全球共享

作者: sodaXJM 时间: 2023-9-19 14:18
速度：1.00；1.30；1.50；2.00；1.30
越障：
主题：介绍M主导的模仿人类大脑全部功能的超级计算机项目HBP项目
第一篇：
1.一个会议引出HBP项目，很多科学家第一次这个超级计算器
2.M发现很多神经领域都专注不用大脑不用方面，他想要整个各个方面
3.人们还没有去全面研究人类大脑的计划，HBP将会是第一个，也是underlying one
第二篇：
介绍M学术经历和HBP发展历程
1.M如何从精神病学转到神经学，M发现自己的科研目标就是研究完整大脑
2.M提出用计算机建模，将各种实验研究录入系统。但是当时计算机技术没办法实现，M坚信随着后面发展，一定可以实现这个想法
3.M被一个总统所招聘，在这里开启HBP的原型，一步步发展到实现大脑功能的超级计算机
4.HBP用处，治病，帮助神经学研究
5.M接下来的研究方向，HBP下一步发展，具体忘记了

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