Line In 1955 Maurice Duverger published The Political Role of Women, the first behavioralist, multinational comparison of women's electoral participation ever to use election data and survey (5)data together. His study analyzed women's patterns of voting, political candidacy, and political activism in four European countries during the first half of the twentieth century. Duverger's research findings were that women voted somewhat less frequently (10)than men (the difference narrowing the longer women had the vote) and were slightly more conservative. Duverger's work set an early standard for the sensitive analysis of women's electoral activities. (15)Moreover, to Duverger's credit, he placed his findings in the context of many of the historical processes that had shaped these activities. However, since these contexts have changed over time, Duverger's approach has proved more (20)durable than his actual findings. In addition, Duverger's discussion of his findings was hampered by his failure to consider certain specific factors important to women's electoral participation at the time he collected his data: the influence (25)of political regimes, the effects of economic factors, and the ramifications of political and social relations between women and men. Given this failure, Duverger's study foreshadowed the enduring limitations of the behavioralist approach (30) to the multinational study of women's political participation.作者: 泾渭不凡 时间: 2012-3-2 22:26
Questions 91-96 refer to the passage on page 392.
91. The primary purpose of the passage is to (A) evaluate a research study (B) summarize the history of a research area (C) report new research findings (D) reinterpret old research findings (E) reconcile conflicting research findings Main idea Determining the primary purpose comes from examining what the author does in the entire passage. In the first paragraph, the author explains Duverger's work on women's electoral participation. In the second paragraph the author points out both the successes and failures of that work. The purpose of this passage, then, is to evaluate Duverger's study. A Correct. The author evaluates Duverger's study of women's electoral activities. B This passage examines only one research study, not an entire research area. C Duverger's work was published in 1955; its findings are not new. D The author explains and evaluates Duverger's findings but does not reinterpret them. E The author's discussion of Duverger's work does not reveal or attempt to reconcile conflicting findings. The correct answer is A.
92. According to the passage, Duverger's study was unique in 1955 in that it (A) included both election data and survey data (B) gathered data from sources never before used in political studies (C) included an analysis of historical processes (D) examined the influence on voting behavior of the relationships between women and men (E) analyzed not only voting and political candidacy but also other political activities Supporting ideas This question is based on information specifically stated in the first sentence of the passage. The author introduces Duverger's work by calling it the first study of women's electoral participation ever to use election data and survey data together (lines 3-5). A Correct. Duverger's work was unique because it used election data and survey data together. B The two data types had never before been used together in such a study; they may well have been used separately in many earlier political studies. C The second paragraph states that Duverger placed his findings in the context of historical processes, but not that he was unique in doing so (lines 15-17). D Duverger compared the frequency and direction of voting between men and women, not the effect that their relationships had on voting (line 27). E Duverger's work analyzed political activism, but the author does not claim that it was unique in doing so (lines 5—6). The correct answer is A.
93.Which of the following characteristics of a country is most clearly an example of a factor that Duverger, as described in the passage, failed to consider in his study? (A) A large population (B) A predominantly Protestant population (C) A predominantly urban population (D) A one-party government (E) Location in the heart of Europe Inference In the second paragraph, the author notes Duverger's failure to consider... the influence of political regimes, the effects of economic factors, and the ramifications of political and social relations between women and men (lines 22—27). This question requires checking this list from the passage against the possible answers; the only point of convergence is the system of government. A system of government in which there is only one political party is a type of political regime. A The author does not say that Duverger failed to consider the size of the population. B No evidence shows that Duverger failed to consider the predominance of a religion. C The author does not say that Duverger failed to consider the location of the population. D Correct. According to the author of the passage, Duverger failed to consider the influence of political regimes. E Duverger is not faulted for failing to consider the location of the countries that he studied. The correct answer is D.
94. The author implies that Duverger's actual findings are (A) limited because they focus on only four countries (B) inaccurate in their description of the four countries in the early 1950s (C) out-of-date in that they are inapplicable in the four countries today (D) flawed because they are based on unsound data (E) biased by Duverger's political beliefs Inference Since the question uses the word implies, the answer involves making an inference based on the information in the text. The second paragraph evaluates Duverger's work. The author notes that Duverger placed hisfindings in the context of many ofthe historical processes. Because these contexts have changed since 1955, the author holds that Duverger's approach has proved more durable than his actualfindings. The actual findings, then, are out-of-date and irrelevant to the countries today. A The limitations the author brings up in the second paragraph have no connection to the number of countries studied. B The limitations the author brings up in the second paragraph do not suggest that the findings were inaccurate; rather, they were, in the author's view, significantly incomplete. C Correct. The actual findings, unlike the research method, are out-of-date and inapplicable today. D The limitations the author brings up in the second paragraph do not suggest that Duverger's data were unsound; rather, in the author's view, they were incomplete and have become dated. E The limitations the author brings up in the second paragraph do not suggest that Duverger's findings were politically biased; rather, in the author's view, they did not take full enough account of politics. The correct answer is C.
95. The passage implies that, in comparing four European countries, Duverger found that the voting rates of women and men were most different in the country in which women (A) were most politically active (B) ran for office most often (0 held the most conservative political views (D) had the most egalitarian relations with men (E) had possessed the right to vote for the shortest time Inference The comparison of voting rates is discussed at the end of the first paragraph and forms the basis for the required inference. Duverger found that women voted somewhat less frequently than men but that this difference narrowed the longer the women had the vote (lines 9-11). That is, there was an ongoing process of convergence in voting rates for women and men, as the time period for which women had the vote lengthened. This suggests that at one end, when women had been voting for the shortest time, voting rates were most dissimilar, and at the other end, when women had been voting for the longest time, the rates were most similar. A Women's political activism is not suggested as a reason for the difference. B Women's political candidacy is not suggested as a reason for the difference. C Women's political views are not suggested as a reason for the difference. D Women's egalitarian relations with men are not suggested as a reason for the difference. E Correct. Duverger's finding is of (apparently steady, ongoing) convergence in voting- frequency rates between women and men over time. This supports the inference that the shorter the time period, the less convergence—i.e., the more divergence— there is in voting-frequency rates. The correct answer is E.
96. The author implies that some behavioralist research involving the multinational study of women's political participation that followed Duverger's study did which of the following? (A) Ignored Duverger's approach (B) Suffered from faults similar to those in Duverger's study (0 Focused on political activism (D) Focused on the influences of political regimes (E) Focused on the political and social relations between women and men Inference The final sentence of the passage links Duverger's study to behavioralist work in general. After noting Duverger's failure to consider several important elements, the author observes, Duverger's study foreshadowed the enduring limitations of the behavioralist approach to the multinational study ofwomen's political participation (lines 28-31). Thus, it is reasonable to infer that the author is of the opinion that the behavioralist research that followed Duverger's study suffered from the same limitations. A The author does not imply that other behavioralists ignored Duverger's approach. B Correct. The author says that Duverger's work revealed the enduring limitations also found in later behavioralist research. C This is not obviously a limitation at all, let alone one that Duverger's study suffered from. D This is not obviously a limitation at all, let alone one that Duverger's study suffered from. E This is not obviously a limitation at all, let alone one that Duverger's study suffered from. The correct answer is B.作者: 泾渭不凡 时间: 2012-3-2 22:26 OG12-18 Line The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihoods of success, making a (5)decision, and only then taking action to implement the decision. Rather, in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is . vaguely termed "intuition" to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with (10)ambiguity, inconsistency, novelty, and surprise; and to integrate action into the process of thinking. Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such (15)writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is. Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for capriciousness. Isenberg's recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that (20)managers' intuition is neither of these. Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways. First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This (25)intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture, often in (30)an "Aha!" experience. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools, and those who use such systematic methods (35)for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally, managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a (40)plausible solution. Used in this way, intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns. One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that "thinking" is (45)inseparable from acting. Since managers often "know" what is right before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is inextricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles, in which managers develop thoughts about their作者: 泾渭不凡 时间: 2012-3-2 22:26
Questions 97-102 refer to the passage on page 394.
97. According to the passage, senior managers use intuition in all of the following ways EXCEPT to (A) speed up the creation of a solution to a problem (B) identify a problem (C) bring together disparate facts (D) stipulate clear goals (E) evaluate possible solutions to a problem Supporting ideas To answer this question, look for information explicitly stated in the passage. The third paragraph of the passage describes the five ways that senior managers use intuition. To find the one way that is NOT described, go back to the paragraph and check the possible answers against the list of the ways provided in the paragraph. The list includes all the answer choices except stipulating clear goals. A Lines 39-40 state that intuition allows managers to move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. B Lines 22—23 explain that managers use intuition to sense when a problem exists. C Lines 28-29 say the third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture. D Correct. Stipulating clear goals is not linked with managers' use of intuition. E Lines 30-38 show that managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis, when they are leery of solutions suggested by these methods. The correct answer is D.
98. The passage suggests which of the following about the "writers on management" mentioned in line 12? (A) They have criticized managers for not following the classical rational model of decision analysis. (B) They have not based their analyses on a sufficiently large sample of actual managers. (0 They have relied in drawing their conclusions on what managers say rather than on what managers do. (D) They have misunderstood how managers use intuition in making business decisions. (E) They have not acknowledged the role of intuition in managerial practice. Inference Answering this question depends on making an inference from the passage. The second paragraph dismisses most writers on management for displaying a poor grasp of what intuition is (line 15). The third paragraph, in contrast, describes Isenberg's research, which shows that senior managers use intuition in at leastfive distinct ways (lines 21-22), and those ways are then discussed in more detail. It can be inferred that Isenberg understands what most writers on management do not: how managers use intuition in making business decisions. A The passage does not link these writers with such a critique of managers. B No mention is made in the passage of the writers' methods. C The passage does not indicate that the writers have examined words at the expense of actions. D Correct. According to the passage, the writers do not understand what intuition is or how managers apply it. E According to lines 12-15, the writers have acknowledged that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition, but the writers fail to understand how or why. The correct answer is D.
99. Which of the following best exemplifies "an 'Aha!' experience" (line 30) as it is presented in the passage? (A) A manager risks taking an action whose outcome is unpredictable to discover whether the action changes the problem at hand. (B) A manager performs well-learned and familiar behavior patterns in creative and uncharacteristic ways to solve a problem. (C) A manager suddenly connects seemingly unrelated facts and experiences to create a pattern relevant to the problem at hand. (D) A manager rapidly identifies the methodology used to compile data yielded by systematic analysis. (E) A manager swiftly decides which of several sets of tactics to implement in order to deal with the contingencies suggested by a problem. Application Finding an example involves applying the information in the passage to new situations. How do managers reach an "Aha!" experience} Lines 28-29 clearly explain that this experience is the result of the managers' ability to synthesize isolated bits ofdata and practice into an integrated picture. Managers connect apparently unrelated pieces of information and elements of their previous experience, and, through these unexpected connections, produce a unified picture or pattern. A This managerial style is mentioned in the last paragraph, but not as defining the "Aha!" experience. B Lines 23—27 indicate that managers use intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly, but the result is not an "Aha!" experience. C Correct. Through an intuitive appreciation of the subtle interrelationships of disparate facts and experiences, the manager all at once perceives the coherent overarching pattern or picture formed by the interconnections, which lines 28-29 define as an "Aha!" experience. D Lines 34—38 show that managers do possess this ability, but it does not culminate in an "Aha!" experience. E This managerial style is also related to the second function of intuition, to perform well- learned behavior patterns rapidly (lines 23—27), but does not define an "Aha!" experience. The correct answer is C.
100. According to the passage, the classical model of decision analysis includes all of the following EXCEPT (A) evaluation of a problem (B) creation of possible solutions to a problem (0 establishment of clear goals to be reached by the decision (D) action undertaken in order to discover more information about a problem (E) comparison of the probable effects of different solutions to a problem What does the passage say about the classical model of decision analysis? The first sentence defines the classical model as clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihoods of success, making a decision, and only then taking action to implement the decision. To solve this process-of-elimination question, check the given list against the possible answers in order to find the one that does not match. Note that the exact wording in the answers may differ from that in the passage; the match is based on underlying meaning. A Evaluating a problem is identified as assessing the problem. B Creating solutions is identified as formulating options. C Establishing goals is identified as clarifying goals. D Correct. Acting in order to learn more about the problem is not identified in the passage as part of the rational classical model. It does appear as part of the acting/ thinking cycle in the last paragraph. E Comparing probable effects is identified as estimating likelihoods of success. The correct answer is D.
101. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following would most probably be one major difference in behavior between Manager X, who uses intuition to reach decisions, and Manager Y, who uses only formal decision analysis? (A) Manager X analyzes first and then acts; Manager Y does not. (B) Manager X checks possible solutions to a problem by systematic analysis; Manager Y does not. (C) Manager X takes action in order to arrive at the solution to a problem; Manager Y does not. (D) Manager Y draws on years of hands-on experience in creating a solution to a problem; Manager X does not. (E) Manager Y depends on day-to-day tactical maneuvering; Manager X does not. Application To answer this question, apply the information in the passage to the specific examples of Manager X, an intuitive decision maker, and Manager Y, who relies exclusively on formal decision analysis. The first paragraph distinguishes between the process of formal decision analysis, in which a decision is made and then action is taken (lines 4-5), and the process of intuition, in which action is integrated into the process of thinking (lines 10-11). The last paragraph reinforces the definition of the intuitive manager as one for whom "thinking" is inseparable from acting and action is often part of defining the problem. Manager X is likely to act as part of the process of solving a problem, but Manager Y is not. A Acting only after analysis characterizes the rational model, not intuition. B Systematic analysis is typical of the rational model, not intuition. C Correct. An intuitive manager acts as a step within the problem-solving process, but a manager who depends on formal decision analysis acts only after making a decision. D Drawing on experience is linked in the passage with intuition rather than with rational analysis; the passage does not suggest that managers who use formal decision analysis would ignore their experience in so doing. E Day-to-day tactical maneuvers are required of all managers. The correct answer is C.
102. The passage provides support for which of the following statements? (A) Managers who rely on intuition are more successful than those who rely on formal decision analysis. (B) Managers cannot justify their intuitive decisions. (C) Managers' intuition works contrary to their rational and analytical skills. (D) Logical analysis of a problem increases the number of possible solutions. (E) Intuition enables managers to employ their practical experience more efficiently. Logical structure This question asks the reader to select the statement for which there is the most justification in the passage. The entire passage places value on the use of intuition, so the answer to this question is bound to show a benefit of intuition. Lines 25-27 reveal that intuition is based on years ofpainstaking practice and hands-on experience and lines 38—40 explain that, in contrast to formal decision analysis, intuition allows managers to move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Thus, intuition enables managers to apply their experience quickly and productively, that is, efficiently. A The first paragraph acknowledges that most successful managers are intuitive, but it does not go so far as to make this comparison. B There is no support for or against this statement in the passage; Isenberg's research shows why intuition is beneficial, but does not address how managers justify their decisions. C Intuition does not compete with rational analysis, but complements it; line 25 provides an assurance that intuition is not arbitrary or irrational. D The passage does not support this claim for logical analysis. E Correct. Managers can reach decisions more efficiently through an intuitive approach based on experience than through time-consuming formal analyses. The correct answer is E.作者: 泾渭不凡 时间: 2012-3-2 22:36 作者: 泾渭不凡 时间: 2012-3-2 22:36 作者: Daisy汪 时间: 2012-3-4 07:45
1'32 看完第一遍，只能知道是在讲一个women的research 1‘18 因为内容记得不是很清楚，然后就看了第二遍。。囧。。。其实逻辑还是没掌握住：第一段是research的简介，是第一个把electical data和survey data结合起来的，第二段讲到了research的failure，具体内容不记得了 第一篇我做的答案是：AADEEA 错了两题，除了前面两题是直接做的，后面每一题都回去看了题目，还是逻辑没掌握清楚啊！ 正确率：66.7%作者: Daisy汪 时间: 2012-3-4 08:09
2’50 看完一遍的时间，讲了manager使用intuition的问题，第二段着重描写了intuition的作用，文中出现了third这样的叙述词，个人感觉要记住后面的内容，（好吧，我实力不够，记不住） 10‘10 整体看完和做完题目的时间，自己做的答案是AECDAE，错了3题，正确率50%是不是很丢人啊 平均每题1.68 额。。。不知道我是不是因为做的太快了，影响到正确率了呢？ 捂脸。。苦恼啊 感觉这篇基本都是细节题，都返回文章中去看了。。。。
是不是很丢人啊