标题: 【每日逻辑练习第二季】【2-19】 [打印本页] 作者: mahaofei001 时间: 2012-1-17 21:38 标题: 【每日逻辑练习第二季】【2-19】 精炼 6. Historian: Leibniz, the seventeenth-century philosopher, published his version of calculus before Newton did. But then Newton revealed his private notebooks, which showed he had been using these ideas for at least a decade before Leibniz’s publication. Newton also claimed that he had disclosed these ideas to Leibniz in a letter shortly before Leibniz’s publication. Yet close examination of the letter shows that Newton’s few cryptic remarks did not reveal anything important about calculus. Thus, Leibniz and Newton each independently discovered calculus. Which one of the following is an assumption required by the historian’s argument? (A) Leibniz did not tell anyone about calculus prior to publishing his version of it. (B) No third person independently discovered calculus prior to Newton and Leibniz. (C) Newton believed that Leibniz was able to learn something important about calculus from his letter to him. (D) Neither Newton nor Leibniz knew that the other had developed a version of calculus prior to Leibniz’s publication. (E) Neither Newton nor Leibniz learned crucial details about calculus from some third source.
85. (23981-!-item-!-188;#058&000656)
Fearing that the use of titles indicating position in the corporation tends to make the corporate hierarchy rigid by inhibiting communication, some corporations shun the use of executive titles. A title, however, can facilitate an executive's dealings with external businesses since it encourages outsiders to treat the executive with respect. The obvious compromise is for these executives to use their titles externally but not within their corporations. Which of the following, if true, provides the most support for the compromise suggested above? A. Only small corporations can preserve an atmosphere of mutual respect and high regard without having a rigid corporate hierarchy. B. Referring to an executive by using a title can encourage both those outside the organization and inside the organization to treat the executive with respect. C. Even if it is widely known within a corporation that the corporation's executives use executive titles outside their organizations, this knowledge does not by itself inhibit communication within the corporation. D. A rigid corporate hierarchy can promote efficiency within an organization as well as provide access to the corporation for those outside the organization. E. Although many corporate executives disapprove of rigid hierarchies on the grounds that they inhibit communication, the vast majority of executives have no qualms about using titles both internally and externally.
86. (24835-!-item-!-188;#058&001244)
Which of the following most logically completes the passage? Concerned about the financial well-being of its elderly citizens, the government of Runagia decided two years ago to increase by 20 percent the government-provided pension paid to all Runagians over 65. Inflation in the intervening period has been negligible, and the increase has been duly received by all eligible Runagians. Nevertheless, many of them are no better off financially than they were before the increase, in large part because __________. A. they rely entirely on the government pension for their income B. Runagian banks are so inefficient that it can take up to three weeks to cash a pension check C. they buy goods whose prices tend to rise especially fast in times of inflation D. the pension was increased when the number of elderly Runagians below the poverty level reached an all-time high E. in Runagia children typically supplement the income of elderly parents, but only by enough to provide them with a comfortable living
87. (31284-!-item-!-188;#058&005747)
Two years ago, the government of Runagia increased by 20 percent the government-provided pensions paid to Runagians over 65. The aim of the increase was to stimulate the economy in the rural regions of the country, where most pension recipients live. Statistics, however, show that there has been no increase in economic activity in those regions since then, but that there has been noticeably more spending in the urban areas. Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain why the increase resulted in the unintended state of affairs described? A. Until the pensions were increased, many Runagians over 65 in rural regions had been receiving support from their children who live in urban areas. B. The pensions were increased when the number of people below the poverty level in rural areas of Runagia reached an all-time high. C. City-dwellers in Runagia rarely travel to rural regions of the country. D. The Runagian postal system is so inefficient that it can take up to three weeks for pension checks to reach recipients in rural areas. E. On average, the pensions were higher in rural than in urban areas before the increase.
88. (24173-!-item-!-188;#058&000719)
When a new restaurant, Martin's Cafe, opened in Riverville last year, many people predicted that business at the Wildflower Inn, Riverville's only other restaurant, would suffer from the competition. Surprisingly, however, in the year since Martin's Cafe opened, the average number of meals per night served at the Wildflower Inn has increased significantly. Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the increase? A. Unlike the Wildflower Inn, Martin's Cafe serves considerably more meals on weekends than it does on weekdays. B. Most of the customers of Martin's Cafe had never dined in Riverville before this restaurant opened, and on most days Martin's Cafe attracts more customers than it can seat. C. The profit per meal is higher, on average, for meals served at Martin's Cafe than for those served at the Wildflower Inn. D. The Wildflower Inn is not open on Sundays, and therefore Riverville residents who choose to dine out on that day must either eat at Martin's Cafe or go to neighboring towns to eat. E. A significant proportion of the staff at Martin's Cafe are people who formerly worked at the Wildflower Inn and were hired away by the owner of Martin's Cafe.作者: mahaofei001 时间: 2012-1-17 21:40
prep答案：CEAB 精炼答案： The conclusion of the argument asserts that Leibniz and Newton each independently discovered calculus, and in drawing the conclusion the author addresses the possibility Newton may have influenced Leibniz, and then rejects that possibility. A review of the argument does not reveal any conspicuous flaws, and so upon encountering the question stem, you should expect to see a Defender answer. As such, do not spend time trying to prephrase an answer—just make sure you know the facts of the argument. Answer choice (A): The argument is about the independent discovery of calculus; the author makes no assumption that Leibniz did not tell anyone else, and indeed the fact that Newton did tell Leibniz is not accepted by the author as undermining the conclusion. Answer choice (B): Negate the answer: “A third person independently discovered calculus prior to Newton and Leibniz.” Would this negated answer attack the argument? No, the author would just assert that three different parties independently discovered calculus. Answer choice (C): The author cites Newton’s letter as evidence that Newton felt he had disclosed ideas to Leibniz prior to Leibniz’s publication date. No assumption is made that Newton felt that what was disclosed allowed Leibniz to learn something important. If you are uncertain of this answer, negate the choice to see if it weakens the argument. Answer choice (D): This is clearly not an assumption of the argument because the author discusses Newton’s letter to Leibniz prior to Leibniz’s publication date. Answer choice (E): This is the correct answer. The answer can be difficult because it is somewhat similar to answer choice (B), which many people already eliminated by the time they reached this answer. Answer (E) is different from answer (B) because it involves learning details from a third source. This is important because the conclusion references the independent discovery of calculus, and so the author must believe that neither Newton nor Leibniz learned anything substantial about calculus from other sources.作者: xeyyxzty 时间: 2012-1-17 22:18 Ｂ： Leibniz, the seventeenth-century philosopher, published his version of calculus before Newton did. Newton revealed his private notebooks, which showed he had been using these ideas for at least a decade before Leibniz’s publication. Newton also claimed that he had disclosed these ideas to Leibniz in a letter shortly before Leibniz’s publication. Ｐ：close examination of the letter shows that Newton’s few cryptic remarks did not reveal anything important about calculus. Ｃ： Leibniz and Newton each independently discovered calculus. ｗｈａｔ ａｂｏｕｔ ｔｈｅ ｎｏｔｅｂｏｏｋｓ (A) Leibniz did not tell anyone about calculus prior to publishing his version of it.－－ｉｒｒｅｌｅｖａｎｔ (B) No third person independently discovered calculus prior to Newton and Leibniz.－－ｉｒｒｅｌｅｖａｎｔ (C) Newton believed that Leibniz was able to learn something important about calculus from his letter to him.－－ｗｅａｋｅｎ (D) Neither Newton nor Leibniz knew that the other had developed a version of calculus prior to Leibniz’s publication.－－ｉｒｒｅｌｅｖａｎｔ (E) Neither Newton nor Leibniz learned crucial details about calculus from some third source.－－ｒｉｇｈｔ
Ｂ： A title, however, can facilitate an executive's dealings with external businesses since it encourages outsiders to treat the executive with respect. Ｐ：some corporations shun the use of executive titles.The obvious compromise is for these executives to use their titles externally but not within their corporations. Ｃ：Fearing that the use of titles indicating position in the corporation tends to make the corporate hierarchy rigid by inhibiting communication A. Only small corporations can preserve an atmosphere of mutual respect and high regard without having a rigid corporate hierarchy. －－ｉｒｒｅｌｅｖａｎｔ B. Referring to an executive by using a title can encourage both those outside the organization and inside the organization to treat the executive with respect. －－ｉｒｒｅｌｅｖａｎｔ C. Even if it is widely known within a corporation that the corporation's executives use executive titles outside their organizations, this knowledge does not by itself inhibit communication within the corporation. －－ｒｉｇｈｔ D. A rigid corporate hierarchy can promote efficiency within an organization as well as provide access to the corporation for those outside the organization. －－ｗｅａｋｅｎ E. Although many corporate executives disapprove of rigid hierarchies on the grounds that they inhibit communication, the vast majority of executives have no qualms about using titles both internally and externally. －－ｉｒｒｅｌｅｖａｎｔ
Ｂ：Inflation in the intervening period has been negligible, and the increase has been duly received by all eligible Runagians. Ｐ：the government of Runagia decided two years ago to increase by 20 percent the government-provided pension paid to all Runagians over 65. Ｃ：many of them are no better off financially than they were before the increase A. they rely entirely on the government pension for their income－－ｉｒｒｅｌｅｖａｎｔ B. Runagian banks are so inefficient that it can take up to three weeks to cash a pension check－－ｉｒｒｅｌｅｖａｎｔ C. they buy goods whose prices tend to rise especially fast in times of inflation－－ｒｉｇｈｔ D. the pension was increased when the number of elderly Runagians below the poverty level reached an all-time high－－ｉｒｒｅｌｅｖａｎｔ E. in Runagia children typically supplement the income of elderly parents, but only by enough to provide them with a comfortable living－－？？？－－ｒｉｇｈｔ～就是儿女养父母，与政府拿钱一样，生活水平没变 Ｂ：Two years ago, the government of Runagia increased by 20 percent the government-provided pensions paid to Runagians over 65. The aim of the increase was to stimulate the economy in the rural regions of the country, where most pension recipients live. Ｐ：？？？ Ｃ：Statistics, however, show that there has been no increase in economic activity in those regions since then, but that there has been noticeably more spending in the urban areas. A. Until the pensions were increased, many Runagians over 65 in rural regions had been receiving support from their children who live in urban areas. －－ｒｉｇｈｔ B. The pensions were increased when the number of people below the poverty level in rural areas of Runagia reached an all-time high. －－ｉｒｒｅｌｅｖａｎｔ C. City-dwellers in Runagia rarely travel to rural regions of the country. －－ｉｒｒｅｌｅｖａｎｔ D. The Runagian postal system is so inefficient that it can take up to three weeks for pension checks to reach recipients in rural areas. －－ｉｒｒｅｌｅｖａｎｔ E. On average, the pensions were higher in rural than in urban areas before the increase. －－ｉｒｒｅｌｅｖａｎｔ
When a new restaurant, Martin's Cafe, opened in Riverville last year, many people predicted that business at the Wildflower Inn, Riverville's only other restaurant, would suffer from the competition. Surprisingly, however, in the year since Martin's Cafe opened, the average number of meals per night served at the Wildflower Inn has increased significantly. A. Unlike the Wildflower Inn, Martin's Cafe serves considerably more meals on weekends than it does on weekdays. －－ｉｒｒｅｌｅｖａｎｔ B. Most of the customers of Martin's Cafe had never dined in Riverville before this restaurant opened, and on most days Martin's Cafe attracts more customers than it can seat. －－ｒｉｇｈｔ C. The profit per meal is higher, on average, for meals served at Martin's Cafe than for those served at the Wildflower Inn. －－ｉｒｒｅｌｅｖａｎｔ D. The Wildflower Inn is not open on Sundays, and therefore Riverville residents who choose to dine out on that day must either eat at Martin's Cafe or go to neighboring towns to eat. －－ｉｒｒｅｌｅｖａｎｔ E. A significant proportion of the staff at Martin's Cafe are people who formerly worked at the Wildflower Inn and were hired away by the owner of Martin's Cafe. －－ｉｒｒｅｌｅｖａｎｔ作者: shelvey 时间: 2012-1-17 22:45 作者: myancamel 时间: 2012-1-17 23:11
premise早于N发明算术 premise：N说L抄袭了他的想法 premise：但信件里的比较含糊 conclusion：N，L应是独立完成
E作者: qiuhua01234567 时间: 2012-1-18 14:02
Conclusioneibniz and Newton each independentlydiscovered calculus.Answer: E
Which one of the following is an assumptionrequired by the historian’s argument?(A) Leibniz did not tell anyone about calculusprior to publishing his version of it.(B) No third person independently discoveredcalculus prior to Newton and Leibniz.(C) Newton believed that Leibniz was able to learnsomething important about calculus from hisletter to him.(D) Neither Newton nor Leibniz knew that the otherhad developed a version of calculus prior toLeibniz’s publication.(E) Neither Newton nor Leibniz learned crucialdetails about calculus from some thirdsource.作者: qiuhua01234567 时间: 2012-1-18 14:03
话说我发错了？PREP、、、、惭愧啊作者: evamimi 时间: 2012-1-20 17:35
P: Leibniz, the seventeenth-century philosopher, published his version of calculus before Newton did
P: But then Newton revealed his private notebooks, which showed he had been using these ideas for at least a decade before Leibniz’s publication
P: Newton also claimed that he had disclosed these ideas to Leibniz in a letter shortly before Leibniz’s publication.
P: Yet close examination of the letter shows that Newton’s few cryptic remarks did not reveal anything important about calculus
C: Thus, Leibniz and Newton each independently discovered calculus.
Prephase: L published C , N published C, N’s few cryptic remarks did not reveal anything important about calculus----??----L and N independently discovered calculus
Answer: E作者: leewonting 时间: 2012-7-10 22:16
http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_CR/thread-646595-1-4.html 177 Historian: Leibniz, the seventeenth-century philosopher, published his version of calculus before Newton did. But then Newton revealed his private notebooks, which showed he had been using these ideas for at least a decade before Leibniz’s publication. Newton also claimed that he had disclosed these ideas to Leibniz in a letter shortly before Leibniz’s publication. Yet close examination of the letter shows that Newton’s few cryptic remarks did not reveal anything important about calculus. Thus, Leibniz and Newton each independently discovered calculus. Which one of the following is an assumption required by the historian’s argument? (A) Leibniz did not tell anyone about calculus prior to publishing his version of it. (B) No third person independently discovered calculus prior to Newton and Leibniz. (C) Newton believed that Leibniz was able to learn something important about calculus from his letter to him. (D) Neither Newton nor Leibniz knew that the other had developed a version of calculus prior to Leibniz’s publication.(They did not know is not equal to they did not learn from other.) (E) Neither Newton nor Leibniz learned crucial details about calculus from some third source. 背景：Leibniz published his version of calculus before Newton did. 条件：Newton’s note revealed he used that calculus a decade before Leibniz. 结论：They developed calculus individually. 推测：The letter is not about the calculus. D, emphasize they developed individually, so they did not know each other researching such calculus The question is emphasizing individual, so it’s important to reduce the possibility that they learned from third source. The correct answer is E.
178 背景：The use of titles may affect communication in the corporation. 条件：Outside the corporation, the use of titles may welcome respect from the partners or outsiders. 结论：The title can be used externally. 推测：Non-using title in the corporation may not lead to disrespect of workers C
179 Which of the following most logically completes the passage? Concerned about the financial well-being of its elderly citizens, the government of Runagia decided two years ago to increase by 20 percent the government-provided pension paid to all Runagians over 65. Inflation in the intervening period has been negligible, and the increase has been duly received by all eligible Runagians. Nevertheless, many of them are no better off financially than they were before the increase, in large part because __________. A. they rely entirely on the government pension for their income B. Runagian banks are so inefficient that it can take up to three weeks to cash a pension check C. they buy goods whose prices tend to rise especially fast in times of inflation(negligible) D. the pension was increased when the number of elderly Runagians below the poverty level reached an all-time high E. in Runagia children typically supplement the income of elderly parents, but only by enough to provide them with a comfortable living 背景：The government increased 20% the provided pension paid to all Runagians over 65. 条件：All the Runagians over 65 receive the pension and the inflation in the intervening period has been negligible. 结论：Things get worse. 推测：how about the prices of living things? Increased or unchanged? C Finally, I understand why I am wrong. The correct answer is E
180 Two years ago, the government of Runagia increased by 20 percent the government-provided pensions paid to Runagians over 65. The aim of the increase was to stimulate the economy in the rural regions of the country, where most pension recipients live. Statistics, however, show that there has been no increase in economic activity in those regions since then, but that there has been noticeably more spending in the urban areas. Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain why the increase resulted in the unintended state of affairs described? A. Until the pensions were increased, many Runagians over 65 in rural regions had been receiving support from their children who live in urban areas. B. The pensions were increased when the number of people below the poverty level in rural areas of Runagia reached an all-time high. C. City-dwellers in Runagia rarely travel to rural regions of the country. D. The Runagian postal system is so inefficient that it can take up to three weeks for pension checks to reach recipients in rural areas. E. On average, the pensions were higher in rural than in urban areas before the increase.
背景：Government increased the pension which is paid for Runagians over 65 to stimulate the economy in the rural regions 条件：The Runagians live in rural regions most. 结论：But the spending in the rural did not change but increased in urban regions. 推测：Maybe the old gave money to their child or grandchild. E It’s similar to 179. Their children supplement the orderly’s living before the pension increased. Once the pension is increased, their children don’t supplement them or supplement a little less. The correct answer is A
181 背景：Before the open of the Martin’s Café, Rivervell has only one restaurant, Wildflower. 条件：People predicted that Wildflower would suffer after the open of Martin’s Café. 结论：No suffer but average number of meals per night served has increased. 推测：The target market is different, and also the Martin’s Café closed early than Wildflower. B作者: jiajiajudy 时间: 2012-7-19 02:51
1.Which one of the following is an assumption required by the historian’s argument? 排除不独立的可能性 (A) irrelevant (B) irrelevant (C) irrelevant (D) irrelevant (E) Neither Newton nor Leibniz learned crucial details about calculus from some third source. 2.Which of the following, if true, provides the most support for the compromise suggested above? 在公司内部用头衔的确会抑制相互的交流 A. irrelevant B. irrelevant C. Even if it is widely known within a corporation that the corporation's executives use executive titles outside their organizations, this knowledge does not by itself inhibit communication within the corporation D. weaken E. irrelevant 3.养老金涨的同时物价也在涨 A. irrelevant B. irrelevant C. they buy goods whose prices tend to rise especially fast in times of inflation D. irrelevant E. irrelevant 4.Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain why the increase resulted in the unintended state of affairs described? 钱多了之后都搬到市区去了 A. Until the pensions were increased, many Runagians over 65 in rural regions had been receiving support from their children who live in urban areas. B. irrelevant C. irrelevant D. irrelevant E. irrelevant 5.Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the increase? 新店带来新的客源，且服务内容不同 A. irrelevant B. Most of the customers of Martin's Cafe had never dined in Riverville before this restaurant opened, and on most days Martin's Cafe attracts more customers than it can seat.----- 新的客源 C. irrelevant D. irrelevant E. irrelevant作者: jiajiajudy 时间: 2012-7-19 02:53
4. 第四题终于明白了 C 不对的一个原因就是 text 里面提到了 inflation 几乎没有，是可以忽略这个因素的，所以很明显C就错了
1. 38s P: Leibniz, the seventeenth-century philosopher, published his version of calculus before Newton did. But then Newton revealed his private notebooks, which showed he had been using these ideas for at least a decade before Leibniz’s publication. Newton also claimed that he had disclosed these ideas to Leibniz in a letter shortly before Leibniz’s publication. Yet close examination of the letter shows that Newton’s few cryptic remarks did not reveal anything important about calculus. C: Thus, Leibniz and Newton each independently discovered calculus. Assumption: 想不出来。。。。 (A) Leibniz did not tell anyone about calculus prior to publishing his version of it. ---无关 (B) No third person independently discovered calculus prior to Newton and Leibniz. ---无关 (C) Newton believed that Leibniz was able to learn something important about calculus from his letter to him. ---无关 (D) Neither Newton nor Leibniz knew that the other had developed a version of calculus prior to Leibniz’s publication. ---无关 (E) Neither Newton nor Leibniz learned crucial details about calculus from some third source. ---correct, if yes, they did not discovered C independently, if no, then no.
2. 32s P: Fearing that the use of titles indicating position in the corporation tends to make the corporate hierarchy rigid by inhibiting communication, some corporations shun the use of executive titles. A title, however, can facilitate an executive's dealings with external businesses since it encourages outsiders to treat the executive with respect. C: The obvious compromise is for these executives to use their titles externally but not within their corporations. Support: 分开用没有坏处。。。 A. Only small corporations can preserve an atmosphere of mutual respect and high regard without having a rigid corporate hierarchy. ---无关 B. Referring to an executive by using a title can encourage both those outside the organization and inside the organization to treat the executive with respect. --- C. Even if it is widely known within a corporation that the corporation's executives use executive titles outside their organizations, this knowledge does not by itself inhibit communication within the corporation. ---correct, 取非削弱，如果会阻碍内部的沟通，则这个compromise没有作用 D. A rigid corporate hierarchy can promote efficiency within an organization as well as provide access to the corporation for those outside the organization. ---weaken E. Although many corporate executives disapprove of rigid hierarchies on the grounds that they inhibit communication, the vast majority of executives have no qualms about using titles both internally and externally. ---无关
3. 37s Concerned about the financial well-being of its elderly citizens, the government of Runagia decided two years ago to increase by 20 percent the government-provided pension paid to all Runagians over 65. Inflation in the intervening period has been negligible, and the increase has been duly received by all eligible Runagians. in large part because __________. C: Nevertheless, many of them are no better off financially than they were before the increase Complete: 也许增加的部分不能用到老人常用的项目上 A. they rely entirely on the government pension for their income ---无关 B. Runagian banks are so inefficient that it can take up to three weeks to cash a pension check ---无关 C. they buy goods whose prices tend to rise especially fast in times of inflation ---文中说了inflation negligible, 不能支持结论 D. the pension was increased when the number of elderly Runagians below the poverty level reached an all-time high ---无关 E. in Runagia children typically supplement the income of elderly parents, but only by enough to provide them with a comfortable living ---correct, 提出它因导致情况没有改善
4. 28s Background: Two years ago, the government of Runagia increased by 20 percent the government-provided pensions paid to Runagians over 65. The aim of the increase was to stimulate the economy in the rural regions of the country, where most pension recipients live. Paradox: Statistics, however, show that there has been no increase in economic activity in those regions since then, but that there has been noticeably more spending in the urban areas. Explain: 这些人都move到城里去了，或者城里才有他们想买的东西 A. Until the pensions were increased, many Runagians over 65 in rural regions had been receiving support from their children who live in urban areas. ---correct, 现在不需要children support了， children钱多，urban spending多了~ B. The pensions were increased when the number of people below the poverty level in rural areas of Runagia reached an all-time high. ---无关 C. City-dwellers in Runagia rarely travel to rural regions of the country. ---无关 D. The Runagian postal system is so inefficient that it can take up to three weeks for pension checks to reach recipients in rural areas. ---无关 E. On average, the pensions were higher in rural than in urban areas before the increase. ---无关
5. 27s P: When a new restaurant, Martin's Cafe, opened in Riverville last year, many people predicted that business at the Wildflower Inn, Riverville's only other restaurant, would suffer from the competition. Paradox: Surprisingly, however, in the year since Martin's Cafe opened, the average number of meals per night served at the Wildflower Inn has increased significantly. Explain the increase: W用了降价策略吸引了更多顾客。。。或者两家很近，M吸引了很多人导致W的消费者也变多 A. Unlike the Wildflower Inn, Martin's Cafe serves considerably more meals on weekends than it does on weekdays. ---无关 B. Most of the customers of Martin's Cafe had never dined in Riverville before this restaurant opened, and on most days Martin's Cafe attracts more customers than it can seat. ---correct, 吸引了不能接纳的客人到R，不能去M就只能去W了。。。 C. The profit per meal is higher, on average, for meals served at Martin's Cafe than for those served at the Wildflower Inn. ---无关 D. The Wildflower Inn is not open on Sundays, and therefore Riverville residents who choose to dine out on that day must either eat at Martin's Cafe or go to neighboring towns to eat. ---不能解释increase E. A significant proportion of the staff at Martin's Cafe are people who formerly worked at the Wildflower Inn and were hired away by the owner of Martin's Cafe. ---无关作者: xiongyz 时间: 2012-11-12 16:21
终于5道都对了一次~~作者: zxppx 时间: 2013-1-24 16:28
6.
Historian: Leibniz, the seventeenth-century philosopher, published his version of calculus before Newton did. But then Newton revealed his private notebooks, which showed he had been using these ideas for at least a decade before Leibniz’s publication. Newton also claimed that he had disclosed these ideas to Leibniz in a letter shortly before Leibniz’s publication. Yet close examination of the letter shows that Newton’s few cryptic remarks did not reveal anything important about calculus. Thus, Leibniz and Newton each independently discovered calculus.
想想为什么要举这个例子！文章中的转折词，注意选项和原文的联系。逻辑是需要有载体的，此问题的载体就是anything important about calculus，因为作者也是通过它来进行推理的！我需要做的就是把这个逻辑再运用到更广泛的范围. 在假设题中，要善于运用“取非”的方法！
Which one of the following is an assumption required by the historian’s argument? (A) Leibniz did not tell anyone about calculus prior to publishing his version of it. (B) No third person independently discovered calculus prior to Newton and Leibniz. (C) Newton believed that Leibniz was able to learn something important about calculus from his letter to him. (D) Neither Newton nor Leibniz knew that the other had developed a version of calculus prior to Leibniz’s publication.即使我已经知道你发明了一个公式，但是如果你没有告诉我具体信息，我自己还是可以独立发明出来的。所以，即使“取非”也不能削弱结论 (E) Neither Newton nor Leibniz learned crucial details about calculus from some third source.这和文中的例子联系很紧密，通过“信件中没有关于公式的重要信息就排除了L是从N那里学来的”，所以应用这条逻辑思路，也就可以得出结论了！
85. (23981-!-item-!-188;#058&000656) Fearing that the use of titles indicating position in the corporation tends to make the corporate hierarchy rigid by inhibiting communication, some corporations shun the use of executive titles. A title, however, can facilitate an executive's dealings with external businesses since it encourages outsiders to treat the executive with respect. The obvious compromise is for these executives to use their titles externally but not within their corporations. Which of the following, if true, provides the most support for the compromise suggested above? A. Only small corporations can preserve an atmosphere of mutual respect and high regard without having a rigid corporate hierarchy.
Small corporations’ situation reveals that middle and large corporation should use a rigid corporate hierarchy, but does not tell whether insider or outsider, or both. B. Referring to an executive by using a title can encourage both those outside the organization and inside the organization to treat the executive with respect.
The answer choice weakens the argument by showing that even inside the organization using a title is good. C. Even if it is widely known within a corporation that the corporation's executives use executive titles outside their organizations, this knowledge does not by itself inhibit communication within the corporation.
Yes, in this case, it reveals that using titles externally but not within corporations is beneficial. BA D. A rigid corporate hierarchy can promote efficiency within an organization as well as provide access to the corporation for those outside the organization.
Promoting efficiency is outside the scope of the argument. E. Although many corporate executives disapprove of rigid hierarchies on the grounds that they inhibit communication, the vast majority of executives have no qualms about using titles both internally and externally.
The same to B
86. (24835-!-item-!-188;#058&001244) Which of the following most logically completes the passage? Concerned about the financial well-being of its elderly citizens, the government of Runagia decided two years ago to increase by 20 percent the government-provided pension paid to all Runagians over 65. Inflation in the intervening period has been negligible, and the increase has been duly received by all eligible Runagians. Nevertheless, many of them are no better off注意是没有提高，而不是恶化financially than they were before the increase, in large part because __________. A. they rely entirely on the government pension for their income
So their well-being should be improved. B. Runagian banks are so inefficient that it can take up to three weeks to cash a pension check
Compared to two years, three weeks are too short. Besides, the argument has revealed that the increase has been duly received by all eligible Rugnagians. C. they buy goods whose prices tend to rise especially fast in times of inflation
In the argument, we can know that inflation in the intervening period has been negligible. D. the pension was increased when the number of elderly Runagians below the poverty level reached an all-time high
So their well-being should be improved, too. E. in Runagia children typically supplement the income of elderly parents, but only by enough to provide them with a comfortable living
If their children reduced money given to them, elderly citizens cannot get a better well-being live, even the government gives them 20 percent more pensions. BA
87. (31284-!-item-!-188;#058&005747) Two years ago, the government of Runagia increased by 20 percent the government-provided pensions paid to Runagians over 65. The aim of the increase was to stimulate the economy in the rural regions of the country, where most pension recipients live. Statistics, however, show that there has been no increase in economic activity in those regions since then, but that there has been noticeably more spending in the urban areas. Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain why the increase resulted in the unintended state of affairs described? A. Until the pensions were increased, many Runagians over 65 in rural regions had been receiving support from their children who live in urban areas.
Since children in urban areas can save more money and give less money to their parents, they can spend it in urban. BA B. The pensions were increased when the number of people below the poverty level in rural areas of Runagia reached an all-time high.
When the pensions were increased is irrelevant. C. City-dwellers in Runagia rarely travel to rural regions of the country.
The answer choice can tell us nothing about the discrepancy above. D. The Runagian postal system is so inefficient that it can take up to three weeks for pension checks to reach recipients in rural areas.
Compared with 2 years, 3 weeks are too short. E. On average, the pensions were higher in rural than in urban areas before the increase. Actually, this answer choice makes the argument more contradictory.
88. (24173-!-item-!-188;#058&000719) When a new restaurant, Martin's Cafe, opened in Riverville last year, many people predicted that business at the Wildflower Inn, Riverville's only other restaurant, would suffer from the competition. Surprisingly, however, in the year since Martin's Cafe opened, the average number of meals per night served at the Wildflower Inn has increased significantly. Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the increase? A. Unlike the Wildflower Inn, Martin's Cafe serves considerably more meals on weekends than it does on weekdays.
The weekends or the weekdays are irrelevant. B. Most of the customers of Martin's Cafe had never dined in Riverville before this restaurant opened, and on most days Martin's Cafe attracts more customers than it can seat.
Because M has so many customers that it cannot accommodate, W can share some of them. BA C. The profit per meal is higher, on average, for meals served at Martin's Cafe than for those served at the Wildflower Inn.
The profit per meal is outside the scope of the argument, which talks about the average number of meals per night. D. The Wildflower Inn is not open on Sundays, and therefore Riverville residents who choose to dine out on that day must either eat at Martin's Cafe or go to neighboring towns to eat.
In this case, it is hard for M to increase the average number of meals per night. E. A significant proportion of the staff at Martin's Cafe are people who formerly worked at the Wildflower Inn and were hired away by the owner of Martin's Cafe.
The staff is irrelevant to the average number of meals per night. 作者: kid381 时间: 2013-8-16 15:50
8/16/13
2-19
91 39’’
After Leibniz published his Calculus treatise, Newton asserted that Leibniz stole his idea through a letter to him from Newton. However, the researchers found that letter and revealed that no meaningful contents were included. Consequently, Leibniz invent the Calculus independently.
Assumption: Leibniz did not steal Newton’s idea through other approach.
A negate this choice, we find that though Leibniz told other person, the conclusion still holds
B provides a possibility, but not an assumption
C irrelevant
D can help strengthen the conclusion, but we do not need D to be an assumption.
E bingo, negating E can directly weaken the conclusion.
92 45’’
The use of titles can help external communication but does not promote internal communication, so the compromise is that let executives use their titles only in external environment.
Strengthen: other things equal, the company using compromise approach has the highest communication efficiency (C).
93 28’’
To improve the financial well-being of elderly citizens, the government provide elder people with increased pensions. No inflated rates and all the pensions have been received by the older people. However, surveys shows that the financial status of elderly citizens in this country does not change.
Explain why: the younger generation decreased the financial support to their parents (E).
94 24’’
Same background information, and in this problem, the consuming in rural areas do not increase, but the consumption in municipal areas increases a lot.
Explain why: elder person moved to the city areas or they used to consume in rural areas, but now they prefer to buy goods in the downtown (A).
95 19’’
When Martin’s Café opened up two years ago, people predicted that the competitor, Wildflower Inn would face sluggish business. However, now people find both of the two restaurants has excellent business.
Explain why: Martin’s Café attract a lot of potential customers to this area (B). 作者: Elisha728 时间: 2013-9-14 15:24
8'42
ECDAC作者: w.melhere 时间: 2013-11-21 18:35
1. 1'52
2. 1'23
3. 1'37 做错了。现在是这样理解的：
R的老人已经可以由孩子承担的到舒适的生活了。多的钱并不能让他们过的更好。
D：养老金增长时，在贫困线以下的老人达到了空前高的水平。那么增加的养老金应该会让他们过的更好，与题目不符。
4. 2'09 也错了... 理解：
A：知道养老金增长前，R地65岁以上的人从他们住在城里的孩子那里得到赡养。
如果孩子们不用给赡养费的话，就有更多钱在城里消费。
…好弱的解释…
5. 1'29
今天错了两道题都是后来回顾一下就找到逻辑了。是不是说明pace还可以在慢一点，选择的时候再谨慎一点。作者: 苏错 时间: 2013-12-9 00:38
12.9
【精练】1’02
Premise: L and N both claimed those ideas
Conclusion: Leibniz and Newton each independently discovered calculus.
Assumption –(断桥) E
【逻辑链】
1. some corporations shun the use of executive titlesFearing that the use of titles indicating position in the corporation tends to make the corporate hierarchy rigid by inhibiting communication
support—C
2. increase by 20 percent the government-provided pension paid to all Runagians over 65no better off financially than they were before
E
3. there has been no increase in economic activity in those regions since then
Help to explain—A
4. the average number of meals per night served at the Wildflower Inn has increased significantly.
Help to explain—B
作者: cyndichiang 时间: 2014-5-8 07:54
精练 2’13‘’
background：L 在牛顿之前出版算式，在L出版之前，牛顿在他的笔记中记录他在L 之前发现的算式并且有意将算式透露给L
premise：仔细研究后牛顿的这本神秘笔记本并没有记录有关算式的重要信息
conclusion： L 和牛顿是各自独立计算出来的
Q：assumption
prephrase: 文章的假设是他们两个之间没有关于算式的联系--->他们各自完成
补GAP：没有明显的GAP
eliminator： 否定一个他们两个可能有联系的因素
(A) Leibniz did not tell anyone about calculus
prior to publishing his version of it.----- irrelevant; 这里答案解释看的不是很明白，感觉没有提及双方
(B) No third person independently discovered
calculus prior to Newton and Leibniz.------irrelevant,第三个人是否独立发现，与这两人是否独立发现没有关系，因为有可能三个人都是独立发现的
(C) Newton believed that Leibniz was able to learn
something important about calculus from his
letter to him.------ 文章已经说了牛顿没有告诉L，尝试反驳前提
(D) Neither Newton nor Leibniz knew that the other
had developed a version of calculus prior to
Leibniz’s publication.-----irrelevant,他们是否知道有第三方在L之前无关，文章讨论的是牛顿给L 的信，将该选项取非，即使他们知道有第三个人在L初版之前存在，也不能证明从N给L的信中表示他们不独立工作，不能削弱结论
(E) Neither Newton nor Leibniz learned crucial
details about calculus from some third
source.--------CORRECT,将该项取非，如果他们同时是学第三个人的那么他们两之间就有联系，有联系说明不是独立的，因此可以削弱结论， eliminator 作者: Lincy123 时间: 2020-7-1 23:03
P：调查信件中N的一些标志没有解释任何重要的算式
C：L和N都是独立解开算式的
Assumption：private notebook呢？N抄L？
D）correct。N和L都不知道对方有发明一个算式。（x）原文已经说了fact是N写信给L过，所以这个假设不存在
E）L和N没有第三方渠道学习。➡️说明他们是独立学习的
P：使用title让组织架构很死板限制交流，但对外有title容易得到尊重
C：妥协办法是对外展现职位，对内不用
Support
C）即使大家都知道领导对外的头衔，也不会影响内部沟通
早于N发明算术