ChaseDream
标题: 【每日逻辑练习第二季】【3-6】 [打印本页]
作者: UlysessHope 时间: 2012-2-2 15:58
标题: 【每日逻辑练习第二季】【3-6】
【精练】
转眼已经到Chapter Twelve: Method of Reasoning Questions了~~~
1. Garbage in this neighborhood probably will not be
collected until Thursday this week. Garbage is
usually collected here on Wednesdays, and the
garbage collectors in this city are extremely reliable.
However, Monday was a public holiday, and after a
public holiday that falls on a Monday, garbage
throughout the city is supposed to be collected one
day later than usual.
The argument proceeds by
(A) treating several pieces of irrelevant evidence
as though they provide support for the
conclusion
(B) indirectly establishing that one thing is likely
to occur by directly ruling out all of the
alternative possibilities
(C) providing information that allows application
of a general rule to a specific case
(D) generalizing about all actions of a certain kind
on the basis of a description of one such
action
(E) treating something that is probable as though
it were inevitable
【逻辑链】
113. (32778-!-item-!-188;#058&006823) (GWD 17-Q41)
Last year a record number of new manufacturing jobs were created. Will this year bring another record? Well, any new manufacturing job is created either within an existing company or by the start-up of a new company. Within existing firms, new jobs have been created this year at well below last year’s record pace. At the same time, there is considerable evidence that the number of new companies starting up will be no higher this year than it was last year and surely the new companies starting up this year will create no more jobs per company than did last year’s start-ups. So clearly, the number of new jobs created this year will fall short of last year’s record.
In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?
A. The first is presented as an obvious truth on which the argument is based; the second is a prediction advanced in support of the main conclusion of the argument.
B. The first is presented as an obvious truth on which the argument is based; the second is an objection that the argument rejects.
C. The first is presented as an obvious truth on which the argument is based; the second is the main conclusion of the argument.
D. The first is a generalization that the argument seeks to establish; the second is a claim that has been advanced in support of a position that the argument opposes.
E. The first is a generalization that the argument seeks to establish; the second is a claim that has been advanced in order to challenge that generalization.
114. (29014-!-item-!-188;#058&003730) (GWD 12-Q38)
Outbreaks of Rift Valley fever occur irregularly in East Africa, several years apart. When outbreaks do occur, they kill thousands of cattle. A livestock vaccine against the disease exists but is rarely used. It is too expensive for farmers to use routinely, and since it is not effective until a month after vaccination, administering it after an outbreak begins helps very little. Nevertheless, experts predict that use of the vaccine will increase significantly within the next few years.
Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest justification for the experts’ prediction?
A. Rift Valley fever is spread by mosquitoes, but each outbreak is so widespread that it is impractical to control it by using insecticides.
B. When an outbreak of Rift Valley fever occurs, unaffected countries often refuse to import livestock from the countries affected by the outbreak.
C. It would take less than a month for producers of the vaccine to adjust their production operations to cope with a large increase in demand.
D. Many cattle farmers in East Africa are nomadic or live in remote villages, and such farmers, who have little access to modern veterinary medicine, are particularly hard hit by outbreaks of Rift Valley fever.
E. Recently published research has shown that certain identifiable climatic conditions are almost invariably followed, within two to five months, by an outbreak of Rift Valley fever.
115. (24593-!-item-!-188;#058&001109) (T-3-Q29)
The emission of sulfur dioxide when high-sulfur coal is burned is restricted by law. New coal-burning plants usually comply with the law by installing expensive equipment to filter sulfur dioxide from their emissions. These new plants could save money by installing instead less expensive cleaning equipment that chemically removes most sulfur from coal before combustion.
Which of the following, if known, would be most relevant to evaluating the claim above about how new coal-burning plants could save money?
A. Whether existing oil-burning plants are required to filter sulfur dioxide from their emissions
B. Whether the expense of installing the cleaning equipment in a new plant is less than the expense of installing the cleaning equipment in an older plant
C. Whether the process of cleaning the coal is more expensive than the process of filtering the emissions
D. Whether lawful emissions of sulfur dioxide from coal-burning plants are damaging the environment
E. Whether existing plants that use the filtering equipment could replace this equipment with the cleaning equipment and still compete with new plants that install the cleaning equipment
116. (30096-!-item-!-188;#058&005070) (T-9-Q18 different type)
The growing popularity of computer-based activities was widely expected to result in a decline in television viewing, since it had been assumed that people lack sufficient free time to maintain current television-viewing levels while spending increasing amounts of free time on the computer. That assumption, however, is evidently false: in a recent mail survey concerning media use, a very large majority of respondents who report increasing time spent per week using computers report no change in time spent watching television.
In order to evaluate the argument, it would be most useful to determine which of the following?
A. Whether the survey collected information about the amount of money respondents spent on free-time media use
B. Whether the amount of time spent watching television is declining among people who report that they rarely or never use computers
C. Whether the type of television programs a person watches tends to change as the amount of time spent per week using computers increases
D. Whether a large majority of the computer owners in the survey reported spending increasing amounts of time per week using computers
E. Whether the survey respondents’ reports of time spent using computers included time spent using computers at work
作者: UlysessHope 时间: 2012-2-2 15:58
逻辑链答案：AECE
精练解析：
As usual, we begin by analyzing the structure of the problem:
Premise: Garbage is usually collected here on Wednesdays, and the
garbage collectors in this city are extremely reliable.
Premise: Monday was a public holiday.
Premise: After a public holiday that falls on a Monday, garbage
throughout the city is supposed to be collected one day later
than usual.
Conclusion: Garbage in this neighborhood probably will not be collected
until Thursday this week.
The argument is sound and the conclusion seems reasonable. The language in
the conclusion is not absolute (“probably”), and this is justified since the
language used in the argument—“usually” and “supposed to be”—is also
probabilistic. Knowing that the argument is valid, the question you must ask
yourself is, “How would I describe the structure of this argument?”
Answer choice (A): This answer forces you to make an assessment of the
premises (the “evidence”) as they relate to the conclusion. Are the premises
irrelevant to the conclusion? Clearly not. Therefore, this answer is incorrect.
Answer choice (B): This is a half-right, half-wrong answer. The argument does
establish “that one thing is likely to occur.” But, is this established by ruling out
all of the alternative possibilities? No, to do that would mean presenting
arguments against the garbage being collected on Friday, Saturday, Sunday, etc.
Since this section of the answer choice does not occur, this answer is incorrect.
Also, because the argument does not rule out all the alternatives, the conclusion
is not established “indirectly.”
Answer choice (C): This is the correct answer. Consider each piece of the
argument:
“providing information”—a variety of information about the garbage
situation is provided.
“application of a general rule”—the general rule is that “After a public
holiday that falls on a Monday, garbage throughout the city is supposed
to be collected one day later than usual.”
“to a specific case”—the specific case is the pickup of garbage this week in
this neighborhood.
Given that all elements occurred and the answer presents an accurate
description of the way the author made his or her argument, this answer is
correct. Now, take a moment and compare this answer to the prephrase you
made after reading the stimulus. How similar are the two? Given that you may
not be familiar with the language used by the test makers, the two may not be
very similar. As your preparation continues, you will become more comfortable
with the language and your Method of Reasoning prephrasing will improve.
For example, note the use in this answer of “general rule” to describe the last
sentence of the stimulus. The test makers could also have used a phrase like
“basic principle” to achieve the same result. Your job is to match their language
to what occurred in the stimulus.
Answer choice (D): This answer is an overgeneralization—a situation where
one instance is used to make a broad based conclusion. This is a Reverse
Answer since the stimulus actually uses a general principle and applies it to one
instance. In addition, the language in the answer is far too strong in saying “all
actions of a certain kind” when the language in the stimulus was probabilistic.
Answer choice (E): This is an Exaggerated Answer. The conclusion states that
“Garbage in this neighborhood probably will not be collected until Thursday
this week” and the use of “probably” is a clear and obvious indication that the
author does not think the Thursday garbage pickup is inevitable.
作者: fox0923 时间: 2012-2-3 01:55
谢谢hope拉~~
作者: wuye1990 时间: 2012-2-4 15:40
34秒.逻辑链：前提：周一是公休日，垃圾通常被推迟一天收走。结论：这个地方的垃圾不会堆积，知道星期四。
D 选错啦，选C吧
far too strong in saying “all
actions of a certain kind
113. (32778-!-item-!-188;#058&006823) (GWD 17-Q41)
Last year a record number of new manufacturing jobs were created. Will this year bring another record? Well, any new manufacturing job is created either within an existing company or by the start-up of a new company. Within existing firms, new jobs have been created this year at well below last year’s record pace. At the same time, there is considerable evidence that the number of new companies starting up will be no higher this year than it was last year and surely the new companies starting up this year will create no more jobs per company than did last year’s start-ups. So clearly, the number of new jobs created this year will fall short of last year’s record.
In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?
47秒。逻辑链：
前提：新工作的产生来自于两个方面：第一是已有公司创造的新工作，第二是新成立公司带来的新工作。
前提：已有公司创造的工作没有去年多
前提：新成立公司的数量和每个公司创造的工作都不如去年。
结论：今年的新工作数量不如去年多。
A（1’34’’）
44秒
逻辑链：
背景：一种病让大量的牛死亡
前提：农民认为注射疫苗对于他们并不经济适用。因为这种疫苗在一个月之后才起作用
结论：专家认为疫苗使用会在以后几年增加。
求加强专家结论：E （疾病会增加，那么疫苗也会增加）
38秒
前提：政府要求控制二氧化硫排放
前提：一种工厂安装昂贵的技术，过滤不清洁的煤炭中释放的二氧化硫。
结论：这种工厂买一些便宜的煤炭然后过滤的方法可以省钱
求evaluate
C
47秒
前提：业余时间电脑的使用会使人们减少看电视的时间
前提：一项调查显示大多数称电脑使用时间增加的人没有表明看电视的时间减少。
结论：人们在用电脑的同时不会减少业余时间看电视的时间。
求评价。
预测：是否使用电脑时间的增加包括工作时间的使用。
E 1’40’’
47秒
前提：业余时间电脑的使用会使人们减少看电视的时间
前提：一项调查显示大多数称电脑使用时间增加的人没有表明看电视的时间减少。
结论：人们在用电脑的同时不会减少业余时间看电视的时间。
求评价。
预测：是否使用电脑时间的增加包括工作时间的使用。
E 1’40’’
44秒
逻辑链：
背景：一种病让大量的牛死亡
前提：农民认为注射疫苗对于他们并不经济适用。因为这种疫苗在一个月之后才起作用
结论：专家认为疫苗使用会在以后几年增加。
求加强专家结论：E （疾病会增加，那么疫苗也会增加）
38秒
前提：政府要求控制二氧化硫排放
前提：一种工厂安装昂贵的技术，过滤不清洁的煤炭中释放的二氧化硫。
结论：这种工厂买一些便宜的煤炭然后过滤的方法可以省钱
求evaluate
C
47秒
前提：业余时间电脑的使用会使人们减少看电视的时间
前提：一项调查显示大多数称电脑使用时间增加的人没有表明看电视的时间减少。
结论：人们在用电脑的同时不会减少业余时间看电视的时间。
求评价。
预测：是否使用电脑时间的增加包括工作时间的使用。
E 1’40’’
47秒
前提：业余时间电脑的使用会使人们减少看电视的时间
前提：一项调查显示大多数称电脑使用时间增加的人没有表明看电视的时间减少。
结论：人们在用电脑的同时不会减少业余时间看电视的时间。
求评价。
预测：是否使用电脑时间的增加包括工作时间的使用。
E 1’40’’
38秒
前提：政府要求控制二氧化硫排放
前提：一种工厂安装昂贵的技术，过滤不清洁的煤炭中释放的二氧化硫。
结论：这种工厂买一些便宜的煤炭然后过滤的方法可以省钱
求evaluate
C
47秒
前提：业余时间电脑的使用会使人们减少看电视的时间
前提：一项调查显示大多数称电脑使用时间增加的人没有表明看电视的时间减少。
结论：人们在用电脑的同时不会减少业余时间看电视的时间。
求评价。
预测：是否使用电脑时间的增加包括工作时间的使用。
E 1’40’’
47秒
前提：业余时间电脑的使用会使人们减少看电视的时间
前提：一项调查显示大多数称电脑使用时间增加的人没有表明看电视的时间减少。
结论：人们在用电脑的同时不会减少业余时间看电视的时间。
求评价。
预测：是否使用电脑时间的增加包括工作时间的使用。
E 1’40’’
作者: isa0709 时间: 2012-5-27 23:24
逻辑链】
1. Garbage in this neighborhood probably will not be
collected until Thursday this week. Garbage is
usually collected here on Wednesdays, and the
garbage collectors in this city are extremely reliable.
However, Monday was a public holiday, and after a
public holiday that falls on a Monday, garbage
throughout the city is supposed to be collected one
day later than usual.
The argument proceeds by
C
1) 计时：68s
2) 逻辑链Situation
2) Background Information:
Garbage in this neighborhood probably will not be
collected until Thursday this week. Garbage is
usually collected here on Wednesdays, and the
garbage collectors in this city are extremely reliable.
Premise:
Monday was a public holiday, and after a
public holiday that falls on a Monday,
Conclusion:
garbage throughout the city is supposed to be collected one
day later than usual.
3) 推测
4) 选项分析：选C
113. (32778-!-item-!-188;#058&006823) (GWD 17-Q41)
Last year a record number of new manufacturing jobs were created. Will this year bring another record? Well, any new manufacturing job is created either within an existing company or by the start-up of a new company. Within existing firms, new jobs have been created this year at well below last year’s record pace. At the same time, there is considerable evidence that the number of new companies starting up this year will be no higher than it was last year and there is no reason to think that the new companies starting up this year will create more jobs per company than did last year’s start-ups. So clearly, the number of new jobs created this year will fall short of last year’s record.
In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?
A. The first provides evidence in support of the main conclusion of the argument; the second is a claim that argument challenges.
B. The first is a generalization that the argument seeks to establish; the second is a conclusion that the argument draws in order to support that generalization.
C. The first is a generalization that the argument seeks to establish; the second is a judgment that has been advanced in order to challenge that generalization.
D. The first is presented as obvious truth on which the argument is based; the second is a claim that has been advanced in support of a position that the argument opposes.
E. The first is presented as obvious truth on which the argument is based; the second is a judgment advanced in support of the main conclusion of the argument.
e first is presented as an obvious truth on which the argument is based; the second is a prediction ad
1) 计时：66s
2) 逻辑链Situation(刚开始练习先写好完整逻辑链，练习到逻辑链基本清晰的时候尝试尽量简化信息、提炼最精简的逻辑链)：
*完整模式：
Background Information:
Last year a record number of new manufacturing jobs were created. Will this year bring another record? Well, any new manufacturing job is created either within an existing company or by the start-up of a new company.
Premise:
Within existing firms, new jobs have been created this year at well below last year’s record pace. At the same time, there is considerable evidence that the number of new companies starting up this year will be no higher than it was last year and there is no reason to think that the new companies starting up this year will create more jobs per company than did last year’s start-ups.
Conclusion:
So clearly, the number of new jobs created this year will fall short of last year’s record.
3) 推测
4) 选项分析：选E
of the main conclusion of the argument.
B. The first is presented as an obvious truth on which the argument is based; the second is an objection that the argument rejects.
C. The first is presented as an obvious truth on which the argument is based; the second is the main conclusion of the argument.
D. The first is a generalization that the argument seeks to establish; the second is a claim that has been advanced in support of a position that the argument opposes.
E. The first is a generalization that the argument seeks to establish; the second is a claim that has been advanced in order to challenge that generalization.
114. (29014-!-item-!-188;#058&003730) (GWD 12-Q38)
Outbreaks of Rift Valley fever occur irregularly in East Africa, several years apart. When outbreaks do occur, they kill thousands of cattle. A livestock vaccine against the disease exists but is rarely used. It is too expensive for farmers to use routinely, and since it is not effective until a month after vaccination, administering it after an outbreak begins helps very little. Nevertheless, experts predict that use of the vaccine will increase significantly within the next few years.
Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest justification for the experts’ prediction?
1) 计时：40s
2) 逻辑链Situation
*完整模式：
Background Information:
Outbreaks of Rift Valley fever occur irregularly in East Africa, several years apart. When outbreaks do occur, they kill thousands of cattle.
Premise:
A livestock vaccine against the disease exists but is rarely used. It is too expensive for farmers to use routinely, and since it is not effective until a month after vaccination, administering it after an outbreak begins helps very little.
Conclusion:
Nevertheless, experts predict that use of the vaccine will increase significantly within the next few years.
3) 推测：某种方法或原因令原来弊端解决。
4) 选项分析：选E
A. Rift Valley fever is spread by mosquitoes, but each outbreak is so widespread that it is impractical to control it by using insecticides.
B. When an outbreak of Rift Valley fever occurs, unaffected countries often refuse to import livestock from the countries affected by the outbreak.
C. It would take less than a month for producers of the vaccine to adjust their production operations to cope with a large increase in demand.
D. Many cattle farmers in East Africa are nomadic or live in remote villages, and such farmers, who have little access to modern veterinary medicine, are particularly hard hit by outbreaks of Rift Valley fever.
E. Recently published research has shown that certain identifiable climatic conditions are almost invariably followed, within two to five months, by an outbreak of Rift Valley fever.
115. (24593-!-item-!-188;#058&001109) (T-3-Q29)
The emission of sulfur dioxide when high-sulfur coal is burned is restricted by law. New coal-burning plants usually comply with the law by installing expensive equipment to filter sulfur dioxide from their emissions. These new plants could save money by installing instead less expensive cleaning equipment that chemically removes most sulfur from coal before combustion.
Which of the following, if known, would be most relevant to evaluating the claim above about how new coal-burning plants could save money?
1) 计时：40s
2) 逻辑链Situation
*完整模式：
Background Information:
The emission of sulfur dioxide when high-sulfur coal is burned is restricted by law.
Premise:
New coal-burning plants usually comply with the law by installing expensive equipment to filter sulfur dioxide from their emissions.
Conclusion:
These new plants could save money by installing instead less expensive cleaning equipment that chemically removes most sulfur from coal before combustion.
3) 推测：某种方法令cleaning equipment达到法律要求
4) 选项分析：1.05 CA. Rift Valley fever is spread by mosquito plants that install the cleaning equipment
116. (30096-!-item-!-188;#058&005070) (T-9-Q18 different type)
The growing popularity of computer-based activities was widely expected to result in a decline in television viewing, since it had been assumed that people lack sufficient free time to maintain current television-viewing levels while spending increasing amounts of free time on the computer. That assumption, however, is evidently false: in a recent mail survey concerning media use, a very large majority of respondents who report increasing time spent per week using computers report no change in time spent watching television.
In order to evaluate the argument, it would be most useful to determine which of the following?
1) 计时：31s
2) 逻辑链Situation
*完整模式：
Premise:
in a recent mail survey concerning media use, a very large majority of respondents who report increasing time spent per week using computers report no change in time spent watching television.
Conclusion: people lack sufficient free time to maintain current television-viewing levels while spending increasing amounts of free time on the computer.这个假设是错的。
3) 推测：
4) 选项分析：E
作者: leewonting 时间: 2012-7-14 22:31
http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_CR/thread-652387-1-1.html
208
背景：Garbage in this neighborhood probably will not be collected until Thursday.
条件：It’s usually collected on Wednesday. And Monday is a holiday.
结论：Garbage throughout the city is supposed to be collected one day later than usual.
推测：How to schedule the collecting day?
C
209
背景： Outbreaks of Rift Valley fever occur irregularly in East Africa. A livestock vaccine against the disease exists but is rarely used.
条件：It’s too expensive and useless after a month.
结论：But scientists state that use of the vaccine will increase significantly within the next few year.
推测：People get rich and can predict when the outbreak occurs.
E
210
背景：The emission of sulfur dioxide when high-sulfur coal is burned is restricted by law.
条件：The new coal-burning plants can choose installing expensive equipment to filter sulfur dioxide from their emission or choose installing equipment that chemically removes most sulfur from coal before combustion
结论：Which installation is cheaper?
推测：how about the removal differs from filtration?
C
211
背景：The growing popularity of computer-based activities was widely expected to result in a decline in television viewing
条件：The time using computer that increases means the time viewing TV decreases.
结论：But a survey shows that though increasing time using computer but no change in time spent watching TV.
推测：focus on the free time
E
作者: GraceZhang510 时间: 2012-9-9 10:05
作者: yangreat 时间: 2012-10-20 19:38
精炼
0：31
完整版：
Background Information: Garbage in this neighborhood probably will not be collected until Thursday this week.
Premise: Garbage is usually collected here on Wednesdays, and the garbage collectors in this city are extremely reliable.
Conclusion: Monday was a public holiday, and after a public holiday that falls on a Monday, garbage throughout the city is supposed to be collected one day later than usual.
精简版：
Garbage is suposed to be collected on Thursday.
113
0:47
完整版：
Background Information： Last year a record number of new manufacturing jobs were created.
Premise: any new manufacturing job is created either within an existing company or by the start-up of a new company. Within existing firms, new jobs have been created this year at well below last year’s record pace. At the same time, there is considerable evidence that the number of new companies starting up will be no higher this year than it was last year and surely the new companies starting up this year will create no more jobs per company than did last year’s start-ups.
Conclusion: the number of new jobs created this year will fall short of last year’s record.
精简版：
The record number of new manufacturing jobs will not get higher than last year.
选A
114
0:48
完整版：
Background Information：Outbreaks of Rift Valley fever occur irregularly in East Africa, several years apart. When outbreaks do occur, they kill thousands of cattle.
Premise: Outbreaks of Rift Valley fever occur irregularly in East Africa, several years apart. When outbreaks do occur, they kill thousands of cattle.A livestock vaccine against the disease exists but is rarely used. It is too expensive for farmers to use routinely, and since it is not effective until a month after vaccination, administering it after an outbreak begins helps very little.
Conclusion: experts predict that use of the vaccine will increase significantly within the next few years.
精简版：
Although the vaccine is not effective until a month after vaccination and is too expansive, experts still predict that use of the vaccine will increase significantly.
选E
115
0:35
完整版：
Background Information：The emission of sulfur dioxide when high-sulfur coal is burned is restricted by law.
Premise:New coal-burning plants usually comply with the law by installing expensive equipment to filter sulfur dioxide from their emissions.
New coal-burning plants usually comply with the law by installing expensive equipment to filter sulfur dioxide from their emissions. These new plants could save money by installing instead less expensive cleaning equipment that chemically removes most sulfur from coal before combustion.
精简版：
Although it is expensive to equip new filter, but companys can save money by installing instead former equipment that chemically removes most sulfur from coal vefore combustion.
选C
116
0:45
完整版：
Background Information：The growing popularity of computer-based activities was widely expected to result in a decline in television viewing, since it had been assumed that people lack sufficient free time to maintain current television-viewing levels while spending increasing amounts of free time on the computer.
Premise:in a recent mail survey concerning media use, a very large majority of respondents who report increasing time spent per week using computers report no change in time spent watching television.
Conclusion: That assumption, however, is evidently false.
精简版：
Free time.
选E
作者: zxppx 时间: 2013-1-27 09:38
1.
Garbage in this neighborhood probably will not be
collected until Thursday this week. Garbage is
usually collected here on Wednesdays, and the
garbage collectors in this city are extremely reliable.
However, Monday was a public holiday, and after a
public holiday that falls on a Monday, garbage
throughout the city is supposed to be collected one
day later than usual.
The argument proceeds by
Method: Your job is to match their language to what occurred in the stimulus.
(A) treating several pieces of irrelevant evidence
as though they provide support for the
conclusion
Actually, these evidences are relevant to each other.
(B) indirectly establishing that one thing is likely
to occur by directly ruling out all of the
alternative possibilities
One alternative possibility is indeed ruled out, but not all alternative possibilities, such as Friday, Saturday, or Sunday.
(C) providing information that allows application
of a general rule to a specific case
Yes, in this case, the public holiday is the general rule, while it is applied to the day that garbage is collected. BA
(D) generalizing about all actions of a certain kind
on the basis of a description of one such
action
In fact, this answer reverses the relationship. Besides, it is too strong.
(E) treating something that is probable as though
it were inevitable
What’s inevitable? Not referred.
113. (32778-!-item-!-188;#058&006823) (GWD 17-Q41)
Last year a record number of new manufacturing jobs were created. Will this year bring another record? Well, any new manufacturing job is created either within an existing company or by the start-up of a new company. Within existing firms, new jobs have been created this year at well below last year’s record pace. At the same time, there is considerable evidence that the number of new companies starting up will be no higher this year than it was last year and surely the new companies starting up this year will create no more jobs per company than did last year’s start-ups. So clearly, the number of new jobs created this year will fall short of last year’s record.
In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?
114. (29014-!-item-!-188;#058&003730) (GWD 12-Q38)
Outbreaks of Rift Valley fever occur irregularly in East Africa, several years apart. When outbreaks do occur, they kill thousands of cattle. A livestock vaccine against the disease exists but is rarely used. It is too expensive for farmers to use routinely, and since it is not effective until a month after vaccination, administering it after an outbreak begins helps very little. Nevertheless, experts predict that use of the vaccine will increase significantly within the next few years.
Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest justification for the experts’ prediction?
A. Rift Valley fever is spread by mosquitoes, but each outbreak is so widespread that it is impractical to control it by using insecticides.
In fact, this answer choice rules out another way to control the fever. However, it does not strengthen the experts’ prediction.
B. When an outbreak of Rift Valley fever occurs, unaffected countries often refuse to import livestock from the countries affected by the outbreak.
This answer points out a result of the fever, but why will the use of the vaccine increase significantly within the next few years?
C. It would take less than a month for producers of the vaccine to adjust their production operations to cope with a large increase in demand.
The time to produce vaccine is irrelevant.
D. Many cattle farmers in East Africa are nomadic or live in remote villages, and such farmers, who have little access to modern veterinary medicine, are particularly hard hit by outbreaks of Rift Valley fever.
These people are indeed harmed by the fever, but they cannot afford the expensive vaccine.
E. Recently published research has shown that certain identifiable climatic conditions are almost invariably followed, within two to five months, by an outbreak of Rift Valley fever.
In this case, it points out that it is very important for farmers to use the vaccine, considering an outbreak of Rift Valley fever within two to five months. BA
115. (24593-!-item-!-188;#058&001109) (T-3-Q29)
The emission of sulfur dioxide when high-sulfur coal is burned is restricted by law. New coal-burning plants usually comply with the law by installing expensive equipment to filter sulfur dioxide from their emissions. These new plants could save money by installing instead less expensive cleaning equipment that chemically removes most sulfur from coal before combustion.
Which of the following, if known, would be most relevant to evaluating the claim above about how new coal-burning plants could save money?
A. Whether existing oil-burning plants are required to filter sulfur dioxide from their emissions
Shell Game: oil-burning plants are outside the scope of the argument. Besides, from the first sentence, the emission of sulfur dioxide is restricted by law.
B. Whether the expense of installing the cleaning equipment in a new plant is less than the expense of installing the cleaning equipment in an older plant
The comparison between a new plant and an older plant is irrelevant.
C. Whether the process of cleaning the coal is more expensive than the process of filtering the emissions
Even though the installing expense of cleaning equipment is less than that of filtering equipment, if the process of cleaning the coal is more expensive than the process of filtering the emissions, the cleaning equipment is not better. Otherwise, the cleaning equipment is better. BA
D. Whether lawful emissions of sulfur dioxide from coal-burning plants are damaging the environment
The result of lawful emissions of sulfur dioxide is outside the scope of the argument.
E. Whether existing plants that use the filtering equipment could replace this equipment with the cleaning equipment and still compete with new plants that install the cleaning equipment
Actually, this answer choice has no effect on the argument, since whether existing plants that use the filtering equipment could replace this equipment with the cleaning equipment to compete with plants that install the cleaning equipment cannot demonstrate which equipment is better.
116. (30096-!-item-!-188;#058&005070) (T-9-Q18 different type)
The growing popularity of computer-based activities was widely expected to result in a decline in television viewing, since it had been assumed that people lack sufficient free time to maintain current television-viewing levels while spending increasing amounts of free time on the computer. That assumption, however, is evidently false: in a recent mail survey concerning media use, a very large majority of respondents who report increasing time spent per week using computers report no change in time spent watching television.
两个时间是否一致
In order to evaluate the argument, it would be most useful to determine which of the following?
A. Whether the survey collected information about the amount of money respondents spent on free-time media use
The amount of money spent on free-time media use is irrelevant.
B. Whether the amount of time spent watching television is declining among people who report that they rarely or never use computers
People who report that they rarely or never use computers is minority, and they cannot be representative.
C. Whether the type of television programs a person watches tends to change as the amount of time spent per week using computers increases
The type of television programs is outside the scope of the argument.
D. Whether a large majority of the computer owners in the survey reported spending increasing amounts of time per week using computers
We can know that a large majority of respondents spent increasing amounts of time per week using computers. But whether they are computer owners has no effect on the argument.
E. Whether the survey respondents’ reports of time spent using computers included time spent using computers at work
Since the argument talks about free time, if the respondents spend time to work with computer, then the survey is highly doubtful. BA
作者: deniseya 时间: 2013-1-30 17:41
1.1'28''
A(C)俺发现精炼题目我都会栽跟头……T^T要理清逻辑链在做啊
2.where is the boldface?0?
3.1'55''
E
4.1'34''
C
5.1'05''
E
作者: xueluanfei 时间: 2013-2-11 23:42
1.说这周的垃圾周四才收-结论。推理：平时是周三收。但是本周一是假期。所以收垃圾会比平时晚一天。问推理方法？
目测：毫无头绪。。。盲看答案好了。。
A-？不懂，感觉不像
B-KILL没有用排除法
C-觉得这个比较像
D-没有普遍化任何东西啊
E-不像
我选C
113.说去年新工作数量创纪录了，今年还会破记录吗？创造新工作有两条路，一条路是现存的公司，另一条路是新开公司。然后今年现存的公司没有更多工作，而且新开公司的数量也比去年少，而且每个新公司带来的新工作也比较少。结论是今年不会创纪录。 黑脸作用？
目测：第一个黑脸给出了两种可能性，第二个黑脸阐述了两种可能性里面的一种。
A-感觉说第二个是prediction不对。。难道是选这个？。
B-错。第二个没有反对第一个
C-错，第二个不是结论
D-不对
E-也不对啊、、
我选了A
114.说一种病老是爆发。有一种疫苗，好使但是太贵，所以不经常用。而且这个疫苗必须在接种一个月之后才能有效果所以一旦传染病爆发了，这个疫苗就不给力了。但是专家们表示这个疫苗还是会被广泛接受，问哪个能支持砖家？
目测：-要选一个果然这个疫苗可以广泛应用的选项。这个疫苗会变得便宜了？这个疫苗被改良了？这种病可以被提前一个月预警了？
A-KILL 跟蚊子有毛线关系
B-无关
C-无关吧
D-这个。。。削弱？
E-啊就是这个了！被我YY到了居然
我选E
115说烧煤可以，但是放二氧化硫不可以。新工厂迫于法律压力安装了很贵的过滤气体装置。然后说其实他们可以安装那些便宜的，可以从煤里面化学分离硫的装置。问评估
目测：要选一个能说明那些便宜的装置到底能不能达到法律要求的。比如，经过分离的气体达标了吗，虽然买装备便宜了，别的事情有没有更贵啊？
A-无关，跟现存的场子无关，说新场子呢
B-无关，就场子无关
C-这个有可能啊！
D-无关
E无关
我选C，被我YY到了！！
116.这个破题以前纠结过。说电脑的流行会导致看电视时间下降。因为不可能在花越来越多空闲时间玩电脑的同时还能保持同样的时间来看电视。然后结论说，这个明显是错的！因为最近有个调查，反馈者表示他们虽然每周用电脑的时间长了，但是依然看那么多电视。问评估。
目测：要选一个能决定玩电脑到底是否真的影响了看电视的选项。。。如果没有影响的话，要解释为什么没有影响啊。。如果有影响的话，要解释那帮反馈者为啥说没有影响啊。。
A-跟前无关B-没说还专门调查了一群不用电脑的人吧。。C-换节目了？没关系D-computer owner乱入？还是这个题目已经说了，他们确实用的越来越多了！E-工作时间用电脑也算？！玩赖！就选这个了！我选E
作者: yscT 时间: 2013-2-26 12:57
1s12'' （理清逻辑链以后就过了好久好久）
1.平时在wed 但是 MON是假期，假期结束是MON，一般在假期结束后一天收集
所以这个星期G在THU才会被收集
根据事实和习惯来推断结论
选C
113.A 第一个是客观事实 第二个支持结论（这题选啥啊？？）
114.30s
R的爆发杀了很多牛，有一种疫苗但是因为很贵而且要一个月以后才能生效所以很少人用，等到这种病爆发以后在用帮助很小
结论：专家说这种v的用途在接下来几年还是会大大增强
猜测：说明这种疫苗还是很有用的结论，好处！
有新的措施可以减小这种疫苗的缺点
不用损失更大
选C（错了。。好像错了好几次）E正解
115.24s
评价NCB如何可以省钱
NCL工厂装很贵的装置过滤释放的CO2，新工厂装便宜的用化学过滤释放前的coal
选C 比较过滤的过程
116.27s
评价
越来越多的人玩电脑造成越来越少的人看电视
因为缺乏freetime的人在看电视和看电脑的时间上是此消彼长的
但是 假设错误
在sur中，玩电脑的时间增加的人看电视的时间没有减少
gap：玩电脑的时间增加是不是仅仅在freetime中
选E
作者: uoknew 时间: 2013-3-1 17:35
怎么看不到选项啊
作者: angelann728 时间: 2013-4-23 00:35
1) 计时：67s
2) 逻辑链Situation(刚开始练习先写好完整逻辑链，练习到逻辑链基本清晰的时候尝试尽量简化信息、提炼最精简的逻辑链)：
*完整模式：（凭记忆简填）
(1) Garbage collection on Weds.
(2) However, the Monday was a public holiday.
Conclusion: 当取消周一公假后？（falls？）收集垃圾的日期is supposed to晚一天
3) 推测(Prephrase: mentally formulate your answer to the question stem)：
The argument proceeds by? (通过什么进行argue？)
第一次见这个问法 这是道reasoning的题目么？
4) 选项分析：选C
A irrelevant evidence 不合适
B 没有排他因
D 没有通过描述一个action总结所有actions
E 将可能发生的事情作为不可避免的事情？
1) 计时：55s
2) 逻辑链Situation(刚开始练习先写好完整逻辑链，练习到逻辑链基本清晰的时候尝试尽量简化信息、提炼最精简的逻辑链)：
*完整模式：（凭记忆简填）
现有公司创造新工作少了，新公司少了，新公司创造的工作也比去年新公司少了
结论：新工作少了
3) 推测(Prephrase: mentally formulate your answer to the question stem)：
BF：
any new manufacturing job is created either within an existing company or by the start-up of a new company.
there is considerable evidence that the number of new companies starting up will be no higher this year than it was last year and surely the new companies starting up this year will create no more jobs per company than did last year’s start-ups.
former：premise
latter：evidence
4) 选项分析：选A
第一句是前提排除DE
第二句支持main conclusion 排BC
1) 计时：45s
2) 逻辑链Situation(刚开始练习先写好完整逻辑链，练习到逻辑链基本清晰的时候尝试尽量简化信息、提炼最精简的逻辑链)：
*完整模式：（凭记忆简填）
Background: 一种在牛身上的病。
Premise：研制出的疫苗很少有人用 因为疫苗一个月后才会产生效果 所以意义不大
Conclusion: however, 今后疫苗使用量会加大
3) 推测(Prephrase: mentally formulate your answer to the question stem)：
(1) 因为有某些特征提示（气候，牛…）可以提前一个月以上使用疫苗，使牛不再发病
（2）疫苗有所改进 缩短疫苗使用到疫苗有效的时间
4) 选项分析：选E
A 与杀虫剂是否有效无关 疫苗是否有效使用不讨论杀虫剂
B 无关选项 后果多严重与疫苗是否有效无关
C 迷惑项 出现一个月时间概念 但生产者是否能在一个月内改好是无关选项
D 无关选项 这句话只能证明疫苗有效 不能说明一种变化 之前用疫苗少 之后用疫苗多
1) 计时：45s
2) 逻辑链Situation(刚开始练习先写好完整逻辑链，练习到逻辑链基本清晰的时候尝试尽量简化信息、提炼最精简的逻辑链)：
*完整模式：（凭记忆简填）
SO2被限制了
new plants 多选择从排放物中除去S 而不是更便宜的设备从煤中除去S
3) 推测(Prephrase: mentally formulate your answer to the question stem)：
成本问题- 除了购买设备 其他环节（比如吸收加工环节）从排放物中除去更便宜
4) 选项分析：选C
A 现存厂是否要求从排放物中除去S无关
B 安装费用可以 但in an older plant 不行
D 无关
E existing plants 和 new plants的竞争 无关
1) 计时：49s
2) 逻辑链Situation(刚开始练习先写好完整逻辑链，练习到逻辑链基本清晰的时候尝试尽量简化信息、提炼最精简的逻辑链)：
*完整模式：（凭记忆简填）
Background: 在使用电脑时间上升时 人们很难保持看电视时间不变
事实证明是错的：很多人使用电脑时间上升 但看电视时间没有减少
3) 推测(Prephrase: mentally formulate your answer to the question stem)：
evaluation：电脑是否用于工作
4) 选项分析：选E
A 跟money无关
B 挺干扰的 有点排除看电视和用电脑关系的意思 ？ E是OG标准答案吧
C 无关选项 program type
D 重写题干 说明不了问题
作者: 苏错 时间: 2013-12-16 09:08
【精练】
Will not be collected until Thursday.
Usually Wed and reliable
Mon is a public holiday –one day later than usual –C
【逻辑链】
1. boldface….. →_→
2. too expensive for farmers to use routinely,and since it is not effective until a month after vaccination.
But! use of the vaccine will increase
strengthen—E
3. installing instead less expensive cleaning equipment
Evaluate—C
4. a very large majority of respondents whoreport increasing time spent per week – use computers report no change in timespent watching television.
Determine–E
作者: cyndichiang 时间: 2014-5-15 07:46
精炼： 2‘17’‘
premise:Garbage is usually collected here on Wednesdays
the garbage collectors in this city are extremely reliable
premise: Monday was a public holiday, and after a public holiday that falls on a Monday, garbage throughout the city is supposed to be collected one day later than usual
conclusion: Garbage in this neighborhood probably will not be collected until Thursday this week
选错了，开始把第一句当做PREMISE了，题目木有看懂。。
(A) treating several pieces of irrelevant evidence
as though they provide support for the
conclusion-------第一句是结论句，根据普遍的情况推测可能发生的情况是很合理的，所以这里 irrelevant evidence是不对的
(B) indirectly establishing that one thing is likely
to occur by directly ruling out all of the
alternative possibilities------后半句by directly ruling out all of alternatives是不对的，作者只是说排除了手机垃圾的人不会不可靠，而没有特别区排除它因
(C) providing information that allows application
of a general rule to a specific case---------CORRECT，
(D) generalizing about all actions of a certain kind
on the basis of a description of one such
action----reverse；根据普遍情况推测一个特殊的情况
(E) treating something that is probable as though
it were inevitable-----the author said the thing probably happen,not inevitably.
逻辑链
1. 41’‘
any new manufacturing job is created either within an existing company or by the start-up of a new company. --------evidence
Within existing firms, new jobs have been created this year at well below last year’s record pace.----evidence the number of new companies starting up will be no higher this year than it was last year and surely the new companies starting up this year will create no more jobs per company than did last year’s start-ups.-------------------------evidence
So clearly, the number of new jobs created this year will fall short of last year’s record.---------conclusion
2. 26''
BG: a fever can kill thousands of cattle
premise: the vaccine against virus is expensive. not effective until a month after vaccination
conclusion: use of the vaccine will increase significantly within the next few years
Q: support
prephrase: farmers must use the vaccine for some reasons
3. 55''
premise: before combustion, the cost of removal of most sulfur from coal : expensive equipment< cheap
conclusion: the expensive one can save money
Q: Evaluate
prephrase: whether the cost of combustion is cheaper by using expensive one? 全部理解错了
premise：政府控制SO2的排放，有两种方法：1. 用贵的机器过滤 2,。用便宜的机器化学从废气中移走SO2
conclusion： 哪种更省钱?
Q:evaluate
prephrase:
4. 30''
premise:A survey: a very large majority of respondents who report increasing time spent per week using computers report no change in time spent watching television.
conclusion: That people lack sufficient free time to maintain current television-viewing levels while spending increasing amounts of free time on the computer is wrong
Q: Evaluate
prephrase: whether respondents can represent the whole people who use computer frequently in their spare time
作者: frace 时间: 2017-10-18 10:45
计时：1:06.54
逻辑链：
Background：neighbourd collected until Thursday
Garbage collected on wensday collectors realiable
P:Mondya public holiday
P（intermediate conclusion）: garbage collected one day later
C：garbage this neighbourd will not be collected until Thursday this week
预测： p-c
C
计时：27.40
逻辑链：
Background：last year record
Create new jobs:in an existing company or by the start-up of a new compnay
Premise:in existing company new jobs below/the number of new companies no higher/new company jobs per company no more
Conclusion:the number fo new jobs will fall short
预测：
1: claim/truth/background information
2:premise that support the conclusion
答案： A
计时：38.53
逻辑链：
Background: outbreaks of RV fever occur irregularly in A A kill thousands of cattle
A livestock vaccine against the disease exists but rarely used
Premise(counter):too expensive to use routinely/not effective until a month after vaccination--help little
Conclusion:experts predice that use of the vaccine will increase in next few years
预测：
首先肯定是说这个疫苗的好处或者由于fever的严重疫苗的不可或缺出
其次就是反驳counterpremise中一个贵 一个只能在fever开始后用
==use before the fever or cost less
答案：E
计时：43.82
逻辑链：
Background：emission of so2 when high sulfur coal burned is restricted by law
Premise: ne plant usually install expensive to fliter so2 from emission
Conclusion: could save money by installing less expensive cleaning equipment(remove most sulfur from coal before combustion)
预测：
比较两种法案 后面一种方案虽然便宜 但是不是不能很好filter so2 （错 想偏了 问的是evaluate how the new plan save money 就是 这样到底能不能省钱呢？）more expensive的是equipment less expensive的也是equipment 所以就要比较除了仪器费用外的其他费用，注意但两种方案用的是完全不同的 一种是fliter from emission 一种是 cleaning 那这两种方案的花费是怎么样的
答案： E C
计时：35.10
逻辑链：
Counter premise：people lack sufficient free time to maintain current TV levels while spending increasing free time on the computer
Counter conclusion:growing popularity of computer-based activities result in decline TV viewing
Main conclusion: this is flase
Premise: recent survey large respondents who increase time on computer no change in time on TV
预测：
The time is not free time (注意各种限制 句子转换之间限制就没了)
答案：E
| 欢迎光临 ChaseDream (https://forum.chasedream.com/) |
Powered by Discuz! X3.3 |