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标题: prep 07 SC74... 看以前的帖子有人问但没人解答过... 求指教 [打印本页]
作者: yqhpsyche    时间: 2012-2-20 17:31
标题: prep 07 SC74... 看以前的帖子有人问但没人解答过... 求指教
74.Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored due to their enhancement of reproduction or survival, but that they are simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments.
(A) due to their enhancement of reproduction or survival, but that they are
(B) due to the reproduction or survival they enhance, but they are
(C) because they enhance reproduction or survival, but
(D) because they enhance reproduction or survival, but are
(E) because of enhancing reproduction or survival, but are

可是不应该是选C，are not...but的结构吗？为什么是D中are not...but are的结构呢？

这是笔记的解释..
考点:    逻辑表达（Logical Predication）    平行对称（Parallelism）
1)    介词短语n account of, because of, despite (in despite of), as a result of, due to之后只跟简单的
名词短语。若其后面跟的是动名词或名词所有格+动名词短语(sb’s doing),或名词短语之后用一复杂的
现在分词来修饰时或后面跟动词的抽象名词形式,应改为与其相同意义的连词because, although等引
导的从句形式。
2) but的用法: but做介词,表示除了…    例:No one has read it but the students.    或者用在词组not…
but…举行中,作连词表示不是,而是的意思,    例: The plan caused not prosperity but ruin.

(A) due to +动词的抽象名词形式,表达不够有效；not…but…连接的结构不平行。
(B) due to +动词的抽象名词形式,表达不够有效; they多余,    破坏了  sth/sb be not… but (be)…的结构
(C) but可能作为介词,产生because they enhance reproduction or survival, but simply random
by-products的歧意
(D)    正确，but are表明了but在这里只能作为连词,构成be not… but (be)…的平行结构
(E) because of +动名词形式,表达不够有效


不太懂....求帮忙，感激不尽~




作者: yqhpsyche    时间: 2012-2-20 19:16
为什么就木有人理下我呢...真心求教，各位NN请不吝赐教
作者: kyle7    时间: 2012-2-23 23:27
同问这道题～
作者: stephanie213    时间: 2012-2-24 00:04
逗号+but的情况，but都是做连词的，既然做连词，那么连接的前后都是句子喽。
but后应该是完整的句子，but they are...
又因为这里整个句子只有一个主语，biological traits，按照简洁原则，主语一致的情况下，but后面的主语要省略，故得到but are....
作者: kyle7    时间: 2012-2-25 22:00
逗号+but的情况，but都是做连词的，既然做连词，那么连接的前后都是句子喽。
-- by 会员 stephanie213 (2012/2/24 0:04:55)


但是如果前面有逗号的原因是插入语，那么but就不是连词，这道题就是这种情况
作者: stephanie213    时间: 2012-2-25 22:15
这句话就算不加插入语，中间也是应该有逗号的啊。。。
如果没有逗号的话，but的意思就应该是“除了”啊，翻译过来，“我们不是。。除了。。”根本解释不通啊，所以but不可能是除了的意思，所以就只能是连词的转折了，还是回到上面，既然是连词连接句子，当然要有are。
作者: stephanie213    时间: 2012-2-25 22:17
Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection but simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments.
这样看，我把插入语去掉了，traits 不是 products 除了byproducts？
还是traits 不是products，而是byproducts？
作者: kyle7    时间: 2012-2-26 11:21
Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection but simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments.
这样看，我把插入语去掉了，traits 不是 products 除了byproducts？
还是traits 不是products，而是byproducts？
-- by 会员 stephanie213 (2012/2/25 22:17:25)


这里的but和前面的not组成了 not...but...的句式，意思为：不是...而是
例如：
Mike was killed not by Tom but by Jerry.
作者: teddybearj4    时间: 2012-2-26 11:34
这道题but必须只能是conj.啊，从句子的逻辑意思已经很好理解了。
另外，如果这里but是prep.后面接的random by-products(noun.)的话，那前面的simply这个adv.不是变成修饰n.啦~
作者: yqhpsyche    时间: 2012-2-26 12:15
LS的各位NN...小的不才，还是有个最简单的问题没有明白...  单纯把这句话理解成not...but...的句式选平行的选项错在哪里？...  希望大家无视我的弱智，不吝赐教..
作者: kyle7    时间: 2012-2-26 13:08
另外，如果这里but是prep.后面接的random by-products(noun.)的话，那前面的simply这个adv.不是变成修饰n.啦~
-- by 会员 teddybearj4 (2012/2/26 11:34:46)


simply确实是一个值得考虑的点～这么一来but作为连词更恰当～谢谢～
作者: teddybearj4    时间: 2012-2-26 13:55
我不是NN捏，大家都是一起探讨学习滴~
我搜了帖子，看到斑竹曾经也做过解答，LZ肯定也看过了。这里在做点小补充。

选C的话，句子变成了：
Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored because they enhance reproduction or survival, but simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments.

不管是C、D，都是要表达are not the products of natural selection和but simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments(先忽略CD的差别看语意)，LZ肯定也是这么理解的，如果坚持是not...but...平行。但是，这样会有歧义，变成了：
Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored because they enhance reproduction or survival, but simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments.
好像黄色部分“favored because they enhance reproduction or survival, but simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments”都在修饰“natural selection”。
而实际上，语意来看只有“favored because they enhance reproduction or survival”才是解释“natural selection”的。not...but...这里的but是用作了介词，变成了一个prep. phrase，就容易产生这种歧义。

再看D，如果把but的用法变成conj.:
Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored because they enhance reproduction or survival, but are simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments.
作为conj.之后，but引导的从句are simply... 跟主句are not the products of natural selection是平行的。
还有一个是我之前说的，如果是C，but作prep.，simply作为一个adv.(修饰V或者prep. phrase)放在prep.和n.中间它根本没东西修饰，但是如果是D，这个simply就是修饰are的。





下面再摘一个Ron的举例，我觉得把C的ambiguous解释的蛮清楚了。
 Consider this sentence:
Jimmy was not the typical class president, loved by most of the students, but hated by a fair number as well.

The most probable reading here is that all of the words 'loved by most of the students, but also hated by a fair number as well' are a description of 'the typical class president.' However, it's also possible that just "loved by most of the students" describes that phrase. So there are 2 interpretations:

1) Jimmy was not the typical class president, loved by most of the students, but hated by a fair number as well. --> in which the entire colored description attaches to “the typical class president”
2) Jimmy was not the typical class president, loved by most of the students, but hated by a fair number as well. --> in which “the typical class president” is described as someone who is loved by most students; in this instance, jimmy is contrasted with the typical class president because some people also hate him.

作者: yqhpsyche    时间: 2012-2-26 15:10
谢谢你的耐心讲解~~  终于想明白啦！！！
作者: babybearmm    时间: 2012-2-26 16:35
赞啊~~这题我错了，刚看到Ron的解答被你引过来啦
“还有一个是我之前说的，如果是C，but........中间它根本没东西修饰，但是如果是D，这个simply就是修饰are的。”
——这思路太赞了

我不是NN捏，大家都是一起探讨学习滴~
我搜了帖子，看到斑竹曾经也做过解答，LZ肯定也看过了。这里在做点小补充。

选C的话，句子变成了：
Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored because they enhance reproduction or survival, but simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments.

不管是C、D，都是要表达are not the products of natural selection和but simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments(先忽略CD的差别看语意)，LZ肯定也是这么理解的，如果坚持是not...but...平行。但是，这样会有歧义，变成了：
Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored because they enhance reproduction or survival, but simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments.
好像黄色部分“favored because they enhance reproduction or survival, but simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments”都在修饰“natural selection”。
而实际上，语意来看只有“favored because they enhance reproduction or survival”才是解释“natural selection”的。not...but...这里的but是用作了介词，变成了一个prep. phrase，就容易产生这种歧义。

再看D，如果把but的用法变成conj.:
Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored because they enhance reproduction or survival, but are simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments.
作为conj.之后，but引导的从句are simply... 跟主句are not the products of natural selection是平行的。
还有一个是我之前说的，如果是C，but作prep.，simply作为一个adv.(修饰V或者prep. phrase)放在prep.和n.中间它根本没东西修饰，但是如果是D，这个simply就是修饰are的。





下面再摘一个Ron的举例，我觉得把C的ambiguous解释的蛮清楚了。
 Consider this sentence:
Jimmy was not the typical class president, loved by most of the students, but hated by a fair number as well.

The most probable reading here is that all of the words 'loved by most of the students, but also hated by a fair number as well' are a description of 'the typical class president.' However, it's also possible that just "loved by most of the students" describes that phrase. So there are 2 interpretations:

1) Jimmy was not the typical class president, loved by most of the students, but hated by a fair number as well. --> in which the entire colored description attaches to “the typical class president”
2) Jimmy was not the typical class president, loved by most of the students, but hated by a fair number as well. --> in which “the typical class president” is described as someone who is loved by most students; in this instance, jimmy is contrasted with the typical class president because some people also hate him.



-- by 会员 teddybearj4 (2012/2/26 13:55:39)

作者: babybearmm    时间: 2012-2-26 17:08
突然发现，单从"simply"作为adv.的角度看，C还是可以接受
..., but simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments

这里 simply random by-products
       adv. + adj. + noun
就说simply修饰random (adj.)

所以还是像Ron说的那样，从but所属的逻辑层次角度理解，这题真tricky
作者: babybearmm    时间: 2012-2-26 17:47
我觉得这里有个同学说的方法非常好：
http://www.manhattangmat.com/forums/paleontologist-stephen-jay-gould-has-argued-that-many-t1413-15.html

I think Ron said when you have one part parallelism signals such as "and, or, but etc", you look for the words coming after signals as these words are 'locked in' words.  So does that mean we are not bound by existing words in the first part?

To be more specific.  Choice (a) says.. has "that" in the second part of the signal and we have "that" in the first part of signal as well. hence this is parallel

choice (d) , on the other hand, has 'are',which is also present in the first half.  But first half also contains 'that' but since our locked in word is 'are' we no longer care about 'that' in first part as we did in choice (a)  Is this correct assessment?

那么这道题，如果是C选项：
Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that manybiological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored because they enhance reproduction or survival, but simplyrandom by-products of other evolutionary developments.
我们找but后面的'locked in' word，但是不存在。
换句话说，but后面直接跟noun "by-products"  ("simply random by-products"是adv.+adj.+noun.这种连串修饰结构，核心词是noun)
那我们根据平行，在but前面那部分找noun "by-products"的counterpart，我们能找到以下nouns:
"the products of natural selection"
"reproduction or survival"
甚至包括"survival"
——到底哪个词和"by-products"对应？这存在歧义。
所以C不对。
但如果改成D，通过"are"这个locked-in word，和前面的"are"对应上，于是我们知道"by products"是和前面的"the products of natural selection"对应的。
作者: teddybearj4    时间: 2012-2-27 10:02
是哦，simply好像是可以修饰random的。simply其实在这儿用法不对的话，感觉上也是出题的无心没划上线。这儿应该不能是一个考点来着。
感觉baby姐好久没来语法区玩玩了~

突然发现，单从"simply"作为adv.的角度看，C还是可以接受
..., but simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments

这里 simply random by-products
       adv. + adj. + noun
就说simply修饰random (adj.)

所以还是像Ron说的那样，从but所属的逻辑层次角度理解，这题真tricky
-- by 会员 babybearmm (2012/2/26 17:08:57)

作者: teddybearj4    时间: 2012-2-27 10:09
其实我们挺惯性看到not...but...就开始找平行，看到not only...but also...就开始找平行（比如下面这道GWD的题，我很有体会，看到答案的那刻才恍然的那种），而忽略了先从语意上来看句子本身的逻辑关系是并列转折因果还是对比。我们常常“被”惯性思维啊。



Not only did the systematic clearing of forests in the United States create farmland especially in the Northeast and gave consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but it also caused erosion and very quickly deforested whole regions.

A. Not only did the systematic clearing of forests in the United States create farmland especially in the Northeast) and gave consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but it also

B. Not only did the systematic clearing of forests in the United States create farmland especially in the Northeast), which gave consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but also

C. The systematic clearing of forests in the United States, creating farmland especially in the Northeast and giving consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but also

D. The systematic clearing of forests in the United States created farmland especially in the Northeast and gave consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but it also

E. The systematic clearing of forests in the United States not only created farmland especially in the Northeast), giving consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but it
作者: babybearmm    时间: 2012-2-27 19:55
哈哈，这题很经典~~据说现在实战中这种题目越来越多，就是要惩罚unwarranted shortcut，惩罚思维定势，强迫咱从句意出发解题
作者: god_of_gambler    时间: 2015-10-10 14:34
小白白怯生生地讲……看完这么多解释，仍然觉得讲不通，症结于两点：

1、根据OG，not A but B结构中，A和B应当是形式含义双平行的，则Ron关于Jimmy president那个例句，but hated本来就不跟the typical class president平行，何来歧义之说？

2、若一个句子：sth does not do A, but is B.这样的结构会被认作平行么？


完全不理解…… 召唤大神啊…… 而且恳请不要是Ron大神…… 申请召唤英文学院派大神…… Ron派不喜欢……
作者: Kittycy01    时间: 2015-12-4 22:58
Mark一下！               
作者: rorkey    时间: 2015-12-9 23:32
god_of_gambler 发表于 2015-10-10 14:34
小白白怯生生地讲……看完这么多解释，仍然觉得讲不通，症结于两点：

1、根据OG，not A but B结构中，A ...

我也觉得Ron的例句不合适，因为这里对比的动词变了，必须把动词补出来。但prep这题动词并没有变化。
而查了那么多but做介词的例句，都没找到逗号后的but做介词的场景。正常人读起来都不会觉得有歧义。

而我的还有就是E为什么错？有什么例子能说明because比because of 要更有效吗？

唉，越看语法的解释，发现矛盾处越多。。。。
作者: cedarmocey    时间: 2016-9-6 14:45
我很想知道favor那个部分怎么理解，是表达什么意思啊
作者: jxc1949    时间: 2016-9-14 09:06
babybearmm 发表于 2012-2-26 17:47
我觉得这里有个同学说的方法非常好：http://www.manhattangmat.com/forums/paleontologist-stephen-jay-gou ...

这题真的纠结了快半个小时~终于看到让自己心服口服的解释啦！长舒一口气~感谢Baby姐和大家！真的很喜欢CD的氛围！
作者: dearyy    时间: 2017-4-9 21:57
kyle7 发表于 2012-2-26 13:08
另外，如果这里but是prep.后面接的random by-products(noun.)的话，那前面的simply这个adv.不是变成修饰 ...

感谢楼主的耐心解答。这样一来更加清晰明朗了。因为如果but是介词，c选项里，sb argued that sth is not...products of natural selection, done, but(prep)n....那么这里的by-products实际上成为了natural selection的同位语。（把插入语favored去掉）
作者: 大大草莓    时间: 2017-4-14 17:34
感谢分享！               
作者: 考拉飞起    时间: 2017-4-16 15:09
Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored because they enhance reproduction or survival, but are simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments.

我觉得不是not but的结构
作者: little_prince    时间: 2017-8-31 11:44
我的理解是，not后面跟的是词组，非句子。若but后面接they are就是一个句子了，造成前后不平行。所以排除abc. 我选了E，OA是D。有同学解释说E错是因为 because of 后面只能接名词，enhancing是动名词啊，为什么错了，求解
作者: Smallbk    时间: 2017-10-27 21:49
stephanie213 发表于 2012-2-25 22:17
Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natu ...

Mark一下！               



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