The term “episodic memory” was
introduced by Tulving to refer to what he
considered a uniquely human capacity—
Line the ability to recollect specific past events,
(5) to travel back into the past in one’s own
mind—as distinct from the capacity simply
to use information acquired through past
experiences. Subsequently, Clayton et al.
developed criteria to test for episodic
(10) memory in animals. According to these
criteria, episodic memories are not of
individual bits of information; they involve
multiple components of a single event
“bound” together. Clayton sought to
(15) examine evidence of scrub jays’ accurate
memory of “what,” “where,” and “when”
information and their binding of this infor-
mation. In the wild, these birds store food
for retrieval later during periods of food
(20) scarcity. Clayton’s experiment required
jays to remember the type, location, and
freshness of stored food based on a unique
learning event. Crickets were stored in one
location and peanuts in another. Jays
(25) prefer crickets, but crickets degrade
more quickly. Clayton’s birds switched
their preference from crickets to peanuts
once the food had been stored for a certain
length of time, showing that they retain
(30) information about the what, the where,
and the when. Such experiments cannot,
however, reveal whether the birds were
reexperiencing the past when retrieving the
information. Clayton acknowledged this by
using the term “episodic-like” memory
Q7:
It can be inferred from the passage that both Tulving and Clayton would agree with which of the following statements?
E The binding of different kinds of information is not a distinctive feature of episodic
memory.
大家都选A,我怎么选B啊
而且看前文,T认为这个memory是人独有的
C通过实验不能证明这个memory其中的一点,就是reexperience
我觉得很合理,请指点
Tulving唯一出现只在这句
The term “episodic memory” was
introduced by Tulving to refer to what he
considered a uniquely human capacity—
Line the ability to recollect specific past events,
(5) to travel back into the past in one’s own
mind—as distinct from the capacity simply
to use information acquired through past
experiences.
“episodic memory”这个理论其实也 use information about a specific past event 因为它recollect specific past events
其他选项似乎都可以排除 其实我一开始选了B
但是后来看了一下 Tulving没有提到动物 更不用说动物与人的差别了
你怎么推出E?
文中好像没有提到distinctive feature of episodic memory 这概念吧?
4567:
acca
7肯定是a
如果T认为A错,就是把A的are not的not 去除,那么就跟他自己的认知矛盾了,因为这么一来,EM就不是人类独有的了。所以T想必会同意A的论述。
如果C认为A错,同样把A的are not的not 去除,那么他就证明了动物也有EM的能力,推翻了T的论述,无须再搞一个E-Like的说法哩!
E
如果E成立,那么C何必做实验搞半天呢?
C的实验就是要了解动物能否binding the information,如果可以的话,就有EM的能力,不行就没有。结果实验"showing that they retain information about the what, the where, and the when"(30行),动词用RETAIN,不是BIND,就是因为31行:实验无法显示他们是否reexperincing,即他们RETAIN information的可能是藉BIND的方式,也可能是仅藉REEXPERINCE。所以无法肯定动物能否BIND,只能说明他们是RETAIN了information,到底是BIND来的还是REEXPERINCE来的>>不知道。于是C就自己发明了E-LIKE来解释他的实验成果。
如果BIND不是EM的特色,那么C的实验就完全无意义,因为就算它证明了动物BIND information,那也不能代表动物有EM的能力了。
所以E铁定错了,T怎么看选项E就根本无须讨论了。
how do u say?
楼上的DD,既然你第7题选A,认为“所以无法肯定动物能否BIND,”
那你第6题为何要选C呢?
第6题选C看来是大家公认的了,那么第6题的答案就说明The binding of different kinds of information is not a distinctive feature of human, animals 也可以。
如果第6题选C,那么第7题的答案应该是E。
楼上的DD,既然你第7题选A,认为“所以无法肯定动物能否BIND,”
那你第6题为何要选C呢?
第6题选C看来是大家公认的了,那么第6题的答案就说明The binding of different kinds of information is not a distinctive feature of human, animals 也可以。
如果第6题选C,那么第7题的答案应该是E。
你说的很对,谢谢你的提醒。
不过这么一来,我真的不知道我的理解哪里出问题了,我又看了半天,还是找不到我上面的想法哪里有错啊,但偏偏如果那样解这篇文章,第6题还真的不逻辑了@_@!
第6题说,C的实验就证明了他们可以bind the information,因此,根据第10行,according....they involve multiple components of a single event "bound" together实验不就证明了scrub jay有EM了吗?
@_@昏啊
快帮帮我吧....谢谢你了...
这题我是这么看的:
TULVING 的观点是两点才能构成EPISODIC MEMORY:1能够收集过去的信息 ;2 要能回到过去的MIND (如文:the ability to recollect specific past events,to travel back into the past in one’s own mind)
而CLAY 不能得出鸟有EPISODIC MEMORY的结论的原因是他能证实第一点,没法证实鸟也有第二点,如文的试验和这句(Such experiments cannot,however, reveal whether the birds were reexperiencing the past when retrieving the information)
所以这就说明了这题的答案是A. (无法下结论这就是...) 虽然没提到过TULVING 讲了任何鸟的事情,但是他是先做出 "人类才有这个能力的结论的人",必定也经过了验证,要是CLAY这么容易就试验到的结果他都没考虑过类似的,他也不会这么容易下这个结论. 从作者的行文语气中,也没有对这个TERM (如文开头)的否定.
而答案E, 实际上CLAY没有否定这不是EPISODIC MEMORY的一个特有的FEATURE.(作实验就是为了指明这是其中的一个FEATURE)因为他可能还试验了别的动物,都没有这个能力呢? 鸟所以没被称为有EPISODIC MEMORY,是因为鸟是否有EPISODIC MEMORY 的另一个FEATURE没法证明.
请指教.
感觉选A,
E不对因为“Tulving to refer to what he considered a uniquely human capacity—the ability to recollect specific past events, to travel back into the past in one's own mind—as distinct from the capacity simply...",
所以Tulving认为The binding of different kinds of information is a distinctive feature of episodic memory.而E选项是”is not “
Is there a conclusive answer now?
so confused. I have to read it again.
to forlove
the answer to 12-7 suohld be A.
Q7为什么不选B呢?B的结论<动物不具有人类的这种reexperience the past through memory的能力>是可以同时被Clayton和Tulving证实的呀:
Clayton的观点在最后一句可以体现出来
Such experiments cannot,
however, reveal whether the birds were
reexperiencing the past when retrieving the
information. Clayton acknowledged this by
using the term “episodic-like” memory
Tulving的观点蕴涵在文章第一句
文中开始就提到了Tulving定义的'episodic memory'是指 'the ability to recollect specific past events, to travel back into the past in one's own mind',也就是说,这种能力是reexperience the past through memory. 而且在定义之前用破折号强调这个'episodic memory'是'refer to what he considered a uniquely human capacity', 这就暗指动物们是没有这个reexperience the past through memory的能力的
GWD 12 Q-7 我的看法是选 E。即
E. The binding of different kinds of information is not a distinctive feature of episodic memory.
我的理由是,首先试验证明鸟也可以binding of different kinds of information。这点大家都没不同意见吧。
但文章倒数第二句话说Such experiments cannot, however, reveal whether the birds were re-experiencing the past when retrieving the information. 这里的 re-experiencing 对应了文章开头T说的to travel back into the past...就是说,鸟的 “episodic-like” memory 和人的 episodic- memory,其共同点是binding ... information, 但不同点是鸟不能(或者说试验无法证明)re-experiencing。因此我选E.
A的不足之处确实不明显,但有个地方让我感觉不太大好:
Animals’ abilities to use information about a specific past event are not conclusive evidence of episodic memory
这个选项本身是没有错误的,但选项的问题问的是,both Tulving and Clayton would agree。我们从何处可以infer Tulving的态度呢?文中提到T的说法只有一句,就是说he considered a uniquely human capacity。这个态度很坚决或者说明确,但我们不知道他这么说的主要理据在哪里。夸张点说,如果T的主要理据是在其他地方而不是这个鸟试验所测试的部分,那说不定他认为这个鸟试验连 evidence 都算不上,更别说 conclusive evidence 了
所以比较之下我认为E是答案
同問... 為什麼第6題不是選A呢? 總覺得C不對啊...
我也觉得第7题B也很对呀,谁来反驳一下?
I vote BCCA.
7: GWD-12-Q7:
It can be inferred from the passage that both Tulving and Clayton would agree with which of the following statements?
B .Animals do not share humans’ abilities to reexperience the past through memory.
Actually Tuvling agree with B--The term “episodic memory” was introduced by Tulving to refer to what he considered a uniquely human capacity—Line the ability to recollect specific past events, (5) to travel back into the past in one’s own mind—as distinct from the capacity simply to use information acquired through past experiences.
But we cann't infer that Clayton agrees with B because the passage just asserts that Such experiments cannot, however, reveal whether the birds were reexperiencing the past when retrieving the information. It's what the experiments suggests but not Calyton's opinion.
Open to discuss.
I vote BCCA.
7: GWD-12-Q7:
It can be inferred from the passage that both Tulving and Clayton would agree with which of the following statements?
B .Animals do not share humans’ abilities to reexperience the past through memory.
Actually Tuvling agree with B--The term “episodic memory” was introduced by Tulving to refer to what he considered a uniquely human capacity—Line the ability to recollect specific past events, (5) to travel back into the past in one’s own mind—as distinct from the capacity simply to use information acquired through past experiences.
But we cann't infer that Clayton agrees with B because the passage just asserts that Such experiments cannot, however, reveal whether the birds were reexperiencing the past when retrieving the information. It's what the experiments suggests but not Calyton's opinion.
Open to discuss.
明白了,thx, 而今迈步从头越
继续提问,可是4题b是怎么来的,看了半天还是不明白
The primary purpose of the passage is to
Actually it’s very hard for me to choose between choice A and B when I did it at the first time. Now I vote for choice B. The passage only describes the experiment developed by Clayton. The passage offers only one finding of experiment that “Clayton’s birds switched their preference from crickets to peanuts once the food had been stored for a certain length of time” and provides one interpretation that “showing that they retain (30)information about the what, the where, and the when”. There are no other findings and the focus is not the way to interpret the findings but the experiment.
A emphasizes the way to interpret the findings of the experiment. Also I think it’s more accurate to describe the last two sentences as “point out one of its limitations(can’t reveal)” than to describe the sentences as “offer an alternative interpretation.”
In fact I don’t think B is the perfect answer but the best answer of all the choices.
Open to discuss.
Actually it’s very hard for me to choose between choice A and B when I did it at the first time. Now I vote for choice B. The passage only describes the experiment developed by Clayton. The passage offers only one finding of experiment that “Clayton’s birds switched their preference from crickets to peanuts once the food had been stored for a certain length of time” and provides one interpretation that “showing that they retain (30)information about the what, the where, and the when”. There are no other findings and the focus is not the way to interpret the findings but the experiment.
A emphasizes the way to interpret the findings of the experiment. Also I think it’s more accurate to describe the last two sentences as “point out one of its limitations(can’t reveal)” than to describe the sentences as “offer an alternative interpretation.”
In fact I don’t think B is the perfect answer but the best answer of all the choices.
Open to discuss.
又仔细看了一遍文章和问题,正如版主所说A是强调的解释试验新发现的方式,而文章只是用一句话解释了试验的发现,接着说指出了试验的局限性,而且A的表述方式绝大部分用于新老观点的文章,不同于本篇文章的套路
还向问问版主,本篇的套路是理论解释型or现象解释型??
Why B is incorrect?
Any NN? Help!
A 错在 T只是提出只有人类具有the ability to recollect specific past events,
to travel back into the past in one’s own mind 这两种能力, 但是T没有提到对试验证据的看法.
而C 的试验证明不了第二种能力, 倒是支持了A. 本题的答案交集应该在T说的话上, TC两人都会同意B的观点. 象而今MM说的一样, B不是最完美的, 但是最好的.是再说第7题吧?支持楼上的答案B和分析(个人认为即便B错A对,A的表述在中文意思上的确无法理解),但是请楼上再看看而今mm评论的对象和在17楼的答案。
不祥之处,继续讨论。
BCAB
看看tc的共同点吧:T的观点: a uniquely human capacity-- the ability to recollect specific past events, to travel back into the past in one’s own mind,就是说T认为这两种能力都是人类特有的,换句话说,别的动物不可能具备;
而C的结论也很明显: Such experiments cannot,however, reveal whether the birds were reexperiencing the past when retrieving the information.--就是说C最后也发现,试验不能证明birds具有reexperiencing的能力;
两个人综合,答案很明显是B;
A离题太远了,T根本就没有提到过动物,也没有任何证据表明,T认为animals具有use information about a specific past event的能力,反问一下:如果在T的研究过程中,T有可能发现了动物根本不具备use information about a specific past event的能力,才得出了uniquelly的结论,那A还能对么?
换句话说,T认为人类具有某两种能力,这两种能力共同构成了episode memory;但我们不能推断出T是如何得到这结论的,有可能是因为动物不具备这两种能力,也有可能是由于动物不具备其中的一种。
你说的很对,谢谢你的提醒。
不过这么一来,我真的不知道我的理解哪里出问题了,我又看了半天,还是找不到我上面的想法哪里有错啊,但偏偏如果那样解这篇文章,第6题还真的不逻辑了@_@!
第6题说,C的实验就证明了他们可以bind the information,因此,根据第10行,according....they involve multiple components of a single event "bound" together实验不就证明了scrub jay有EM了吗?
@_@昏啊
快帮帮我吧....谢谢你了...
我认为E的错误不是animal是否可以binding the information,而在于binding这个概念本身: Subsequently, Clayton et al, developed criteria to test for episodic memory in animals. According to these criteria, episodic memories are not of individual bits of information; they involve multiple components of a single event “bound” together.
请大家看清楚,随后,C et al 发展了这些标准,根据这些标准,"bound"together;换句话说,这些标准以及所谓的binding的概念,都是C et al发展的,而具体T的定义里是否有这些标准,T是否同意这些标准都没有提到,所以E是明显错误的。
open to discussion
Q7为什么不选B呢?B的结论<动物不具有人类的这种reexperience the past through memory的能力>是可以同时被Clayton和Tulving证实的呀:
Clayton的观点在最后一句可以体现出来
Such experiments cannot,
however, reveal whether the birds were
reexperiencing the past when retrieving the
information. Clayton acknowledged this by
using the term “episodic-like” memory
Tulving的观点蕴涵在文章第一句
文中开始就提到了Tulving定义的'episodic memory'是指 'the ability to recollect specific past events, to travel back into the past in one's own mind',也就是说,这种能力是reexperience the past through memory. 而且在定义之前用破折号强调这个'episodic memory'是'refer to what he considered a uniquely human capacity', 这就暗指动物们是没有这个reexperience the past through memory的能力的
Q7就是应该选B啊!E的说法不正确。E说The binding of different kinds of information is not a distinctive feature of episodic memory.隐含的意思就是The binding of different kinds of information 已经是episodic memory的一个feature了,只是不distinctive 而已,这种说法显然不正确。正确的说法应该是The binding of different kinds of information is not a feature of episodic memory。
不只对不对,欢迎讨论。
The term “episodic memory” was
introduced by Tulving to refer to what he
considered a uniquely human capacity,
uniquely--独有的,人独有,其他一切都没有,动物当然也没有
zhichi选 a
这道题,不妨让我们来作个假设,假设A/B选项放在T面前,并且T对C的实验一无所知,T会在A/B中选哪一个?
T一定选A。因为T并不知道Animals do not share humans’ abilities to reexperience the past through memory,关于Animals的这个结论是C的实验得出来的。而T唯一承认的是episodic memory是人特有的。
不妨再作一假设:C的实验证明Animals share humans’ abilities to reexperience the past through memory,T还是认为episodic memory是人特有的,因为T不知道C作了个能反驳他结论的实验。
不知这样理解还有什么问题吗?
楼上说的很正确
其实这题就是在问T,关于动物你怎么看,他得出的结论恰恰和C不谋而和
a正确,hitler999说得很有道理
E选项的内容和C的观点一致,但和和T的观点相反:
原文:Tulving to refer to what he----
considered a uniquely human capacity—
Line the ability to recollect specific past events,
(5) to travel back into the past in one’s own
mind—as distinct from the capacity simply
to use information acquired through past
experiences.
说明T认为,binding of info就是a distinctive feature of em ( 虽然,reexperience the past是em的另一个distinctive feature,但并不妨碍T对binding of info的看法), 而这个看法,和E选项的表达相反.所以不选E.
B C C E
本题要多读几遍原文,理清文章逻辑脉络,找到TOPIC SENTENCE.
明白作者的文意。
我的理解:
1、E-E 理论。以及它的解释。
2、C某要通过动物实验求证,动物具备集合信息的能力,此能力是E-E的一个标准。
3、试验证明动物S-J是具备该能力,但C某承认该能力未必是E-E的标准。
本来选E,看了这么多讨论,还是很迷惑。我的迷惑在以下:
1 Clay到底认为A选项是不是conculsive evidence?这里的conclusive evidence是什么意思?是确凿证据还是仅仅是很多证据之一?
2 T是否认为binding是不是人类的唯一特性?文章对A的观点只有一句:
the ability to recollect specific past events,
(5) to travel back into the past in one’s own
mind
这句话的意思是不是表示C选项中的binding?由于本人水平有限,希望nn出来解答,解决A,E之争。
B C C E
本题要多读几遍原文,理清文章逻辑脉络,找到TOPIC SENTENCE.
明白作者的文意。
我的理解:
1、E-E 理论。以及它的解释。
2、C某要通过动物实验求证,动物具备集合信息的能力,此能力是E-E的一个标准。
3、试验证明动物S-J是具备该能力,但C某承认该能力未必是E-E的标准。
同意,只是第4题我选的a.因为文章不是为了描述一个试验的,并且试验不能证明什么不能代表试验有什么limitation.
关于第七题,我看了wangyu73cn 在另一个帖子上的发言,不能信服其对于文章的一些阐述,和对于题目的分析.
上面很多帖子没有选e就是因为把recollect默认为binding.T压根就没有提到过binding information是T承认了的区别性特征.
而且做这一题是应该有的第一反应就是答案必须脱离动物实体,而上升到抽象概念的基础上.文章所提到的试验论证都是为了证明一些抽象概念之间的联系.
It can be inferred from the passage that both Tulving and Clayton would agree with which of the following statements?
E The binding of different kinds of information is not a distinctive feature of episodic memory. 只有选E, 虽然不是很爽。
支持bcca
不明白的xdjm请看看而今姐姐的解释吧!清晰易懂!
本来我选B,对答案后在AB中无法取舍,现在赞同forjoke的对于B的解释——文中根本没有说明Clayton“whether or not”,所以B中的否认根本无法成立了。
至于E,本身并没有错,但是T老大可能认为鸟儿根本就没有bind的能力,那么就无所谓bind是不是episodic memory的独特特征了,所以此情况下T老大不赞成E,无法选E。
Such experiments cannot,however, reveal whether the birds were reexperiencing the past when retrieving the information.Clayton acknowledged this by
using the term “episodic-like” memory
说明这个试验不能证明动物“是否”在重新经历过去,它没说能,也没说不能,所以B的说法是不对的!
而开头
The term “episodic memory” was introduced by Tulving to refer to what he considered a uniquely human capacity—
Line the ability to recollect specific past events, (5) to travel back into the past in one’s own mind—as distinct from the capacity simply to use information acquired through past experiences。
E说利用信息不是em的一个独一无二的特点。
从上面的话可以看出em是uniquely human capacity,与简单的利用信息是不一样的,要高一个层次,而高一个层次的特点就是reexperience,
而C的试验只证明鸟会利用信息,没能证明鸟有em,她提出了一个不同于em的概念,所以也就不能有em的高层次的特点
支持BCCA
看完了所有这篇阅读帖子的讨论,真累。同意BCCE。
A!
T是认为只有人有episodic memory的能力, 但C试图证明动物也有相类似的能力,但C也不得不承认动物只具备了部分episodic memory的能力.所以他们肯定都赞同”动物的回想过去的能力并不足以说明它们有episodic memory的能力”.
看完了所有的讨论,晕死!还是不知道第7题选谁好,我选的是E,看完讨论后觉得A也有道理,不知该怎么取舍了
支持E
A不对,文章根本没提过T知道鸟实验这回事.
(A)
Tulving:
line (6) " (episodic memory is)... distinct from the capacity simply to use information acquired through past experience. "
Clayton:
Line(12) " (one of the developed critieria to test episodic memory in animals is that) ... they involve multiple components of a single event "bound" together. Thus supports binding of differnt kinds of information as a "feature" of episodic memory.
However, after the experiment confirmed that jay has the capacity to bind differnt kinds of information, acknowledged that it doesn't mean jay has episodic memory.
第4题答案应该是A,因为作为文章主旨题purpose还是不同于问内容,结构。很显然作者的主要目的不是要描述一个试验。
这题我是这么看的:
TULVING 的观点是两点才能构成EPISODIC MEMORY:1能够收集过去的信息 ;2 要能回到过去的MIND (如文:the ability to recollect specific past events,to travel back into the past in one’s own mind)
而CLAY 不能得出鸟有EPISODIC MEMORY的结论的原因是他能证实第一点,没法证实鸟也有第二点,如文的试验和这句(Such experiments cannot,however, reveal whether the birds were reexperiencing the past when retrieving the information)
所以这就说明了这题的答案是A. (无法下结论这就是...) 虽然没提到过TULVING 讲了任何鸟的事情,但是他是先做出 "人类才有这个能力的结论的人",必定也经过了验证,要是CLAY这么容易就试验到的结果他都没考虑过类似的,他也不会这么容易下这个结论. 从作者的行文语气中,也没有对这个TERM (如文开头)的否定.
而答案E, 实际上CLAY没有否定这不是EPISODIC MEMORY的一个特有的FEATURE.(作实验就是为了指明这是其中的一个FEATURE)因为他可能还试验了别的动物,都没有这个能力呢? 鸟所以没被称为有EPISODIC MEMORY,是因为鸟是否有EPISODIC MEMORY 的另一个FEATURE没法证明.
请指教.
我认为这是最清楚地解释
自己选了B
Animals do not share humans’ abilities to reexperience the past through memory.
看完帖子以后晕得不行
唉
再想想,虽然以前觉得T说了uniquely了就意味着他觉得这个能力是人类才拥有的了,所以我觉得B不对的关键在于:
Such experiments cannot,
however, reveal whether the birds were
reexperiencing the past when retrieving the
information.
C并不能肯定B选项的话
至于为什么A对E错,完全同意楼上的引用……
还想补充一点:ETS出这种题目太变态了!!!
就不信美国人自己都能做出正确答案……
又想了半天,觉得不管B还是E,错就错在:
CLAY只是说他的实验无法证明鸟到底有没有E memory的能力
而这并不意味着CLAY就相信鸟一定没有E memory的能力
不管这个想法对不对,都要闪开这个帖子了……实在是太费力了~唉~~
I choose E because of the "distinctive"
E The binding of different kind of information is not a distinctive feature of episodic memory
如果什么东西是distinctive feature of episodic memory, 是不是可以理解成,只要有这个东西,就可以判断出有episodic memory。这个feature是episodic memory和其他东西区分的一个feature.
如果the binding of different kind of information(这个能力实验中的那个动物是有的)时episodic memory的distinctive feature,那么Clayton就可以得出结论:这个实验中的动物是有episodic memory的能力的。
The term “episodic memory” was
introduced by Tulving to refer to what he
considered a uniquely human capacity—
Line the ability to recollect specific past events,
(5) to travel back into the past in one’s own
mind—as distinct from the capacity simply
to use information acquired through past
experiences. Subsequently, Clayton et al.
developed criteria to test for episodic
(10) jays to remember the type, location, and
freshness of stored food based on a unique
learning event. Crickets were stored in one
location and peanuts in another. Jays
(25) prefer crickets, but crickets degrade
more quickly. Clayton’s birds switched
their preference from crickets to peanuts
once the food had been stored for a certain
length of time, showing that they retain
(30) information about the what, the where,
and the when. Such experiments cannot,
however, reveal whether the birds were
reexperiencing the past when retrieving the
information. Clayton acknowledged this by
using the term “episodic-like” memory.
现象解释
逻辑简图:episodic memory introduced by T to refer to…. C developed criteria to test for episodic jays…. Such experiments cannot however, reveal…. C acknowledged…
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The primary purpose of the passage is to
A. explain how the findings of a particular experiment have been interpreted and offer an alternative interpretation反
B. describe a particular experiment and point out one of its limitations逻辑简图
C. present similarities between human memory and animal memory
D. point out a flaw in the argument that a certain capacity is uniquely human
E. account for the unexpected behavior of animal subjects in a particular experiment
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
According to the passage, Clayton’s experiment depended on the fact that scrub jays
A. recall “when” and “where” information more distinctly than “what” information不是fact
B. are not able to retain information about a single past event for an indefinitely long period of time不是fact
C. choose peanuts over crickets when the crickets have been stored for a long period of time定位line25-33
D. choose crickets over peanuts whenever both are available
E. prefer peanuts that have been stored for a short period to crickets that have been stored for a short period不符
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The passage suggests that Clayton’s experiment demonstrated scrub jays’ ability to
showing that they retain
information about the what, the where,
and the when.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
It can be inferred from the passage that both Tulving and Clayton would agree with which of the following statements?
A. Animals’ abilities to use information about a specific past event are not conclusive evidence of episodic memory.否则最后就不会说C acknowledged….
B. Animals do not share humans’ abilities to reexperience the past through memory.
C. The accuracy of animals’ memories is difficult to determine through direct experimentation.无关
D. Humans tend to recollect single bits of information more accurately than do animals.
E. The binding of different kinds of information is not a distinctive feature of episodic memory.
The term “episodic memory” was
introduced by Tulving to refer to what he
considered a uniquely human capacity—the ability to recollect specific past events,
to travel back into the past in one’s own
mind—as distinct from the capacity simply
to use information acquired through past
experiences.
GWD 12 Q-7 我的看法是选 E。即
E. The binding of different kinds of information is not a distinctive feature of episodic memory.
我的理由是,首先试验证明鸟也可以binding of different kinds of information。这点大家都没不同意见吧。
但文章倒数第二句话说Such experiments cannot, however, reveal whether the birds were re-experiencing the past when retrieving the information. 这里的 re-experiencing 对应了文章开头T说的to travel back into the past...就是说,鸟的 “episodic-like” memory 和人的 episodic- memory,其共同点是binding ... information, 但不同点是鸟不能(或者说试验无法证明)re-experiencing。因此我选E.
A的不足之处确实不明显,但有个地方让我感觉不太大好:
Animals’ abilities to use information about a specific past event are not conclusive evidence of episodic memory
这个选项本身是没有错误的,但选项的问题问的是,both Tulving and Clayton would agree。我们从何处可以infer Tulving的态度呢?文中提到T的说法只有一句,就是说he considered a uniquely human capacity。这个态度很坚决或者说明确,但我们不知道他这么说的主要理据在哪里。夸张点说,如果T的主要理据是在其他地方而不是这个鸟试验所测试的部分,那说不定他认为这个鸟试验连 evidence 都算不上,更别说 conclusive evidence 了
所以比较之下我认为E是答案
同意a错。因为在文中只解释了T提出的概念。对于C则描述了他的实验和解释。因此要从两个人概念上的相同处入手。
转贴以下我在另外各帖子里的发言,愚见还望不要见笑
严重同意E。原文说EM应该是信息的组合,没有说组合信息是EM的特有。而且文中没有说C的实验是检验动物有没有EM的,注意原话是sought to examine evidence of scrub jays’ accurate memory of “what,” “where,” and “when”
根据文章:
a uniquely human capacity—
the ability to recollect specific past events,
to travel back into the past in one’s own
mind—as distinct from the capacity simply
to use information acquired through past
experiences
在T的定义下,EM distinct的东西包括the ability to recollect specific past events, to travel back into the past in one’s own mind两点,换言之binding info(原字原句首次出现在下文c的实验中)不属于distinct的东西。文章最后C也acknowledge不能仅凭他的实验就证明有EM(如果是distinctive的特征那应当可以,换言之不是)。T和C的观点都可以从原文找到依据,E正确
A 原文只说了C承认这个观点,没有说T对这个的观点。而且这个选项写的相当的直白,不符合惯例。
看了这个千年长贴,也想写写自己的看法。我原来选E,现在支持A。理由如下:
E错在binding of different kinds of information这个概念T先生没有,因此无法做出评价。顺带说一句,C先生应该是同意的,因为他认为小鸟的行为是"episodic-like"行为,就说明他觉得"episodic" 和" episodic-like"两种行为都有这种性质,因此它不是distinctive的。
B错在C先生不同意,就像前面说过的,C不知道小鸟是否reexperience the past through memory,因此不会同意这个有结论的观点。T倒是会同意,因为他认为这是人类特有的。
也就是说E错在C同意T不能同意(注意是不能表示同意,而不是不同意),B错在T同意而C不能同意
下面说A
A的观点C先生同意是显然的,因为他的实验能证明use information about a specific past event的能力,却自己承认不能证明episodic memory。T先生也是同意的。重点在于原文第六行(episodic memory) as distinct from the capacity simply to use information acquired through past experience。可以看出T明显认为情景记忆和ability to use information ... 是不一样的,因此证明了能利用过去的信息当然不是情景记忆的充分条件,T同意的是这个不充分,因为他知道两者不一样。所以虽然他不知道这个实验,依然可以同意这个结论不充分。A正确
看了楼上分析的,清楚多了!!
A. Animals’ abilities to use information about a specific past event are not conclusive evidence of episodic memory
B. Animals do not share humans’ abilities to reexperience the past through memory.试验不能证明动物有,不代表动物没有
C. The accuracy of animals’ memories is difficult to determine through direct experimentation.
D. Humans tend to recollect single bits of information more accurately than do animals.
E. The binding of different kinds of information is not a distinctive feature of episodic memory.
T说这2个东西是不同的,没说是不是distinctive feature
A其实就是T意见的改写,只是加了一个animal
E确实挺迷惑的
对于这一题,看了这么多前辈的解释,我有一个自己的想法,希望可以给大家一些思路.
A中,C的实验不能证明动物的episodic memory,因此他同意。T认为人类才独有这个能力,正因为他的观点在前,就他那时的立场来说,即使有人证明了动物有这个能力,他也不会这么认为。就好象一本书中作者观点是GMAT对大家来说很简单,我一个读者认为GMAT对我很难但我不能证明是不是对别人也难,所以我们都不会同意GMAT对别人很难。
而B的错误在于,这是T的观点。C说了他的实验结论不能解释,不代表就否认了他自己的原假设。比如我没办法使你信我GMAT难,但我未必就不这么想。
silvia03 发表于 2010-9-29 23:50
Legend: 文章大意 {原文}commentT定义了episodic memory这个概念,他认为是人类特有的能力, 这种能 ...
hksdhfweiuwh 发表于 2008-5-16 14:58
看了这个千年长贴,也想写写自己的看法。我原来选E,现在支持A。理由如下:E错在binding of different kind ...
flowerrainn 发表于 2004-11-25 05:49
这题我是这么看的: TULVING 的观点是两点才能构成EPISODIC MEMORY:1能 ...
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