ChaseDream

标题: 【每日阅读训练第三期——速度越障1系列】【1-8】科技-biology-circadian clock [打印本页]
作者: babybearmm    时间: 2012-3-5 09:53
标题: 【每日阅读训练第三期——速度越障1系列】【1-8】科技-biology-circadian clock
Hi everyone~~
从今天起，我准备每周一推出一个大家感兴趣的Topic，围绕这个topic提供速度、越障、听力(video/audio)素材。如果你对科学技术、医药健康领域的某个话题感兴趣，或者有好的题材、资料推荐，欢迎联系我。
基于lovecloris,神猴,饭饭等童鞋的意见（在此表示谢意），本期隆重推出——生物钟(circadian clock)。让我们一起来学习这背后的生物学知识，合理作息，健康生活，高效学习

大家做完阅读训练后，来练下听力吧（暴力推荐！）：
Christmas Lectures 1998: Nancy Rothwell - Times of our lives
http://richannel.org/christmas-lectures-1998-nancy-rothwell--times-of-our-lives,
The Royal Institute每年圣诞会举行面向青少年的科普讲座，这是1998年的其中一期，就是这个话题…这个演讲超赞，有好多现场演示实验….
跟这个1998系列演讲配套的publication我也上传了，见附件。同样隆重推荐！是演讲者Professor Nancy Rothwell写的，深入浅出，图文并茂。本来我是想将它作为阅读材料的，但可惜这个pdf里不支持文本操作….感兴趣的同学当further reading吧~

Enjoy!

速度

[计时一]
Your Internal Sleep Clock

Circadian rhythm isn't a new type of dance step; it has to do with our internal sleep clock. Learn about how your sleep clock works.

Your pattern of sleep and waking is run by the body’s internal sleep clock. Governed by light, your internal sleep clock tells you when it’s time to fall asleep and wake up. Your internal sleep clock, otherwise known as the circadian rhythm, runs on a 24-hour cycle. Disruptions to the circadian rhythm and your internal sleep clock can deprive you of sleep. This, in turn, can cause health problems by disrupting all the physiological, biological, and chemical functions that are affected by sleep.

Your sleep clock is influenced by light signals to the retina (the back of the eye), neural (nerve) pathways to a specific part of the brain that govern wakefulness and sleep, exhaustion and the length of time you've been awake, your natural circadian rhythm, and daylight-saving time and seasons.

Your Internal Sleep Clock: How It Works

Light comes into the eye through the retina, travels down a neural pathway into a part of the brain called the suprachiasmatic nucleus, and signals that it’s time to be awake, says Lisa Shives, MD, a sleep specialist at Northshore Sleep Medicine in Evanston, Ill., and spokesperson for the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. “That starts a whole cascade of neurotransmitters that wake you up and are involved in wakefulness.”
[238 WORDS]

[计时二]
Sleep is also governed by conflicting forces. Dr. Shives says that light is one of the most powerful signals that tell your body to remain awake — however, a signal saying "stay asleep" (especially if you're sleep-deprived) can override the fact that sunlight is shining all around you.

“One of the most powerful cues that you should sleep is what we call the homeostatic force that builds up," says Shives. The longer you are awake, the more likely you are to get tired, so the urge to sleep builds over a 16-hour period. This need for sleep waxes or wanes throughout the day.

Your Internal Sleep Clock: Circadian Rhythm

The study of sleep is a relatively young field; research began in the United States during the 1960s and 1970s. The first biological clock was identified in fruit flies during the early '70s. Clinically, sleep only became a relevant subspecialty in the 1980s but "didn’t officially achieve subspecialty status in the academic hierarchies of American medicine until 2006,” Shives says.

A circadian rhythm refers to the body’s internal sleep clock and all the physiological functions that revolve around it. Circadian rhythm "derives its name from Latin; it means ‘around the day.’ It’s a fancy term for the fact that human beings have an internal 24-hour clock,” says Shives.

Back in the 1930s, researchers conducted “cave studies” — volunteers were sequestered in caves and deprived of natural light — and speculated that the body’s internal clock revolved around a 25-hour cycle, says Shives. “But more recent studies show that it’s closer to 24 hours.”

If you listen to your body, you will be in tune with your circadian rhythm. Don't hit the metaphorical snooze button and ignore your internal clock — it will keep you awake and productive or relaxed and ready for bed when you need to be.
[303 WORDS]

[计时三]
10 Tips to Reset Your Internal Clock

People with delayed sleep phase syndrome have trouble getting up in the morning and going to bed at the right time. The body's internal clock can be reset, however, with the help of a few sleep strategies.

Who doesn’t know at least one night owl who stays up until 1 or 2 a.m. every night, only to struggle to get out of bed the next morning to make it to school or work on time? To those on the outside, these people may seem undisciplined or even lazy, but in reality they may simply be at the mercy of their genes.

Each of us has an individual sleep schedule kept on track by our circadian rhythms, which is biological activity regulated by body temperature, sleep cycle, hormone secretion, and external factors like light and darkness. Our internal clock is located in a part of the brain called the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus.

“The ‘master’ circadian clock in the SCN receives light information from the retina in the eye, which sends the information to several parts of the brain, including the pineal gland, responsible for the release of melatonin,” says Rochelle Zozula, PhD, coordinator at Capital Health’s Center for Sleep Medicine in Hamilton, N.J. “Light will suppress the production of melatonin, which is directly involved in the process of sleep initiation.”
[229 WORDS]

[计时四]
Sleep Schedule Variations

For some people, however, despite these physical and environmental cues, their internal clocks do not sync up with the world’s expectations. About 1 percent of adults have advanced sleep phase disorder — they go to bed early, from 6 p.m. to 9 p.m. and wake up early, between 1 a.m. and 5 a.m. While inconvenient, many can still function well within society.

Other people, however, are not so lucky. Estimates are that as many as 15 percent of teenagers and adults may experience the flip side of advanced sleep phase disorder — delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS).

“DSPS is a circadian rhythm disorder associated with an inability to fall asleep at the individual’s desired time [typically they fall asleep several hours later] and an inability to wake up at the desired time,” says Zozula. “Due to the individual’s daytime obligations, a person with DSPS may be forced to wake up earlier and go against their natural circadian tendency.” This can lead to chronic sleep deprivation, increased psychological stress (almost 50 percent of people with DSPS also experience depression), and even obesity. Some recent research indicates that your body clock may also affect your risk for Alzheimer’s and schizophrenia — not to mention the fact that it can cause daytime sleepiness, which increases the risk of motor vehicle and workplace accidents.

10 Tips for Resetting Your Internal Clock

Fortunately, there are some things people with delayed sleep phase syndrome can do to help reset their biological clocks:
[246 WORDS]

[计时五]
1.    Schedule a doctor visit. See a doctor if your sleep schedule is interfering with job and other responsibilities.

2.    Adjust your bedtime. Try slowly scaling back your bedtime until you are at the desired hour (often you may need help from a physician with this).

3.    Do not nap. Even if you feel tired, napping can interfere with going to sleep at night.

4.    Do not sleep in. Getting up at the same time every day is important in maintaining a functioning sleep schedule.

5.    Be strict about your sleep schedule. Once you have reached a workable bedtime, don’t allow yourself to stray from it. Even one late night can ruin the progress you’ve made.

6.    Try light therapy. Consider “bright-light therapy,” a timed exposure to bright light in the morning. This should be done under a doctor’s care, as light intensity, timing, duration, and distance from the light source all need to be specific.

7.    Avoid night light. According to research from Rush University Medical Centre in Chicago, exposure to evening light shifts your body clock to a later schedule. When possible, avoid bright and outdoor light close to bedtime and keep your surroundings dim at night.

8.    Try melatonin with monitoring by a health professional. This therapy might help, but there could be side effects in some people as well as contraindications with other medications, both prescribed and over-the-counter, so work with your doctor on this strategy.

9.    Avoid eating or exercising too close to bedtime. Also watch out for caffeine and nicotine, both of which are stimulants.

10.    Set the mood. Finally, create a relaxing bedtime routine with a warm bath and relaxing music, for instance. Make sure your bed is comfortable, the room is dark, and the temperature is not too warm.

Changing your sleep schedule is not easy when you have delayed sleep phase syndrome, but with the proper discipline it can be done.
[320 WORDS]

速度阅读文来自：
http://www.everydayhealth.com/sleep/101/circadian-rhythms.aspx
http://www.everydayhealth.com/sleep/insomnia/resetting-your-clock.aspx

越障

THE TIME OF OUR LIVES

Take the red-eye from California to New York, and you'll experience firsthand the effects of your body's internal clock. If you feel drowsy or 'jet lagged' after the flight, it's because there's been a disruption to your natural circadian rhythms. Your internal clock is saying it's 3 a.m., but outside, it's time for breakfast.

Living organisms evolved an internal biological clock, called the Circadian rhythm, to help their bodies adapt to the daily cycle of day and night (light and dark) as the Earth rotates every 24 hours. The term 'circadian' comes from the Latin words for about (circa) a day (diem).

Circadian rhythms are controlled by "clock genes" that carry the genetic instructions to produce proteins. The levels of these proteins rise and fall in rhythmic patterns. These oscillating biochemical signals control various functions, including when we sleep and rest, and when we are awake and active. Circadian rhythms also control body temperature, heart activity, hormone secretion, blood pressure, oxygen consumption, metabolism and many other functions.

Daily cycles also regulate the levels of substances in our blood, including red blood cells, blood sugar, gases and ions such as potassium and sodium. Our internal clocks may even influence our mood, particularly in the form of wintertime depression known as seasonal affective disorder (SAD).

A biological clock has three parts: a way to receive light, temperature or other input from the environment to set the clock; the clock itself, which is a chemical timekeeping mechanism; and genes that help the clock control the activity of other genes.

In the last few decades, scientists have discovered the genes responsible for running the internal clocks: period (per), clock (clk), cycle (cyc), timeless (tim), frequency (frq), doubletime (dbt) and others.

Genes that control circadian rhythms have been found in organisms ranging from people to mice, fish, fruit flies, plants, molds and even single-celled, blue-green algae known as cyanobacteria.

Where is the body's master clock?

The master circadian clock that regulates 24-hour cycles throughout our bodies is found in a region called the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) in the hypothalamus of the brain. The SCN is made up of two tiny clusters of several thousand nerve cells that "tell time" based on external cues, such as light and darkness. The SCN regulates sleep, metabolism, and hormone production.

How important is the SCN? When a rat's SCN is removed, its daily cycle of activity and sleep is disrupted. The SCN still produces rhythmic chemical signals, even after it has been removed from an animal's brain.

The SCN is believed to synchronize "local" clocks in organs and tissues throughout the body, either through hormones or changes in body temperature. Gene-operated clocks independent of the brain's master pacemaker have been found in the liver, lung, testis, connective tissue and muscle.

One example of how a local clock works comes from fruit flies. Cells in their antennae display a circadian rhythm independent of the brain's master clock. The antennae oscillations correlate with sense of smell, which is more sensitive at night than during the day.

How many hours are in a biological clock?

The human circadian rhythm is not exactly 24 hours - it's actually 10 to 20 minutes longer. Other species have circadian rhythms ranging from 22 to 28 hours. The biological clock in living organisms keeps working even when the organism is removed from natural light. Without daylight, the biological clock will eventually start running on its own natural cycle. But as soon as morning light hits the eyes, the clock will reset to match the earth's 24-hour day.

Why aren't organisms' internal clocks exactly 24 hours long? A computer simulation suggests competition for food and other resources is most intense among species with 24-hour cycles. If you eat at the same time as everyone else, you're less likely to get your share. Our slightly out of sync internal clock may have evolved to help us survive the competition.

Biological clocks also play a role in longer cycles such as hibernation, bird migrations and even annual changes in the color of a hamster's coat. When the animal brain records longer days in the spring and shorter days in the fall, it triggers hormone secretion that influences these events.

How do clock genes work?

Clock genes send out instructions that dictate protein production. The genes interact with each other to produce daily fluctuations in the amount of proteins produced.

The central player is the per gene, which produces the PER protein. PER levels are highest during early evening and lowest early in the day.

In fruit flies, the clk and cyc genes work together to activate the per and tim genes so they produce proteins. Those proteins, PER and TIM, then combine and slowly accumulate in the cell nucleus, where they slow down the clk and cyc genes, which in turn deactivates per and tim and stops further production of the PER and TIM proteins. As PER and TIM diminish, clk and cyc kick into action again, starting a new daily cycle.

The cycle is a bit more complicated in mammals, in which clk works with a gene named Bmal1 instead of with cyc. Also, mammals have three versions of the Per gene.

Other clock genes also play a role. In the fruit fly, the dbt gene produces a protein that helps break down the per protein to keep it at just the right levels for the particular time of day. A gene named pdf for pigment-dispersing protein produces a protein that appears to tell the rest of the fly's body what time it is according to the master clock in its brain.

How do clock genes influence sleep?

Clock genes normally keep us awake during the day and asleep at night. But when a clock gene mutates, it can disrupt the normal sleep cycle.

A mutant hPer2 gene is responsible for an inherited sleep pattern known as "familial advanced sleep phase syndrome" (FASPS). People with FASPs are "morning larks" who usually get sleepy by 7 p.m. and wake up around 2 a.m. Another sleep condition, called "delayed sleep phase syndrome," has the opposite effect, turning people who have it into extreme night owls. They fall asleep very late and have trouble waking up in the morning. Delayed sleep phase syndrome has been linked to the hPer3 gene.

Any student who has studied during an "all-nighter" knows the circadian clock isn't the only sleep influencer. Our need for sleep also plays a role. When rats are awake and vigilant, their brain's master clock is more active. When rats are deprived of sleep, their master-clock doesn't respond normally during different times of day.

Sunlight resets the internal biological clock every day so it is synchronized with a 24-hour day. If you lived in an underground bunker under constant artificial light, you would continue to follow an approximately 24-hour sleep-wake pattern, but your cycles would slowly get out of phase with actual daytime and nighttime.

Air travel to a distant time zone can also disrupt normal cycles. The resulting jet lag is both a disconnect between local time and your body's time, and a disconnect between your brain's master clock and local clocks in tissues throughout your body. Once you arrive at your destination, the change in daylight hours will "entrain" or reset your internal clock, but it will take a few days to get rid of the jet lag.

What are the health implications of clock genes?

Understanding exactly how clock genes work may help scientists develop new medicines that adjust or reset the human biological clock to treat the ill effects of jet lag, night shift work or wintertime depression. Clock genes may also offer clues to sleep disorders such as narcolepsy, which makes people feel sleepy during the day.

Our internal clock controls hormone levels, which can affect the way our bodies respond to certain medications. Better knowledge of circadian rhythms may improve the effectiveness of medications by revealing the best times to take them.

Light is used to treat people with seasonal affective disorder, the form of depression that surfaces during the shorter days of winter. Some research indicates light therapy is more effective if it is synchronized with a patient's internal clock, which is why some patients are treated with exposure to bright light early in the morning. Bright light also has been used to help people adjust to jet lag and to changes in work shifts.

Clock genes may some day help scientists treat cancer. At least eight clock genes are known to coordinate normal functions such as cell proliferation (which is uncontrolled in cancer) and cell suicide (which fails to occur in tumor cells). One study found that without the mPer2 gene, mouse cells with damaged DNA become cancerous instead of committing cell suicide. If clock genes actually play a role in cancer, they could be a target for new drugs that might disrupt the "clock" to halt the cancer.

Aging may disrupt the synchronization of local clocks throughout the body and their synchronization with the brain's master timekeeper. One study found that electrical activity in the internal clocks of aging rats was not as regular as in younger rats, so the aging rats did what elderly people often do: they napped during the day.

[1546 WORDS]

摘自：http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/dna/clockgenes/
作者: babybearmm    时间: 2012-3-5 09:57
附件太大了，超过7M...我把它分成两个phd文档，分别是Pages 1-7, Pages 8-15
"The times of our lives" starts on Page 10

Enjoy~
作者: phoebe0624    时间: 2012-3-5 11:13
谢谢baby，终于抢得到一次沙发！

速度
58''
1'16''
52'
58'
1'12

越障
13'34''
life clock
circadian rhythms：gene control hormone or blood pressure or some body circumstance
day time：light
clock 3 parts：genes：to control the body circumstance and set this clock；clock： itself mechanism；genes：to control other genes
not only animal have life clock， other plants also have it.
#where is clock：in brian consist of lots of  nerves-SNC-external cue-sleep，metabolism，hormone
how many hours of the clock：
1、10-20 minutes
2、22-28 hours
not exact 24 hours because if all animal have same clock，it would be less selective food for species in the same time-avoide competition
#how it works：？？？
#how influence sleep：
hper2 gene for FASPS 7pm.-2 am.  hper3 gene for "dealy sleep phrase"
#why research：
can bring new medicine
1、control hormone to suitable level
2、use light to
3、genes to cure cancer
4、Age influence
作者: 半阙    时间: 2012-3-5 13:02
01:21
02:27

01:18

01:40

01:57


11m47s
1、生物钟分为三部分：way….它本身…..clock genes
2、生物钟在SCN区域里，SCN很重要，把小白鼠的SCN移走它就凌乱了。。。
3、一般人的生物钟都是24小时多一点，有些动物22-28小时，因为食物竞争。什么动物的迁徙也有一个生物钟。
4、Clock genes通过控制蛋白质来工作。Central player：per gene。。。还有一些其他的player。。。
5、Clock gene是让我们保持正常的生物钟的，但一旦基因突变，就会破坏生物钟。。。
6、研究clock genes在医学上有前景。
记不住。。。。sigh………..
作者: aprilzhanghj    时间: 2012-3-5 17:31
1‘44
2’15
1‘41
1’44
2‘19

太喜欢今天的内容了，最近正犯delayed sleep baby你太好啦~~

paraphrize:
1. how the internal sleep order is functioned, by light, surrounding enviornment, mood and other factors.
2. what effects a disordered sleep can have on people's health
3. tips to reset sleep order such as the creationg of dim enviornment, no eating or exercise around sleep time, the seeking of doctors' advise, morning light and no nap.
作者: CHRISTINE2010    时间: 2012-3-5 19:05
1'17
1'21
58'
1'05
1'32
9'26

If you travel from one time zone to another, your C clock will interrupt you and make you sleepy even though it may be lunch time.
C clock is very important in our daily live.
There are several genes found related to C clock.
(1)………….
(2) How does this C clock function?
It function by interfere with protein production
(3) ……………………
(4) How does this C clock affect our health?
Several disease can be cured by using day light. And maybe one day cancer can be cured by exposing the patient with more light, etc…


最后表示。。。我是猫头鹰的代表者。。。完全的晚上清醒白天晕。。。
作者: chloegrant    时间: 2012-3-5 19:34
1'11
1'25
'52
1'17
1'23

越障的黑字标题很清晰的划分了文章结构
8‘42
作者: shelvey    时间: 2012-3-5 20:00
199
190
230
192
212

越障：
introduction ofbiological clock,how it named,
the clock is influenced by several parts:balabalabal~~
1.Where:brain
2.how many hours:23-28?
3.how work:by gene
4.how influence sleep:忘了。。。
5.health inplication: sicentists can use it to cure cancer someday
作者: 搞G战士DB    时间: 2012-3-5 21:45
感谢baby、饭饭、神猴、love还有各位小分队的队员！用心良苦啊！
1’15
1’22
1‘11
1’41
1‘46
越障9’07，比昨天第一次做13‘35好多了！坚持下去！
作者: abjure    时间: 2012-3-5 22:02
文章是好文章。。

越障集中不了注意力。。过下再看 。

1:42;  2:07;  1:43  ; 1:27; 2:10

文章主要讲生物中
red eye sample,  从ca 到 ny , 人会感觉的疲劳， jet jam.  原因在于生物钟是凌晨3点，但是light 告诉圣体是早餐时间。
生物钟 可以影响荷尔蒙分泌，情绪好坏，内分泌，等
一个人一天生物钟可能24小时多10分钟， 但是动物可能是22-26小时不等。  原理在于，资源的竞争， 假如吃的刚刚好， 就不够，所以要多吃点。
谈了生物钟怎么影响：clock gene 来管理 荷尔蒙的分泌, 新城代谢，。。。
还可以影响 blood cell,  等等。
生物中在那个位置。 scn，  这个位置很重要，没有了它， 生物钟就乱了套，  没有大脑，生物中可能还不受影响。

missing.......
作者: dengly    时间: 2012-3-5 22:03
1.20
1.26
1.02
1.11
1.55

越障11.07
作者: 风鸣蝉    时间: 2012-3-5 22:55
1'48
2'39
1'29
1'44
1'49
越障
10'16
作者: kaitlynyl    时间: 2012-3-5 23:57
速度：除了第二段差一行，其他读完
越障：坐飞机会遇到时差问题，逐步引入生物钟。总体讲了讲生物钟。有几个部分，科学家发现基因怎么影响它等等。然后开始分述。生物钟管理我们的睡眠，有多少个小时，基因怎么控制，有好几种基因。产生蛋白质什么的。根据生物钟可以对我们已有的疾病研究什么治疗方法。什么东西可以影响生物钟，包括晚睡，坐飞机时差等等。年龄也可以影响生物钟，年纪大了会经常打盹。
文章比较好懂，结构清晰，内容较零碎，记不清楚了。越来越发现只会记住框架，肉记住的真的不多。需要多加练习。
作者: fox0923    时间: 2012-3-6 01:53
正好相反，我昨天好像睡多了~~

1'00"
1'09"
45"
1'09"
1'25"

记录的顺序好像有颠倒了~~喜欢baby的science文章，感觉真的好像GMAT文章~~
MI: Introduction, the function and implication of circadian rhythm, also, the author states the possible benefits of drugs related to this research can influence people's lives in the future.
1. The brief introduction of circadian rhythm, a biological clock functions to control human body temperature, blood pressure, hormone, etc.
2. SCN is an important area locates in the hypothalamus in our brain. The experiment shows that a rat which has been removed its SCN would not function well to control its daily and night activities.
3. Normally, the biological clock is activate 10-20mins longer than the daily hours of 24 hours. The reason is that human are competitive for food, goods and other stuffs in order to survive. And the biological clock is helping us to survive.
4. Also, the clock genes can stimulate the production of protein. Cyc and Per gene, then the author talks about how these two genes and other two genes interact each other. For example, people who sleep late and wake up late suffer from Per gene? ( 忘记了）
5. The biological cycle can influence people's lives by encountering the jet lag if people travel to different regions with different time. For people who live in the dark, their biological cycle can be changed as well. Because sometimes the biological cycle wouldn't stop to work even though the light is dim or in dark room. Thus, it's better to suggest people to sleep in a dark room without bright light, and wake up normally when the sunlight comes out, in this case, the biological cycle will start to function againSome people sleep early at 7pm and wakes up at 1am or 5am, while others sleep very late at night and couldn't wake up in the morning. The latter one actually encounters the syndrome of delayed sleep deprivation.
6. The scientists explore the deeper use of biological cycle to help in curing the cancer and tumor by reducing the number of tumor cells. The recent study also found that the aging problem can influence the biological cycle, an influence can cause the older rat's biological cycle functioning slower than that of the regular young rat.
作者: TS28    时间: 2012-3-6 08:39
1:49
2:27
1:40
1:49
1:16

11:00
昨天的文章完全看的完全不知所云，而且都看2,3分钟的，给自己打气，然后决定一定会坚持下去！！！
可能今天的内容比较有趣比较简单，还算是基本完成任务了
越障的大意不能清楚回忆，好佩服大家啊，相信将来我一定也可以的！！！
文章是讲生物钟的
先给例子引出话题
然后讲生物钟是什么
怎么运作
有什么用
……
作者: 很邻家    时间: 2012-3-6 13:27
10’20
1.    Disrupting the circadian rhythms make a person drowsy.
2.    Circadian rhythms are controlled by clock genes, which function by producing certain proteins.
3.    Gene mutation may change the internal clock from sleeping at night to being exciting at night.
4.    The human circadian rhythms are more than 24 hours in fact. Some studies indicate that it is due to the competition among the species.
5.    The study of the circadian rhythms can help the scientists find a treatment about cancer.
作者: liulu007    时间: 2012-3-6 18:54
补作业来了。
作者: Daisy汪    时间: 2012-3-6 20:48
1‘15
1’43
1‘16
1’12
1‘37
越障：9’01人的身体内部有自己的节律，光对这种节律有影响
这种节律是由gene决定的，但是是由身体的各个organism协同合作完成的
一个人的节律时间并非24小时，而是10-22分钟，其他动物可能是20-22小时不等
在晚上没有光的作用下，人的节律开始按照自己的naturally的节奏运作，而当有光的时候，节律就开始配合24小时
解释了不是24小时的原因：帮助适应competition(物竞天择)
水果的节律是因为产生了什么和什么protein，然后两种protein结合运作
而哺乳动物由gene代替某种protein
节律会对人的血压血糖，情绪等产生影响，因此医生会根据人的内部节律研制药物治疗季节性情绪disorder和cancer

前面的有些不记得了~~~
作者: xunjiejie5    时间: 2012-3-6 21:03
1'27
1'58
1'11
1'59
还有个时间不知道被我记哪里去了，而且顺序有点乱
作者: harryhenry    时间: 2012-3-6 23:00
1‘22
1’33
1‘04
1’08
1‘53（最后一段为毛用了这么长时间）

越障 11’30
话说真心今天的内容很喜欢 看的很细 边看边想以前看过的一些关于中医对于睡眠的说法，顿时觉得中国古人太牛逼了 虽然中国古人没有精确到基因，但是很多说法和文章中的说法一致 我国古人太牛逼了 真心的啊 赞一个~
作者: babybearmm    时间: 2012-3-7 02:35
哇你提醒我了，还真是啊，愈发觉得咱中国古人很牛啊！
现在生物医学界吹得炙手可热的"personalized medicine"，就是根据每个人的不同（特别是gene），来针对性的治疗。咱中医自古以来就是case-by-case啊，反倒是过去的西医缺乏对个人的针对性，对患同一种病的不同病人经常会开完全一样的处方。

1‘22
1’33
1‘04
1’08
1‘53（最后一段为毛用了这么长时间）

越障 11’30
话说真心今天的内容很喜欢 看的很细 边看边想以前看过的一些关于中医对于睡眠的说法，顿时觉得中国古人太牛逼了 虽然中国古人没有精确到基因，但是很多说法和文章中的说法一致 我国古人太牛逼了 真心的啊 赞一个~
-- by 会员 harryhenry (2012/3/6 23:00:05)

作者: babybearmm    时间: 2012-3-7 02:36
膜拜狐仙jj~~这次越障确实细节知识点很多啊

正好相反，我昨天好像睡多了~~

1'00"
1'09"
45"
1'09"
1'25"

记录的顺序好像有颠倒了~~喜欢baby的science文章，感觉真的好像GMAT文章~~
MI: Introduction, the function and implication of circadian rhythm, also, the author states the possible benefits of drugs related to this research can influence people's lives in the future.
1. The brief introduction of circadian rhythm, a biological clock functions to control human body temperature, blood pressure, hormone, etc.
2. SCN is an important area locates in the hypothalamus in our brain. The experiment shows that a rat which has been removed its SCN would not function well to control its daily and night activities.
3. Normally, the biological clock is activate 10-20mins longer than the daily hours of 24 hours. The reason is that human are competitive for food, goods and other stuffs in order to survive. And the biological clock is helping us to survive.
4. Also, the clock genes can stimulate the production of protein. Cyc and Per gene, then the author talks about how these two genes and other two genes interact each other. For example, people who sleep late and wake up late suffer from Per gene? ( 忘记了）
5. The biological cycle can influence people's lives by encountering the jet lag if people travel to different regions with different time. For people who live in the dark, their biological cycle can be changed as well. Because sometimes the biological cycle wouldn't stop to work even though the light is dim or in dark room. Thus, it's better to suggest people to sleep in a dark room without bright light, and wake up normally when the sunlight comes out, in this case, the biological cycle will start to function againSome people sleep early at 7pm and wakes up at 1am or 5am, while others sleep very late at night and couldn't wake up in the morning. The latter one actually encounters the syndrome of delayed sleep deprivation.
6. The scientists explore the deeper use of biological cycle to help in curing the cancer and tumor by reducing the number of tumor cells. The recent study also found that the aging problem can influence the biological cycle, an influence can cause the older rat's biological cycle functioning slower than that of the regular young rat.
-- by 会员 fox0923 (2012/3/6 1:53:28)

作者: 泾渭不凡    时间: 2012-3-7 13:14
标题: ╭(╯3╰)╮~~╭(╯3╰)╮~~
0'58''
1'12''
0'53''
0'51''
1'15''
(*^__^*) 嘻嘻……~~饭饭听善良baby姐姐的话~~现在生物钟正常了好多呦~~么么~~
10tips~~偶也~~~饭饭要遵循~~~不过第一个貌似就不会咯。。。。
看到Alzheimer disease。。。。。。。好可怕。。。。。
谢谢baby姐姐~~~
[attachimg=80,80]97284[/attachimg]
作者: babybearmm    时间: 2012-3-7 13:52
饭饭真可耐~
我觉得，粗略看来DSPS的人（包括并不得病但看起来有此症状的人）不止文中说的15%啊，我就是，不过正在改正中-_-
难道都是压力大被逼的，比如说学习任务太重就拖后了入睡时间？
从这个角度说DSPS, stress, risk to depression, risk to some diseases (e.g.Alzheimer's) 也都是associated

0'58''
1'12''
0'53''
0'51''
1'15''
(*^__^*) 嘻嘻……~~饭饭听善良baby姐姐的话~~现在生物钟正常了好多呦~~么么~~
10tips~~偶也~~~饭饭要遵循~~~不过第一个貌似就不会咯。。。。
看到Alzheimer disease。。。。。。。好可怕。。。。。
谢谢baby姐姐~~~
97284
-- by 会员 泾渭不凡 (2012/3/7 13:14:13)

作者: 铁板神猴    时间: 2012-3-8 11:33
51''
1'08''
54''
1'02''
1'27''

6'24''

果然最后一个速度会读的更慢点，因为那些tips都是高度凝练，包含的信息量其实反而比其他几个速度要大~
说起来我就是个night owl啊，哈哈~

强烈同意fox，文风很像GMAT，读起来很舒服~
作者: 铁板神猴    时间: 2012-3-8 12:02
哦，对了 小分队的同胞们可能很多人都对默读有困惑，我来分享一下自己的经验~

我练到现在，你猜怎样？我发觉我对英文，比中文反而更容易克制默读。
原因是我一直有拿小分队来练习克服默读，但是中文的训练就很少。所以能够联想到什么？默读这种习惯是与文字符号联系在一起的，不管中文英文你都不能发声！而且随着训练增加，你就能适应新的信息接收方式。

切记，中文英文都不要发声，否则训练效果减半。
作者: babybearmm    时间: 2012-3-8 12:31
我发现还真像神猴说的，我看中文就是默读，也许因为从小学语文就是朗读课文的吧，习惯了....
向神猴学习~
作者: 一加heidy    时间: 2012-3-9 10:33
1’09  1’18  0’57   1’03  1’22
越障七分钟，只是模糊的记得大概，知道主题是什么，看大家的时间，我好像看太快了，都是在扫视，没有记住内容啊。。。。我也喜欢baby的文章~~~
作者: 猫咪团团    时间: 2012-3-23 00:21
1min 33
1min45
1min10
1min28
2min14

12min09

忽然发现自己总是喜欢默读，一看意群就各种看不懂．．．肿么办．．．
作者: Threesu    时间: 2012-4-4 16:37
0‘36
0’47
0‘35
0’45
1‘01
在练扫读，准备每次读完都脑子回忆一下内容！干巴爹！
作者: haibaraaifly    时间: 2012-4-16 14:03
速度：
1'03  1'34  55''  1'09  '125
越障：
10'
好长啊，零零散散地回忆起了一些
飞机倒时差不适应是因为体内的生物钟与外部时间差异导致的
生物钟分三部分：光线刺激、生物钟本身以及基因
如果被关在没有光的地方，人体会根据自身生物钟来进行一天24小时的作息
控制生物钟的基因位于人体的大脑内通过控制蛋白质的代谢来控制人类的作息
体内的生物钟并不是严格的24小时，而其他物种的波动更大
有关生物钟的XX基因有可能会对治疗癌症作出贡献
作者: Yolanda妍    时间: 2012-4-21 21:40
速度：1'40  2'10  1'57  2'24  2'21
越障：4‘22
Can foreign CEOs lead Japan Inc.?
问题：一些日本企业的foreign CEO表示难以在日本企业工作下去。
可能的原因：（1）文化不同
（2）foreigner 在日本找工作难
Whether foreign CEOs can lead Japan Inc. remains a question.
作者: 浅吟天    时间: 2012-4-22 08:23
越障 14‘29
Clock gene
通过管蛋白质的合成管我们生活中的很多方面。如血液，Mood
Clock gene有3part gene itself , way to response to the environment, clock (a chemistry mechanism)
讲了where it work: in the brain
How much hours it has:  more than 24hours
How it works: gene control per gene to synthesis protein
How to affect sleep. the gene mutation will cause order interruption
…瞄了一眼时间，读的太久了，然后秒杀完了，什么都不记得了。

速度：01:32 02:16 01:28 01:42 01:43
作者: thouzand_    时间: 2013-8-12 16:04
越障练习: 10'03
1)organism substance effected by two items
-Circad rhy (controled by gene)
-clock (divided into 3 parts)
2)master insider clock:SCN (factor in activity and sleep)
the clock cycles not exactly 24hours and able to expand.
3)PER gene is critical in the mechanism.
+ 2 conditions
+ need for sleep
+ sun resets the body clock?
4)application
for hor adjustment,depression and cancer.
感想：希望能提高回忆细节的能力，虽然读了1-2遍，还是无法从容地将Topic和细节内容对应起来。
作者: thouzand_    时间: 2014-3-25 16:18
Marked task-3 for evening.
-----------------
N-I-G-H-T-M-A-R-E.
Cir Internal clock
I) major characteristics and terms
II) associated with mammals
- rematch to local time
- (1) competition for food
- (1) herbination
III) mechanism (PER protein)
Simple Route:
per/tim + === PER/TIM+ === cyc/clk- === per/tim- ...
when it turns to the next day, per and tim literally increase again.
IV) influenced by factors
- (1) two terms?
- (1) it works underground
- (1) why jet lag is explained (local sun-light reset the clock)
V) applicantions
sun-light+ === hermone level controled by clock === jet lag relieved
also useful when it comes to cancer and aging issues.
作者: della_ON    时间: 2015-1-3 21:37
1'22
1'45
1'14
1'25
1'48

越障一边读下来什么都不记得T T。。
重读以后再总结
We have an internal biological clock called Circadian rhythm and it is controlled by genes. Circadian rhythm can control and influence our life in many ways.
The master circadian clock lies in SCN, which controls local clocks throughout the body.
Our internal clocks are not exactly 24 hours long, clocks that may assist us in surviving the competition.
Clock genes work differently from different organisms.
Many factors may influence clock genes and thus  disrupt our normal sleep cycle such as our need for sleep, sunlight and air travel.
Understanding the clock genes may help us improve the health in many ways.
作者: Feelun    时间: 2021-5-13 22:01
1'55'' - introduce the concept and say how it works
1'58'' - the history of circadian
1'47'' - how our circadian work on us
1'52'' - a phenomenon caused by sleep disorder
2'04'' - to the phenomenon mentioned above, here comes the methods to help alleviate it.

11'33'' - give the background; then tell us more about who is in control and how the internal clock function in our body. How it will affect our sleep and the how we can take advantage of the internal clock.
作者: 窝窝wooo    时间: 2021-11-25 10:45
1:02 1:52 1:30 1:15 1:40
14mins
1.昼夜节律的含义和作用
control 身体的温度、血压、氧气等
2. 生物钟的3个影响因素
光：reset clock
clock本身
基因：master是在大脑的scn部分，控制作息，协同器官，但器官也有一定的独立性（eg flies)
3. 昼夜节律的时间
比24hours更长一点，原因是为了生存：获得更多的食物
4 昼夜节律怎么工作
主要是per，作用
还有其他基因，作用
5.研究生物钟、cr 对health的帮助
1 改善jet lag 和一个早睡、晚睡的类型
2.帮助停止cancer生长
作者: anycoa    时间: 2021-11-25 15:34
59'
1:02
43'
49'
1:17

越障4:44
因为把讲座看完了，再看这个文章的时候觉得很多特别熟悉，
回忆的时候大概是在讲脑子里面的蛋白质控制生物钟的哪些方面，对于不同生物种类的影响方式，以及不同的生物专有名词进行类比。那几个tips用来提醒早睡早起的记得好深刻~
作者: sodaXJM    时间: 2023-9-17 15:36
速度：+1，+5，1min，1min，+1
越障：记得顺序有点乱orz
1）什么是生物钟：1.举一个坐飞机例子2.生物钟名字来源3.生物钟作用：影响睡觉，控制人体活动，红细胞，情绪4.内容：环境因素；生物钟本身；基因；5.在人、动物，单细胞生物都发现了生物钟基因
2）生物钟基因：1.位置下丘脑；2.基因名字 ；3.举例果蝇
3）生物钟的时间：不等于24小时，为了帮助我们竞争一般会多余24小时，sunlight会开启新的cycle
4）生物钟how work：基因控制器官组织的化学反应
5）影响生物钟因素：1.生物钟本身2.特殊基因（举例两个作用相反的基因）3.sunlight、sleep等
6）研究生物钟的健康方面好处：有利于治病。1.生物钟控制荷尔蒙分泌2.light治疗3. sunlight对治疗的影响4. aging特殊性



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