其實這是 ETS 慣用的技倆
記不記得還有一題 作息時間不同的夫妻 ==> 感情會不好 Weaken 這個結論的原因 是 因為感情不好的夫妻 傾向故意把作息時間弄得不同
也就是用反果為因的論述來打壞原來的
再這一提也裡也是
如果說 depress 會引起人抽煙 那在 Study end 時發現 抽煙的人都有 depress 就不稀奇了 因為是 depress 引起人想抽煙 不是抽煙引起 depress
如此一來 若是把這個推翻結論的可能性排除 自然就加強了這個 conclusion
GWD9－37
Researchers took a group of teenagers who had never smoked and for one year tracked whether they took up smoking and how their mental health changed. Those who began smoking within a month of the study’s start were four times as likely to be depressed at the study’s end than those who did not begin smoking. Since nicotine in cigarettes changes brain chemistry, perhaps thereby affecting mood, it is likely that smoking contributes to depression in teenagers.
Which of the following, if true, most strengthen the argument?
Ø Participants who were depressed at the study’s start were no more likely to be smokers at the study’s end than those who were not depressed.
Ø Participants who began smoking within a month of the study’s start were no more likely than those who began midway through to have quit smoking by the study’s end.
Ø Few, if any, of the participants in the study were friends or relatives of other participants.
Ø Some participants entered and emerged from a period of depression within the year of the study.
Ø The researchers did not track use of alcohol by the teenagers.
没思路，劳驾指点。谢谢。
Participants who were depressed at the study’s start were no more likely to be smokers at the study’s end than those who were not depressed.
在开始的时候就忧郁的人 不会 比 那些在开始的时候不忧郁的人 更容易开始吸烟。
rings: you should try to think in English :-)
其實這是 ETS 慣用的技倆
記不記得還有一題 作息時間不同的夫妻 ==> 感情會不好 Weaken 這個結論的原因 是 因為感情不好的夫妻 傾向故意把作息時間弄得不同
也就是用反果為因的論述來打壞原來的
再這一提也裡也是
如果說 depress 會引起人抽煙 那在 Study end 時發現 抽煙的人都有 depress 就不稀奇了 因為是 depress 引起人想抽煙 不是抽煙引起 depress
如此一來 若是把這個推翻結論的可能性排除 自然就加強了這個 conclusion
对这道题选Ａ毫无异议：
但是Ａ选项有一个地方比较讨厌：
Participants who were depressed at the study’s start were no more likely to be smokers at the study’s end than those who were not depressed.
好端端的一个选项，非得加上这么个东西，结果个人感觉有点儿和原文中的ｓｔｕｄｙ开始后一个月有一点儿冲突。但是既然是ｓｕｐｐｏｒｔ题，也就无所谓了。如果是ａｓｓｕｍｐｔｉｏｎ，那可就值得好好考虑考虑了。各位的意见哪？
began smoking就说明是一直在抽吧，我看的时候就是这么理解滴
A：原文a——>b，A说不是b——〉a
B：无关比较吧
C：成员组成无关
D：这个some无关
E：alcohol无关
Participants who were depressed at the study’s start were no more likely to be smokers at the study’s end than those who were not depressed
文章结论说忧郁使人吸烟，问加强。
A说那些开始就忧郁的人和那些开始不忧郁的人有一样的可能性在研究结束后成为烟民。
其实A排除了一种原因的可能，看4楼的解释。
虽然一开始做这道题目的时候就觉得A可能是答案，不过怎么看都觉得A是个很愚蠢的答案，一个要研究吸烟是否会导致忧郁症的实验显然是不可能以忧郁症患者为研究对象的，否则岂不是很容易导致原因和结果的混淆(即分不清到底是吸烟导致了忧郁还是忧郁导致了吸烟)。所以实验对象里面是不大可能有忧郁症患者的。
答案有没有可能是C啊，因为如果实验者中有很多人是亲戚或朋友的话，很可能一个人患了忧郁症而影响到亲戚、朋友的情绪，使他们也患上忧郁症，如果同时这些人都吸烟，就不能确定是否是吸烟导致了忧郁症。所以实验者中很少人是亲戚朋友可以加强推论。
随便写写，欢迎指正。
其實這是 ETS 慣用的技倆
呵呵，一点都没错，我把这种题型叫做A cause B,but actually B cause A型题
这是我在大全里面收集的，OG里面也有几题，共享：
TEST 10-12. A study comparing a group of chronically depressed individuals with an otherwise matched group of individuals free from depression found significantly more disorders of the immune system among the depressed group. According to the researchers, these results strongly support the hypothesis that mental states influence the body’s vulnerability to infection.（即depress导致disorders of the immune system）
Which of the following, if true, casts the most serious doubt on the researchers’ interpretation of their findings?
(A) The researchers’ view does little more than echo a familiar theme in folklore and literature.
(B) Chronically depressed individuals are no less careful than others to avoid exposure to infections.
(C) Disorders of the immune system cause many of those individuals who have them to become chronically depressed.( A cause B,but actually B cause A）
(D) Individuals who have previously been free from depression can become depressed quite suddenly.（C）
(E) A high frequency of infections can stem from an unusually high level of exposure rather than from any disorder of the immune system.
TEST13-12. A researcher studying drug addicts found that, on average, they tend to manipulate other people a great deal more than nonaddicts do. The researcher concluded that people who frequently manipulate other people are likely to become addicts.那些影响其他人的人自己反而更容易上瘾
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the researcher’s conclusion?A cause B,but actually B cause A
(A) After becoming addicted to drugs, drug addicts learn to manipulate other people as a way of obtaining drugs.
(B) When they are imprisoned, drug addicts often use their ability to manipulate other people to obtain better living conditions.
(C) Some nonaddicts manipulate other people more than some addicts do.
(D) People who are likely to become addicts exhibit unusual behavior patterns other than frequent manipulation of other people.（A）
(E) The addicts that the researcher studied were often unsuccessful in obtaining what they wanted when they manipulated other people.
A：在影响他人之前就上瘾了，A说明文章把原因和结果搞混了，是反对因果关系颠倒的典型题，A指出manipulating others是果而非因。other than应该是"不同于，除了"的意思，不论是包括还是不包括自己，D都没有指出原逻辑的错误，仅仅反对其结论，所以一定不正确。
虽然一开始做这道题目的时候就觉得A可能是答案，不过怎么看都觉得A是个很愚蠢的答案，一个要研究吸烟是否会导致忧郁症的实验显然是不可能以忧郁症患者为研究对象的，否则岂不是很容易导致原因和结果的混淆(即分不清到底是吸烟导致了忧郁还是忧郁导致了吸烟)。所以实验对像里面是不大可能有忧郁症患者的。
答案有没有可能是C啊，因为如果实验者中有很多人是亲戚或朋友的话，很可能一个人患了忧郁症而影响到亲戚、朋友的情绪，使他们也患上忧郁症，如果同时这些人都吸烟，就不能确定是否是吸烟导致了忧郁症。所以实验者中很少人是亲戚朋友可以加强推论。
随便写写，欢迎指正。
我的思路也是这样....
不知道这样解释的通嘛?
open to discuss
我觉得是排除了因果倒置 原文中讲 在一个月内吸烟的人在实验结束时更容易忧郁 A说的是实验者在实验一开始就were depressed 的不会比没有被were depressed 的人容易吸烟 也就是排除了是因为忧郁而吸烟的可能性 不知道这样理解对不对
This is the same type of question as the one on "Bad immune system -> depression". I think it was a GWD question also.
The assumption is that 'depression does not lead to bad immune system'.
是排除因果倒置
觉得这个选项出的很绕很恶心...想半天才敢选A,乍看上去会觉得无关,人家讲的是实验开始吸烟的比不吸烟的在实验结束时更容易神经,所以吸烟导致神经.正路的SUPPORT应该是开始时吸烟的并不比不吸烟的更神经.A却说开始时神经的在结束时并不比不神经的更容易吸烟.这哪跟哪啊.就算是,也不影响开始吸烟的比不吸烟的在实验结束时更神经啊...不过其他的选项就更无关了.....
ETS真是想把我们绕的发神经...
排除因果倒置啊 又没想到 哭了~~~
排除对结论干扰的因素，所以是加强！
我觉得A是一个假设，假设一般都是起支持作用的
狒狒讲的动物与人的骨骼那道题 很典型
A is the answer that wants to eliminate the difference in the application to smoking between the people in depress and normal ones.
A says no matter what you were at the first place, it will not affect the result of the investigation.Since mood difference has been identified as the same.
一看就是A.
但B没看懂,谁能帮忙翻译一下?谢谢!
Participants who began smoking within a month of the study’s start were no more likely than those who began midway through to have quit smoking by the study’s end.
其實這是 ETS 慣用的技倆
記不記得還有一題 作息時間不同的夫妻 ==> 感情會不好 Weaken 這個結論的原因 是 因為感情不好的夫妻 傾向故意把作息時間弄得不同
也就是用反果為因的論述來打壞原來的
再這一提也裡也是
如果說 depress 會引起人抽煙 那在 Study end 時發現 抽煙的人都有 depress 就不稀奇了 因為是 depress 引起人想抽煙 不是抽煙引起 depress
如此一來 若是把這個推翻結論的可能性排除 自然就加強了這個 conclusion
一看就是A.
但B没看懂,谁能帮忙翻译一下?谢谢!
Participants who began smoking within a month of the study’s start were no more likely than those who began midway through to have quit smoking by the study’s end.
B：
在实验开始一个月内开始吸烟的人 和 在实验过程中间开始吸烟的人 都不太可能在实验结束前戒烟。
所以，B明显是无关的。
这题主要就是AB比较难懂。看明白了其实是好选的。
A is no more ... than B
就是"A和B都不..."的意思
8楼说的太好了
这选项属于排除因果倒置的类型，也就是LAWYER所说的因果不颠倒。
另外感觉GMAT的WEAKEN和SUPPORT题的思路是如此地相近，WEAKEN比较绕的一种选项就是因果倒置，然后此题就是与之相反的一个代表。还有就是WEAKEN的最常见手法就是他因削弱，然而SUPPORT的最常见手法就是架桥，也就是他因来联系因果。
感觉这道题跟下面这道题很像：
GWD3-Q32:
Newspaper editorial:
In an attempt to reduce the crime rate, the governor is getting tough on criminals and making prison conditions harsher. Part of this effort has been to deny inmates the access they formerly had to college-level courses. However, this action is clearly counter to the governor’s ultimate goal, since after being released form prison, inmates who had taken such courses committed far fewer crimes overall than other inmates.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?C
A. Not being able to take college-level courses while in prison is unlikely to deter anyone from a crime that he or she might otherwise have committed.
B. Former inmates are no more likely to commit crimes than are members of the general population.
C. The group of inmates who chose to take college-level courses were not already less likely than other inmates to commit crimes after being released.
D. Taking high school level courses in prison has less effect on an inmate’s subsequent behavior than taking college-level courses does.
E. The governor’s ultimate goal actually is to gain popularity by convincing people that something effective is being done about crime.
因果不颠倒，take college-level courses 的人并不是不会再犯罪的人，也就是说不是 不犯罪推出想 take college-level courses 。
原文结果关系
support为证明因果没倒置
weaken为证明因果倒置
我觉得不是。是因为开始就depress，后面才吸烟，则说明不是吸烟导致depress的。
其實這是 ETS 慣用的技倆
記不記得還有一題 作息時間不同的夫妻 ==> 感情會不好 Weaken 這個結論的原因 是 因為感情不好的夫妻 傾向故意把作息時間弄得不同
也就是用反果為因的論述來打壞原來的
再這一提也裡也是
如果說 depress 會引起人抽煙 那在 Study end 時發現 抽煙的人都有 depress 就不稀奇了 因為是 depress 引起人想抽煙 不是抽煙引起 depress
如此一來 若是把這個推翻結論的可能性排除 自然就加強了這個 conclusion
厉害！作息时间那道题我也错了
这道题读的时候觉得A很变扭，原来这样啊 排除了 因果颠倒的 可能，所以就是strengthen
8楼厉害！
应该是说，先排除了所有本来就depressed的人，A选项就是：开始D的最后还是D，没SMOKE
然后接下来说本来不D的人，根据题意，four times，所以推出本来不D的人SMOKE之后就D了
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