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标题: 【每日逻辑练习第二季】【2-18】 [打印本页]

作者: qiuhua01234567 时间: 2012-1-15 22:04
标题: 【每日逻辑练习第二季】【2-18】
精炼5.Publicity campaigns for endangered species are unlikely to have much impact on the most important environmental problems, for while the ease of attributing feelings to large mammals facilitates evoking sympathy for them, it is more difficult to elicit sympathy for other kinds of organisms, such as the soil microorganisms on which large ecosystems and agriculture depend.

Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

(A)The most important environmental problems involve endangered species other than large

mammals.

(B)Microorganisms cannot experience pain or have other feelings.

(C)Publicity campaigns for the environment are the most effective when they elicit sympathy for some organism.

(D)People ignore environmental problems unless they believe the problems will affect creatures with which they sympathize.

(E)An organism can be environmentally significant only if it affects large ecosystems or agriculture.
81.(24344-!-item-!-188;#058&000867)

In Arumville, among those young children with elevated levels of lead in their blood, few live in houses containing lead-based paint, but many live in areas where vehicular traffic is heavy.These children's elevated blood-lead levels probably result from lead added to gasoline, since, although gasoline sold in and around Arumville has been lead-free since 1990, lead from vehicle exhaust remains in the soil for many years.

Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?

A. Sales of lead-based paint for use in homes was banned in Arumville in 1977.

B. Vehicle traffic in most residential areas of Arumville is heavier today than it was twenty years ago.

C. Some lead in the soil comes from deteriorating lead-based paint on the exteriors of buildings.

D. In Arumville, children's blood-lead levels typically rise during the warm summer months when children frequently play outdoors but not in the winter when children spend more time indoors.

E. If improperly carried out, the removal of lead-based paint from older houses can significantly increase the risk that children living in such houses will ingest lead dust.

82.(33511-!-item-!-188;#058&007598)

Technological improvements and reduced equipment costs have made converting solar energy directly into electricity far more cost-efficient in the last decade.However, the threshold of economic viability for solar power (that is, the price per barrel to which oil would have to rise in order for new solar power plants to be more economical than new oil-fired power plants) is unchanged at thirty-five dollars.

Which of the following, if true, does most to help explain why the increased cost-efficiency of solar power has not decreased its threshold of economic viability?

A. The cost of oil has fallen dramatically.

B. The reduction in the cost of solar-power equipment has occurred despite increased raw material costs for that equipment.

C. Technological changes have increased the efficiency of oil-fired power plants.

D. Most electricity is generated by coal-fired or nuclear, rather than oil-fired, power plants.

E. When the price of oil increases, reserves of oil not previously worth exploiting become economically viable.

83.(25338-!-item-!-188;#058&001294)

Many people suffer an allergic reaction to sulfites, including those that are commonly added to wine as preservatives.However, since there are several winemakers producing wine to which no sulfites are added, those who would like to drink wine but are allergic to sulfites can drink these wines without risking an allergic reaction to sulfites.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?

A. Sulfites occur naturally in most wine.

B. The sulfites that can produce an allergic reaction are also commonly found in beverages other than wine.

C. Wines without added sulfites tend to be at least moderately expensive.

D. Apart from sulfites, there are other substances commonly present in wine that can trigger allergic reactions.

E. Wine without added sulfites sometimes becomes undrinkable even before the wine is sold to consumers.

84.(26216-!-item-!-188;#058&001794)

The general availability of high-quality electronic scanners and color printers for computers has made the counterfeiting of checks much easier.In order to deter such counterfeiting, several banks plan to issue to their corporate customers checks that contain dots too small to be accurately duplicated by any electronic scanner currently available; when such checks are scanned and printed, the dots seem to blend together in such a way that the word “VOID” appears on the check.

A questionable assumption of the plan is that

A. in the territory served by the banks the proportion of counterfeit checks that are made using electronic scanners has remained approximately constant over the past few years

B. most counterfeiters who use electronic scanners counterfeit checks only for relatively large amounts of money

C. the smallest dots on the proposed checks cannot be distinguished visually except under strong magnification

D. most corporations served by these banks will not have to pay more for the new checks than for traditional checks

E. the size of the smallest dots that generally available electronic scanners are able to reproduce accurately will not decrease significantly in the near future

81.(24344-!-item-!-188;#058&000867)

In Arumville, among those young children with elevated levels of lead in their blood, few live in houses containing lead-based paint, but many live in areas where vehicular traffic is heavy.These children's elevated blood-lead levels probably result from lead added to gasoline, since, although gasoline sold in and around Arumville has been lead-free since 1990, lead from vehicle exhaust remains in the soil for many years.

Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?

A. Sales of lead-based paint for use in homes was banned in Arumville in 1977.

B. Vehicle traffic in most residential areas of Arumville is heavier today than it was twenty years ago.

C. Some lead in the soil comes from deteriorating lead-based paint on the exteriors of buildings.

D. In Arumville, children's blood-lead levels typically rise during the warm summer months when children frequently play outdoors but not in the winter when children spend more time indoors.

E. If improperly carried out, the removal of lead-based paint from older houses can significantly increase the risk that children living in such houses will ingest lead dust.

82.(33511-!-item-!-188;#058&007598)

Technological improvements and reduced equipment costs have made converting solar energy directly into electricity far more cost-efficient in the last decade.However, the threshold of economic viability for solar power (that is, the price per barrel to which oil would have to rise in order for new solar power plants to be more economical than new oil-fired power plants) is unchanged at thirty-five dollars.

Which of the following, if true, does most to help explain why the increased cost-efficiency of solar power has not decreased its threshold of economic viability?

A. The cost of oil has fallen dramatically.

B. The reduction in the cost of solar-power equipment has occurred despite increased raw material costs for that equipment.

C. Technological changes have increased the efficiency of oil-fired power plants.

D. Most electricity is generated by coal-fired or nuclear, rather than oil-fired, power plants.

E. When the price of oil increases, reserves of oil not previously worth exploiting become economically viable.

83.(25338-!-item-!-188;#058&001294)

Many people suffer an allergic reaction to sulfites, including those that are commonly added to wine as preservatives.However, since there are several winemakers producing wine to which no sulfites are added, those who would like to drink wine but are allergic to sulfites can drink these wines without risking an allergic reaction to sulfites.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?

A. Sulfites occur naturally in most wine.

B. The sulfites that can produce an allergic reaction are also commonly found in beverages other than wine.

C. Wines without added sulfites tend to be at least moderately expensive.

D. Apart from sulfites, there are other substances commonly present in wine that can trigger allergic reactions.

E. Wine without added sulfites sometimes becomes undrinkable even before the wine is sold to consumers.

84.(26216-!-item-!-188;#058&001794)

The general availability of high-quality electronic scanners and color printers for computers has made the counterfeiting of checks much easier.In order to deter such counterfeiting, several banks plan to issue to their corporate customers checks that contain dots too small to be accurately duplicated by any electronic scanner currently available; when such checks are scanned and printed, the dots seem to blend together in such a way that the word “VOID” appears on the check.

A questionable assumption of the plan is that

A. in the territory served by the banks the proportion of counterfeit checks that are made using electronic scanners has remained approximately constant over the past few years

B. most counterfeiters who use electronic scanners counterfeit checks only for relatively large amounts of money

C. the smallest dots on the proposed checks cannot be distinguished visually except under strong magnification

D. most corporations served by these banks will not have to pay more for the new checks than for traditional checks

E. the size of the smallest dots that generally available electronic scanners are able to reproduce accurately will not decrease significantly in the near future

作者: qiuhua01234567 时间: 2012-1-15 22:04
This is a challenging problem because two of the wrong answer choices are attractive. The argument itself
is not overly complex, but you must pay attention to the language. Consider the conclusion of the
argument: “Publicity campaigns for endangered species are unlikely to have much impact on the most important environmental problems.”
Ask yourself, why is it that these campaigns are unlikely to have much impact on the most important problems? According to the premises, the reason is that “it is more difficult to elicit sympathy for other kinds of organisms [than large mammals].” The reasoning shows that the author believes there is a connection between the important problems and organisms that are not large mammals. This Supporter connection is perfectly reflected in answer choice (A), the correct answer. Again, when faced with an Assumption question, remember to look for connections between rogue elements in the argument, and then seek that connection in the answer choices.
Answer choice (B): The argument is about eliciting sympathy, and no assumption is made about
microorganisms experiencing pain.
Answer choice (C): This is a Shell Game answer. The conclusion is specific about “publicity campaigns for endangered species” as they relate to environmental problems. This answer refers to “publicity campaigns” in general—a different concept. It may be that the most effective publicity campaign for the environment has nothing to do with organisms. Consequently, this answer is not an assumption of the argument.
Answer choice (D): This answer choice is worded too strongly and is an Exaggerated answer. “Ignore” goes further than what the author implies. The author indicates that it is “more difficult to elicit sympathy for other kinds of organisms,” but the author does not say it is impossible to get sympathy from individuals if a non-large mammal is involved. Further, the argument is specific about the impact on the “most important” problems, and this answer goes well beyond that domain.
Answer choice (E): The microorganisms discussed at the end of the argument are an example (“such as”);therefore, the author does not assume this type of relationship must be true in order for the conclusion to be true.

作者: qiuhua01234567 时间: 2012-1-15 22:05
PREP

CAE

作者: daisyの小夢想 时间: 2012-1-15 22:05
沙发！~！

作者: xeyyxzty 时间: 2012-1-15 22:08
回来了~要占座~

作者: daisyの小夢想 时间: 2012-1-15 22:09
逻辑小分队又完成了一次华丽丽的换届哈哈
谢谢@bananazoo过去的给力
谢谢@qiuhua01234567，加油加油。

作者: michaelmay17 时间: 2012-1-15 22:09

沙发！~！

-- by 会员 daisyの小夢想 (2012/1/15 22:05:54)

斑斑~

作者: qiuhua01234567 时间: 2012-1-15 22:14

逻辑小分队又完成了一次华丽丽的换届哈哈
谢谢@bananazoo过去的给力
谢谢@qiuhua01234567，加油加油。

-- by 会员 daisyの小夢想 (2012/1/15 22:09:12)

撒花撒花。。

作者: myancamel 时间: 2012-1-15 23:27
premise：因为大的动物可以考公众的同情来获得资助，但有些小个体很难
conclusion：现在这种方式很难
assumption：supporter：现在是分开运行的/小个体占了大部分/资助是判断成功的重要因素/同情是资助的条件
eliminator：大动物占得比重不大/没有别的因素决定款项筹集

题目分析：
Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

(A)The most important environmental problems involve endangered species other than large

mammals.

(B)Microorganisms cannot experience pain or have other feelings.

(C)Publicity campaigns for the environment are the most effective when they elicit sympathy for some organism.

(D)People ignore environmental problems unless they believe the problems will affect creatures
with which they sympathize.

(E)An organism can be environmentally significant only if it affects large ecosystems or agriculture.

B,D，E都是明显的无关；关键看A和C
B取反不能有效地weaken题目argument，C更合适
错了
犯了非常容易犯的错误shell game没看出来
应该是D

作者: mahaofei001 时间: 2012-1-17 21:37
这位同学，，，你的prep部分发错了。。发成prep08CR2上的题了~~

作者: shelvey 时间: 2012-1-17 22:45

作者: evamimi 时间: 2012-1-19 17:25
C: Publicity campaigns for endangered species are unlikely to have much impact on the most important environmental problems

P: while the ease of attributing feelings to large mammals facilitates evoking sympathy for them,

P: it is more difficult to elicit sympathy for other kinds of organisms, such as the soil microorganisms on which large ecosystems and agriculture depend.

Prephrase: More difficult to elicit sympathy for organisms other than large mammals---??----Publicity campaigns for endangered species unlike to have much impact on environmental problems

选择:C

果然又选错了
真心看不明白这个题到底在说什么啊，条件说的是对大动物意外的环境产生同情，结论说所以公众对于濒临灭绝的种族的行动对环境问题没太大影响，A的意思是环境问题包括大动物外的很多东西。C是说公众的同情是最有效的行动。答案认为是否有效并不能支持结论

作者: jetyxo 时间: 2012-7-7 17:26
1 46" premise: people are likely to pay attention to large animals but other than soil organism,which is the base of ecosystem
conclusion: the campaign for pretect dangerous species has no impact on environmental problems
assumption? A
-------------------------------------------
2 1'05" background: children having high lead-level mainly live in areas where vehicular traffic is heavy
conclusion: the high lead-leval is resulted from lead in gasoline
premise: although in A prohited lead from being added into gasoline 10 years ago, the exhausted remains in soil for many years
A B irrelevant; C E weaken; strengthen? D
------------------------------------------
3 45" background: converting solar energy into electricity is more cost-efficient
fact: threshold of economic viability is unchanged
B D E irrelevant; C ,the efficiency is not fuel-consume efficiency; explain? A
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++
right answer :C
----------------------------------------
4 25" background: many people are allergic to S in wine
premise: some producers produce wine without S
conclusion: these people can drink wine without risk of allergicing to S
weaken? A BCDE irrelevant
------------------------------------------------
5 1'35" background: to avoid counterfeit, bank use a dot in their checks, when be checked , the dot become a "VOID"
assumtion? counterfeit can not print with "VOID"
answer: E

作者: xiongyz 时间: 2012-11-9 23:47
1.   27s
P: for while the ease of attributing feelings to large mammals facilitates evoking sympathy for them, it is more difficult to elicit sympathy for other kinds of organisms, such as the soil microorganisms on which large ecosystems and agriculture depend.
C: Publicity campaigns for endangered species are unlikely to have much impact on the most important environmental problems
Assumption: organisms 对environmental problems有很大的影响
(A)The most important environmental problems involve endangered species other than large mammals. ---out of scope, endangered animals
(B)Microorganisms cannot experience pain or have other feelings. ---irrelevant
(C)Publicity campaigns for the environment are the most effective when they elicit sympathy for some organism. ---weaken
(D)People ignore environmental problems unless they believe the problems will affect creatures with which they sympathize. ---irrelevant
(E)An organism can be environmentally significant only if it affects large ecosystems or agriculture. ---correct???
正确答案：A

2.   42s
P: In Arumville, among those young children with elevated levels of lead in their blood, few live in houses containing lead-based paint, but many live in areas where vehicular traffic is heavy.
since, although gasoline sold in and around Arumville has been lead-free since 1990, lead from vehicle exhaust remains in the soil for many years.
C: These children's elevated blood-lead levels probably result from lead added to gasoline
Strengthen: 车子都用gasoline, 而且燃烧不完全会有废气。。。
A. Sales of lead-based paint for use in homes was banned in Arumville in 1977. ---weaken
B. Vehicle traffic in most residential areas of Arumville is heavier today than it was twenty years ago. ---irrelevant
C. Some lead in the soil comes from deteriorating lead-based paint on the exteriors of buildings. ---weaken, 他因削弱
D. In Arumville, children's blood-lead levels typically rise during the warm summer months when children frequently play outdoors but not in the winter when children spend more time indoors. ---correct, support, 夏天出去会吸收废气，冬天在屋内不会，夏天level rise, 冬天不会
E. If improperly carried out, the removal of lead-based paint from older houses can significantly increase the risk that children living in such houses will ingest lead dust. ---irrelevant

3.   36s
P：Technological improvements and reduced equipment costs have made converting solar energy directly into electricity far more cost-efficient in the last decade. However, the threshold of economic viability for solar power (that is, the price per barrel to which oil would have to rise in order for new solar power plants to be more economical than new oil-fired power plants) is unchanged at thirty-five dollars.
C: the increased cost-efficiency of solar power has not decreased its threshold of economic viability
Explain: 油价降了。。。
A. The cost of oil has fallen dramatically. ---correct
B. The reduction in the cost of solar-power equipment has occurred despite increased raw material costs for that equipment. ---weaken, 给人们更多理由使用solar power
C. Technological changes have increased the efficiency of oil-fired power plants. ---weaken
D. Most electricity is generated by coal-fired or nuclear, rather than oil-fired, power plants. ---out of scope
E. When the price of oil increases, reserves of oil not previously worth exploiting become economically viable. ---irrelevant
正确答案：C

4.   24s
P: Many people suffer an allergic reaction to sulfites, including those that are commonly added to wine as preservatives. However, since there are several winemakers producing wine to which no sulfites are added,
C: those who would like to drink wine but are allergic to sulfites can drink these wines without risking an allergic reaction to sulfites.
Weaken: 少量的sulfities不会导致过敏；没有s口感变差，消费者不喜欢
A. Sulfites occur naturally in most wine. ---irrelevant
B. The sulfites that can produce an allergic reaction are also commonly found in beverages other than wine. ---out of scope
C. Wines without added sulfites tend to be at least moderately expensive.
D. Apart from sulfites, there are other substances commonly present in wine that can trigger allergic reactions. ---correct, 如果酒里有其它能导致过敏物质，那么喝没有S的酒仍然会有过敏的危险
E. Wine without added sulfites sometimes becomes undrinkable even before the wine is sold to consumers. ---只能weaken不加S，但是不能weaken消费者喝了没有过敏的危险
正确答案：A

5.   41s
P: In order to deter such counterfeiting, several banks plan to issue to their corporate customers checks that contain dots too small to be accurately duplicated by any electronic scanner currently available; when such checks are scanned and printed, the dots seem to blend together in such a way that the word “VOID” appears on the check.
C：The general availability of high-quality electronic scanners and color printers for computers has made the counterfeiting of checks much easier.
Questionable assumption: high-quality electronic scanners and color printers的扫描结果不会对dots进行误认
A. in the territory served by the banks the proportion of counterfeit checks that are made using electronic scanners has remained approximately constant over the past few years ---irrelevant
B. most counterfeiters who use electronic scanners counterfeit checks only for relatively large amounts of money ---weaken
C. the smallest dots on the proposed checks cannot be distinguished visually except under strong magnification ---correct maybe…
D. most corporations served by these banks will not have to pay more for the new checks than for traditional checks ---irrelevant
E. the size of the smallest dots that generally available electronic scanners are able to reproduce accurately will not decrease significantly in the near future ---irrelevant
正确答案：E

今天错好多。。。好好反省中。。。。

作者: zxppx 时间: 2013-1-24 13:24
5.

Publicity campaigns for endangered species are unlikely to have much impact on the most important environmental problems, for while the ease of attributing feelings to large mammals facilitates evoking sympathy for them, it is more difficult to elicit sympathy for other kinds of organisms, such as the soil microorganisms on which large ecosystems and agriculture depend.

The conclusion is that publicity campaigns for endangered species are unlikely to have much impact on the most important environmental problems.

遇到这种修饰结构很多的，一定要看仔细！在文中找出相对应的成分
Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
(A)The most important environmental problems involve endangered species other than large
mammals.

“Other than large mammals” do not tell us what should be included in them.

实际上,other than large mammals是指文中不能够引起人们同情的生物！而且注意该选项和结论的吻合程度很高！
(B)Microorganisms cannot experience pain or have other feelings.

This answer choice has no effect on the argument.
(C)Publicity campaigns for the environment are the most effective when they elicit sympathy for some organism.

It is already been attacked in the argument.

文中说的是publicity campaigns for endangered species， Shell Game
(D)People ignore environmental problems unless they believe the problems will affect creatures with which they sympathize.

What can make people not to ignore environmental problems is irrelevant.
(E)An organism can be environmentally significant only if it affects large ecosystems or agriculture.

Yes, in this case, it points out the logic leap why publicity campaigns have not much impact on the most important environmental problems. BA

对于large ecosystems or agriculture的影响，只是文中提到的例子，并不是包含了所有范围

81.(24344-!-item-!-188;#058&000867)
In Arumville, among those young children with elevated levels of lead in their blood, few live in houses containing lead-based paint, but many live in areas where vehicular traffic is heavy. These children's elevated blood-lead levels probably result from lead added to gasoline, since, although gasoline sold in and around Arumville has been lead-free since 1990, lead from vehicle exhaust remains in the soil for many years.
Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?
A. Sales of lead-based paint for use in homes was banned in Arumville in 1977.

It may reveal that lead from the lead-based paint is not the reason, but it cannot strengthen the conclusion.
B. Vehicle traffic in most residential areas of Arumville is heavier today than it was twenty years ago.

Actually, this answer choice weakens the argument, since there were no so much vehicle traffic that produced lead in the past.
C. Some lead in the soil comes from deteriorating lead-based paint on the exteriors of buildings.

The answer choice weakens the argument by showing that another cause may contribute the result.
D. In Arumville, children's blood-lead levels typically rise during the warm summer months when children frequently play outdoors but not in the winter when children spend more time indoors.

Yes, in this case, it points out the difference between seasons, thus strengthening the argument.
E. If improperly carried out, the removal of lead-based paint from older houses can significantly increase the risk that children living in such houses will ingest lead dust.

It still weakens the argument by introducing another cause.

82.(33511-!-item-!-188;#058&007598)
Technological improvements and reduced equipment costs have made converting solar energy directly into electricity far more cost-efficient in the last decade. However, the threshold of economic viability for solar power (that is, the price per barrel to which oil would have to rise in order for new solar power plants to be more economical than new oil-fired power plants) is unchanged at thirty-five dollars.
Which of the following, if true, does most to help explain why the increased cost-efficiency of solar power has not decreased its threshold of economic viability?
A. The cost of oil has fallen dramatically.

Actually, it is a Shell Game. The argument talks about the price of oil, while the answer is related to the cost of oil.
B. The reduction in the cost of solar-power equipment has occurred despite increased raw material costs for that equipment.

The argument has already told us the reduction.
C. Technological changes have increased the efficiency of oil-fired power plants.

Bingo! Since the efficiency of oil-fired power plants increase, the threshold cannot reduce.
D. Most electricity is generated by coal-fired or nuclear, rather than oil-fired, power plants.

Cola-fire or unclear is outside the scope of the argument.
E. When the price of oil increases, reserves of oil not previously worth exploiting become economically viable.
Reserves of oil are irrelevant.

83.(25338-!-item-!-188;#058&001294)
Many people suffer an allergic reaction to sulfites, including those that are commonly added to wine as preservatives. However, since there are several winemakers producing wine to which no sulfites are added, those who would like to drink wine but are allergic to sulfites can drink these wines without risking an allergic reaction to sulfites.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
A. Sulfites occur naturally in most wine.

It seems to be a contender. But if only a few sulfites that cannot trigger allergic reactions in most wine, the answer choice cannot weaken the argument.

如果sulfites能够自然产生，而非人工添加的话，那么这些酒还是有问题的
B. The sulfites that can produce an allergic reaction are also commonly found in beverages other than wine.

Beverages are outside the scope of the argument.
C. Wines without added sulfites tend to be at least moderately expensive.

Moderately expensive price cannot weaken the argument, since people would still like to purchase these wines.
D. Apart from sulfites, there are other substances commonly present in wine that can trigger allergic reactions.

Yes, in this case, it points out other factors can trigger allergic reactions, thus weakening the argument. BA

文中讨论的是对于sulfites的过敏症，而和其他可以引起过敏的物质无关，比如不是引起同一种过敏症
E. Wine without added sulfites sometimes becomes undrinkable even before the wine is sold to consumers.
These wines are not representative.

84.(26216-!-item-!-188;#058&001794)
The general availability of high-quality electronic scanners and color printers for computers has made the counterfeiting of checks much easier. In order to deter such counterfeiting, several banks plan to issue to their corporate customers checks that contain dots too small to be accurately duplicated by any electronic scanner currently available; when such checks are scanned and printed, the dots seem to blend together in such a way that the word “VOID” appears on the check.
A questionable assumption of the plan is that
A. in the territory served by the banks the proportion of counterfeit checks that are made using electronic scanners has remained approximately constant over the past few years

Since the advantage of the dots, the old counterfeit checks can be easily checked.
B. most counterfeiters who use electronic scanners counterfeit checks only for relatively large amounts of money

The purpose of most counterfeiters is irrelevant.
C. the smallest dots on the proposed checks cannot be distinguished visually except under strong magnification

It still reveals the superiority of the plan.
D. most corporations served by these banks will not have to pay more for the new checks than for traditional checks

Yes, in this case, it questions the availability of the plan. BA

我把 not看掉了，实际上这个选项是支持plan的
E. the size of the smallest dots that generally available electronic scanners are able to reproduce accurately will not decrease significantly in the near future
It strengthens the plan, rather weakens.
因为它们的大小在将来不会减少（即该技术不会再进步），所以就提供给了造假者充足的时间来研究，从而提高造假技术！

作者: angelann728 时间: 2013-5-1 02:21
24’
逻辑链：
Conclusion: publicity campaign is not helpful in solving environmental problems.
Premise: evoking sympathy for large mammals leads to more difficulty in protecting organism.
问Assumption选D ：
A 有点干扰
B 无关有没有feeling 没有跟sympathy相联系
C 削弱
E 把无关结论的两件事强加联系

1:21
逻辑链：
Premise: children with elevated level of lead in blood didn’t live in lead-painted house, but lived in areas where vehicle traffic was heavy.
Conclusion: elevated level of lead results from gasoline
Premise: since 1990, the gasoline was lead-free, but lead in vehicle exhaust remained in the soil?
问Strengthen 选D
A 跟paint无关
B 跟vehicle traffic 的严重程度也无关关键要把土壤里残留的lead和小孩建立有效联系
C跟paint无关
E跟paint无关

1：32
逻辑链:
(1) solar power is cost efficient.
(2) the viability of solar power unchanged.
the threshold of economic viability for solar power （the price per barrel to which oil would have to rise in order for new solar power plants to be more economical than new oil-fired power plants）难懂
解释矛盾选C
A 干扰项（A C很纠结）
B 已知重复
D 没有煤的事
E 开采量算间接关系要再换算成价格下降才跟A一样意义不大

设定实验初始值 OG上做过太多遍选A

1:16 选B
A 是否已经用了很久无关
C 肉眼肯定不可查
D 贵不贵没有提到cost作为决定因素
E 是否再缩小无关
错了俩还有两个看了好几遍。。。

作者: kid381 时间: 2013-8-15 19:51
2-18
86 45’’
Publicity campaign for endangered species are not helpful to most important environmental problems, because this propagandistic method can arise sympathy toward mammas but cannot arise sympathy toward microorganisms.
Assumption: the living of microorganism is more important than that of mammal (A).
A bingo
B irrelevant
C negating this choice does not deny the conclusion
D irrelevant
E irrelevant
87 45’’
Of those children with elevated levels of lead in their blood. Few live in house contains lead, but many live in areas where lead is abundant in the vehicle. What is more, the lead in the gasoline is prohibited several years ago. So consequently, the lead must precipitate in the soil.
Strengthen: children live in the area where vehicular traffic is not heavy in the past but heavy now do not have heavy lead in their body (D is an excellent answer).
88 45’’
The solar energy is far more-efficient in the last decade, but the threshold of economic viability for solar power is unchanged during the last decade.
Explain why: the efficiency of oil improves in the past few years, either (C).
A provides a possibility that might explain the reason, but C is stronger since C can solve the paradox readily without considering other factor such as price of solar power.
89 27’’
Some people suffer an allergic reaction to sulfites; some wine contains sulfites. The wine producer replace the sulfites with another materials as preservatives, and in this way, those people can drink this wine, too.
Weaken: the wine still contains preservatives after the producers eliminate the sulfates in the wine (A).
90 45’’
Availability of high-quality electronic scanner and color printer > counterfeiting of checks become easier. To avoid this problem, the bank plans to apply a specific technology that the fake checks will be exposed when scanned or printed.
Weaken: the criminals will surely use electronic scanner or color printer to produce bogus checks (C).

作者: Elisha728 时间: 2013-9-12 07:55
3'55
DDCAE

作者: yuehuasunday 时间: 2013-11-20 16:14
2-18

1.

Background: Publicity campaigns for endangered species are unlikely to have much impact on the most important environmental problems

Premise: for while the ease of attributing feelings to large mammals facilitates evoking sympathy for them

Conclusion: it is more difficult to elicit sympathy for other kinds of organisms, such as the soil microorganisms on which large ecosystems and agriculture depend.

© Correct: explains the reason

2.

Background: young children with elevated levels of lead in their blood, few live in houses containing lead-based paint

Premise: many live in areas where vehicular traffic is heavy.

Conclusion: These children's elevated blood-lead levels probably result from lead added to gasoline, since, although gasoline sold in and around Arumville has been lead-free since 1990, lead from vehicle exhaust remains in the soil for many years.

(B) Correct

3.

Background: Technological improvements and reduced equipment costs have made converting solar energy directly into electricity far more cost-efficient in the last decade

Premise: However, the threshold of economic viability for solar power (that is, the price per barrel to which oil would have to rise in order for new solar power plants to be more economical than new oil-fired power plants)

Conclusion: unchanged

(A) Correct, the best reason

4.

Background: Many people suffer an allergic reaction to sulfites

Premise: including those that are commonly added to wine as preservatives.

Conclusion: However, since there are several winemakers producing wine to which no sulfites are added, those who would like to drink wine but are allergic to sulfites can drink these wines without risking an allergic reaction to sulfites.

(A) Correct

5.

Background: The general availability of high-quality electronic scanners and color printers for computers has made the counterfeiting of checks much easier.

Premise: In order to deter such counterfeiting, several banks plan to issue to their corporate customers checks that contain dots too small to be accurately duplicated by any electronic scanner currently available

Conclusion: when such checks are scanned and printed, the dots seem to blend together in such a way that the word “VOID” appears on the check.

(E) Correct

作者: 苏错 时间: 2013-12-9 00:29

12.8

【精练】

Conclusion: Publicity campaigns for endangered species are unlikely tohave much impact on the most important environmental problems.

Assumption—A

【逻辑链】

1. young children few live in houses but many live in areas

Strengthen—D

2. cost-efficiency not decrease—C

3. several winemakers add sulfites à those who would liketo drink wine but are allergic to sulfites can drink these wines withoutrisking an allergic reaction to sulfites.

Weaken—A

4. made the counterfeiting much easier—E

作者: cyndichiang 时间: 2014-5-7 10:30
精炼 2‘04’‘
premise:sympathy is more likely to be elicited from large mammals than other kinds of organisms
conclusion: Publicity campaigns for endangered species are unlikely to have much impact on the most important environmental problems
Q:assumption
prephrase:有GAP ，要同时提到sympathy和public campaign的关系
选错了选A
本题的内容是：对于那些最严重的环境问题，那些对于濒临生物，公众活动没有什么影响---》因为公众会更加的同情大型动物而非其他的一些生态机体
(A)The most important environmental problems involve endangered species other than large mammals.
---correct, 文章中有GAP 就是那些最严重的环境问题是否是濒危生物而非大型生物产生的
(B)Microorganisms cannot experience pain or have other feelings.
-----irrelevant;文章没说生物是否经历疼痛跟同情的关系
(C)Publicity campaigns for the environment are the most effective when they elicit sympathy for some organism. -----shell game，说了publicity campaign的特点，结论的特点，也有可能最有效的活动对濒危物种没有影响，assumption应该是有关对那种濒临物种的讨论

(D)People ignore environmental problems unless they believe the problems will affect creatures with which they sympathize. 错选的选项。out of scope;“Ignore” goes further than what the author implies.The author indicates that it is “more difficult to elicit sympathy for other kinds of organisms,” but the author does not say it is impossible to get sympathy from individuals if a non-large mammal is involved；主观了，一定要客观

(E)An organism can be environmentally significant only if it affects large ecosystems or agriculture.
------irrelevant;例子不能用来解释原因和结论的关系

作者: echo-LUO 时间: 2018-9-27 21:23
精练：
公众活动很难对重要的环境问题产生大的影响——>因为，除了一些大型哺乳动物，一些小的，不为人知的生物无法唤起人们的同情心
gap：人们只有被唤起同情心，才会关注环境问题
(A)The most important environmental problems involve endangered species other than large mammals.
(B)Microorganisms cannot experience pain or have other feelings.
(C)Publicity campaigns for the environment are the most effective when they elicit sympathy for some organism.
(D)People ignore environmental problems unless they believe the problems will affect creatures with which they sympathize. ——>符合gap
(E)An organism can be environmentally significant only if it affects large ecosystems or agriculture.
错选D：
Answer choice (D): This answer choice is worded too strongly and is an Exaggerated answer. “Ignore” goes further than what the author implies. The author indicates that it is “more difficult to elicit sympathy for other kinds of organisms,” but the author does not say it is impossible to get sympathy from individuals if a non-large mammal is involved. Further, the argument is specific about the impact on the “most important” problems, and this answer goes well beyond that domain.

逻辑链：
81.
在汽车很多的地方的小孩子lead含量很高——>尽管汽油已经从几年前就不含lead——>汽车尾气排放的lead回家土壤里保留hin多年
gap：土壤如何进入身体？
A. Sales of lead-based paint for use in homes was banned in Arumville in 1977.
B. Vehicle traffic in most residential areas of Arumville is heavier today than it was twenty years ago.
C. Some lead in the soil comes from deteriorating lead-based paint on the exteriors of buildings.
D. In Arumville, children's blood-lead levels typically rise during the warm summer months when children frequently play outdoors but not in the winter when children spend more time indoors. 说明是在室外不是在室内吸入leadE. If improperly carried out, the removal of lead-based paint from older houses can significantly increase the risk that children living in such houses will ingest lead dust.

82.
太阳能发电技术提高，效率提高——>但the threshold of economic viability for solar power没有提高
脑洞: oil的技术也提高，两者差距没有缩短
A. The cost of oil has fallen dramatically.
B. The reduction in the cost of solar-power equipment has occurred despite increased raw material costs for that equipment. 比较犹豫的，但由于文中强调和oil的对比，所以还是选择A
C. Technological changes have increased the efficiency of oil-fired power plants. 纠结.....TAT
D. Most electricity is generated by coal-fired or nuclear, rather than oil-fired, power plants.
E. When the price of oil increases, reserves of oil not previously worth exploiting become economically viable.
关于A和C选项：
Ron：[size=14.007px]in this case, the problem is saying that solar power has gotten more efficient, but also that there has been no change in the target price of oil to achieve price equity with solar power. the only way this can be true is if [size=14.0084px]something else related to oil-driven power, aside from the actual price of oil, has become cheaper[size=14.007px] in line with the improvements in solar power.
[size=14.007px]read the passage carefully: the conclusion is about "the price per barrel to[size=14.0084px] which oil would have to rise[size=14.007px] ([size=14.0084px]theoretically[size=14.007px]) in order for new solar power plants to be more economical".
[size=14.007px]therefore, we are thinking about a potential threshold price for oil at which something would happen. the current price of oil -- or, indeed, the current state of absolutely anything regarding oil -- is irrelevant, so you can strike choices a/c very quickly.[size=14.007px]

83.
刚做过

84.
A. in the territory served by the banks the proportion of counterfeit checks that are made using electronic scanners has remained approximately constant over the past few years
B. most counterfeiters who use electronic scanners counterfeit checks only for relatively large amounts of money
C. the smallest dots on the proposed checks cannot be distinguished visually except under strong magnification
D. most corporations served by these banks will not have to pay more for the new checks than for traditional checks
E. the size of the smallest dots that generally available electronic scanners are able to reproduce accurately will not decrease significantly in the near future——>取非，那防伪工作的质量就不好说了

作者: Lincy123 时间: 2020-6-30 22:41
P：很难让人们对大哺乳动物之外的其他生物比如微生物有同情心
C：濒危物种保护运动对保护环境没啥作用
Assumption：对微生物有同情心。和保护环境
C）取非，环境的公众运动，对一些微生物的同情心不是最有效的。Correct（x）题目说的是濒危物种的公众运动，不是环境
A）最重要的环境问题涉及非大型哺乳动物的其他物种

P：尽管1990年开始汽油不含铅，但交通工具排放的铅会残留在泥土里很多年
C：小孩血液中的铅含量来自汽油
Strengthen
D）下天的时候在外面玩，小孩铅含量高correct

太阳能高效低本，但threshold不变
Threshold：为了新太阳能工厂比燃油工厂更便宜，每桶油会上涨的价格
A）油的成本降低 correct（x）除了油价之外还有其他因素影响总成本，c更优
C）燃油工厂的效率提高

P：有些酿酒商酿不含sulfite的添加剂
C：对s过敏的人可以喝
Weaken：不添加还是会油s
A） s是自然产生的。Correct

P：支票上会有很小的点点，如果复印点会连在一起，并出现void
C：防止高质量印刷机伪造支票
Weaken 这题猜的选不出题目依然问的是assumption，只是这个假设有待考证（questionable）
e）点的size不会变小。Correct

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