ChaseDream

标题: 暂时停止更新~suri的gmat之旅，加油加油~~~~ [打印本页]

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-15 09:53
标题: 暂时停止更新~suri的gmat之旅，加油加油~~~~
mark......

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-16 14:41
2.15 背了5个lists的单词
看自己先前整理的manhattan sc
重新做og，这一遍速度较快，整理了10道题的笔记

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-18 07:51
连续几天都耽误了，期末成绩出来了，三门70多的都是宏观财政会计，有点失望，╮(╯▽╰)╭
今天的计划，单词5个lists
manhattan一章
og12语法题一遍

作者: joelee1991 时间: 2012-1-18 10:07
我也大二！一起加油！

作者: elwinchase 时间: 2012-1-18 10:54
和你的处境一样，总是被学校的课程耽误（归根结底还是自己惰性太大）。一起加油。

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-18 16:23

一起加油！！

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-18 16:24

我也大二！一起加油！

-- by 会员 joelee1991 (2012/1/18 10:07:33)

恩恩，越早考过越好哈~~！！

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-18 16:24

和你的处境一样，总是被学校的课程耽误（归根结底还是自己惰性太大）。一起加油。

-- by 会员 elwinchase (2012/1/18 10:54:14)

是呀，比如前几天都没坚持起早床~~加油加油~~

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-18 20:05
今天是一月十八号，冷不丁地一想，只有40天大概6周了，之前的计划有点笼统，结合流沙前辈还有bat前辈的，现在仔细做详细点的计划
1.19—1.26第一周——语法突破
OG12很细的一遍，其实以前做过后感觉是很熟悉的，每天做50道题整理30题左右，最后1-2天整体回顾一下。今天做了50题，速度还是不够，晚上得连夜整理出来，题目一次性做多了也不好，因为整理的速度还是有点慢，一次性做了100道的话，整理到100道的时候就又忘记了
明天50道到20号我的sc部分基本完成了，然后就是整理了。
看manhattan，今天一口气看了四章，以前整理过一本厚厚的笔记本这次就对照着自己的笔记本记忆
单词的话是第四遍做到了一个小时5个lists

1.26至2.02第二周——语法提升 + 逻辑突破
语法：Prep笔记一遍，每天40-60题左右，计时做、计算正确率、看笔记和分析。
逻辑：OG12，计时做、计算正确率和分析。
时间允许我的bible看完，不过bible确实看的很头疼，那个扫描版的看的很燥，inner peace!!
数学先做og12，上新东方的时候我的排列基本没问题，高中整理过一本笔记本，但是质数公约数忘得一干二净，⊙﹏⊙b汗，不过十一月份一天在群里帮别人做了几道数学题又有了点小成就感

2.03至2.008第三周——语法巩固 + 逻辑巩固 + 阅读开始
语法：Prep笔记第二遍，每天50题，计时做、计算正确率、看笔记和分析。
逻辑：费费LSAT135题和老Prep，每组18-20题，平均每天2组。
阅读：小安阅读法，这个挺吃力的吧应该

2.09至2.16第四周——阅读+ 数学突破+作文
阅读，数学，还有作文，在cd上特别佩服的前辈lycan620说过“
要以为LZ是靠考前两天背一点好一点的模板得出的分数哦，我几乎没有用模板，而是用心~~我从考前20天开始写作文，坚持每天一篇AA，一篇AI，总共写了40篇作文，所以考试的时候写作文行云流水，AA写完还剩8分钟，AI写完还剩5分钟。。谁说作文可以不练~~~~~NO WAY。一定要多写，万一考个750+3，岂不是很郁闷，重考吗？还有一点，考前请把题库300多道题中不懂的单词全部学会，万一考到了呢？”所以作文也不能小看啊

2.17至2.23第五周周——每天一套模考练pace + 作文突破 + 数学JJ
gwd，数学jj

2.24至2.28第七周——继续完整模考（带作文）+ JJ
继续每天一套GWD，带作文，仔细分析。

参照了几个大牛的，虽然说计划赶不上变化，但做完这个心里还是有点踏实，未来的四十天更得努力，今天的效率还ok了，其实放假在家挺好的，在学校一听老师点名脸都绿了，还要交作业，像我这样的大懒人，又懒得出去吃饭，窝在宿舍饿死了。(*^__^*) 嘻嘻……早上得早起，今天感谢老爹把我从被窝里拉出来鸟~~

作者: miss绿光 时间: 2012-1-18 21:11
计划很细~Wonderful~大二的孩纸真年轻啊真年轻~
一起加油~

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-18 21:51

计划很细~Wonderful~大二的孩纸真年轻啊真年轻~
一起加油~

-- by 会员 miss绿光 (2012/1/18 21:11:05)

恩恩，哈哈，一起加油！！

作者: icever 时间: 2012-1-18 22:16
亲，我也是大二的，同大二呀。。。不过你的专业课程好像需要重视一下唉

作者: icever 时间: 2012-1-18 22:17
再建议你把计划用表格列示一下，这样多方便，有大牛看到也可以直接提出建议

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-18 22:29

亲，我也是大二的，同大二呀。。。不过你的专业课程好像需要重视一下唉

-- by 会员 icever (2012/1/18 22:16:12)

我明白呢，所以郁闷了些，这学期三门70多居然全部在专业课上了，我复习的时候线代的时间用多了，╮(╯▽╰)╭想办法大三刷

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-18 22:30

再建议你把计划用表格列示一下，这样多方便，有大牛看到也可以直接提出建议

-- by 会员 icever (2012/1/18 22:17:15)

怎么弄表格，我不是太会弄呢

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-19 10:44
2.19今天背单词吃力了些，O(∩_∩)O~然后该整理og了，弄完后50道题，接着就是manhattan第五章

作者: 我是新生 时间: 2012-1-19 12:11
一看楼主就是西南财大的，还刷分

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-19 19:24

一看楼主就是西南财大的，还刷分

-- by 会员我是新生 (2012/1/19 12:11:38)

O(∩_∩)O哈哈~znufe

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-19 23:52
我觉得效率要提高，明天只到晚上九点半开QQ汇报完毕就下，微博少点开，专心致知是关键，rush rush!!喝了几杯浓茶，现在也睡不着，看manhattan

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-20 13:52
总结一下第五章，看以前做好的笔记，不用笔抄下来不踏实，现在做个小总结
Chapters 5

ronoun
1.pronoun
A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun
注意 The first question you must ask yourself is this -----what is the antecedent of this pronoun?
Once you have found the antecedent,you must make sure that it makes sense,that it is the only possible antecedent and that it agrees in number with the pronoun
2.the antecedent must Exit
the first task is to find the antecedent in the sentence
watch out for nouns used as adj.They cannot be the antecedents of pronouns.The antecedents to which you want to refer must actually exist in the sentence and be functioning as a noun
Wrong:The park rangers discussed measures to prevent severe wildfires,which would be devastating to it
Park is acting as an adjective in the phrase park rangers
one way to fix this sentence is to eliminate the pronoun,replacing it with the noun you want to refer
Right:The rangers discussed measures to prevent wildfires,which would be devastaing to the park
3.The antecedent and pronoun must make sense together
4.the antecedent must be unambiguous每个代词只能有一个指代对象
5.The antecedent must agree in Number
6.代词有主格，宾格，所有格三种。主格代词可以做句子主语，宾格代词可以使动词宾语或者介词宾语，所有格代词表示所有权或者一个相似关系
（1) 代词在主语位置上，通常被认为指代与其平行的句子主语 a pronoun in subject position in one clasuse may ofen be presumed to refer to the subject of a parallerl clause
(2)在所有格结构中的名词一般不作为指代对象 nouns in the possessive case are ofen poor antecedents
The possesssive posion rules states that possessive nouns can serve as antecedents only to possessive pronouns not to subject or object
However,you should avoid the possibility of ambiguity by taking the possesing noun out of the possessive case
7.五个常错的代词it ,its they them,their
8.指示代词this ,that ,these ,those
(1)that 和those 指的是和前文出现的某个事物一样的另一个事物，it和them 是指的就是前文出现的事物
(2)that or those indicating a new copy or copies must be modified.In other words ,you have to add a description to indicate how the new copy is different from the previous version
(3)that 和those的指代必须和指代对象单复数一致，如果不一致，必须重复指代对象而不能使用that和those
(4)don not use this or thses in place of nouns.Alse,don't use that or those in place of nouns.Use it ,they,or them instead
This/these,that/those在句子中不能裸奔，必须用作this/that/those/these+N的结构才能做代词使用，而这个名词是体现先行词性质的词（新东方老师讲的一点）
Notes:
1.除非很明显，this/these不能单独指代，要补出后面的名词
2.they指代前面出现的对象，these指代离它最近的对象，指代要符合逻辑，主谓一致的原则
3.当they前出现两个以上主谓符合对象时就视其为指代不清，而these前出现两个以上主谓符合对象时可以就近指代，比they更加
4.that、those用于比较结构中避免重复和单独指代要区分开

作者: babybearmm 时间: 2012-1-21 04:31
计划很详细啊~~大二的孩子真厉害！

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-21 20:17
[quote]
计划很详细啊~~大二的孩子真厉害！

-- by 会员 babybearmm (2012/1/21 4:31:17)

[/quote是跟着流沙前辈的做的，嘿嘿，一起加油~~

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-21 20:19
今天白天去姐姐家，到现在才坐在电脑前，先去把og sc部分结束，manhattan一章

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-22 01:59
Chapter 6 Modifiers
1.Modifiers-----a modifier describles or modifiers someone or something in the sentence
Be on the lookout for opening modifiers,which appear at the beginning of a sentence
Many modifying phrases in GMAT sentences are seperated by commas from the noun being modified
2.Adjectives and Adverbs----one word modifiers
(1)形容词和副词是常见的修饰语，形容词只能修饰名词和代词
副词可以修饰除了名词和代词的一切词，如动词，副词，形容词，短语，介词，句子
（2）Note that adjectives,not adverbs,follow lingking verbs .These adjectives do not modify the verb but rather identify a quality with the noun subject
（3）在语法题里经常出现两个修饰结构
adj+adj+n 两个形容词均修饰名词 James is Max's supposed Irish ancestor
adv+adj+n 副词修饰形容词，形容词修饰名词 Max's grandmother is his supposedly Itish ancestor
3.Noun Modifiers-----phrases or clauses that modify nouns or pronouns
noun modifiers act like long adjectives
(1) Type/first words
adjective
presposition
past participle
present participle
Relative pronoun
Another pronoun
(2)同位语 a noun used to modify another noun is called an appositive
同位语的形式
a.名词性同位语名词解释名词
n，n
n，a/an+n(可以跟修饰语）或者 a/an+n（可以跟修饰语） ,n
the+n,n
b.内容具体化同位语结构
抽象名词(theory/evidence/belief/principle)+that 从句，that从句对抽象名词进行具体化解释，that从句是同位语部分
c概括性同位语
用一个概括性的名词去概括前面的修饰对象
（3）position of noun modifiers
A noun and its modifiers should touch each other
If the modifier is next to a different noun, we have a Misplaced Modifier
If the noun we want to modify is not even in the sentence,we have a dangling modifier
prep08的解释
when we begin a sentence with a modifying word ,phrase or clause,we must make sure the next thing that comes along can,in fact,be modified by that modifier. when a modifier improperly modifies something,it is called a dangling modifier. this often happens with beginning participal phrase ,making dangling participles are all too common phenomenon.
(4)avoid long sequnences of modifiers that modify the same noun.Putting two long modifiers in a row before or after a noun can lead to awkward or incorrect phrasings
避免一系列的修饰语修饰一个名词，让两个很长的修饰语修饰一个名词不好
最常见的模式修饰语，修饰语，主谓宾（比错）
一种常见容易弄错的情形是修饰语，主语+定语从句，谓宾（这种是对的）
而另一种修饰语，定语从句，主语，修饰语，谓语宾语这种也对但少见
（5）watch out for possessive
modifiers can't nomarlly modify a noun in the possessive case
(6)关系代词引导名词修饰
Noun modifiers are ofen introduced by Relative pronouns such as the following
which that who whose whom where when

who和whom 修饰人，who修饰主语，whom修饰宾语，which修饰物
According to the gmat,clauses led by the pronoun that can't modify people
the pronoun whose can modify either people or things
which/whom sometimes follow prespostion
that 和whom can be dropped when the modified noun is the object of the modifying clause
the ponoun where can be used to modify a noun place,such as area ,site ,country.Where can't modify a metaphonicalplace,such as situation,case,agreement
when可以修饰一个名词时间或时间
(8)essentical/restrictive VS non-essential/unrestrictive modifiers

4.Verb modifiers-----these modifiers answer questions about hte verb such as "how","when","where","why"

5.which Vs the present participle ing
1.use which only to refer to the noun immediately preceding it----never to refer to an entire clause
2.ing做修饰语比which要灵活的多
可以做形容词，直接修饰名词
可以修饰主语和动词
可以修饰一个从句，表示结果
ing在主系表结构中，可以修饰其前面紧跟的名词
ing形式在主谓宾结构之后，可以表示与谓语动词同时发生，表伴随，此时逻辑主语就是主句主语

prep中关于modifier的小点
1.副词的修饰位置：even修饰比较级时，放在比较级之前。ever放在助动词之后。only、first放在被强调的成分之前，alone放在被强调的成分之后。

2.定语从句作定语与分词短语作定语的区别

(1)定语从句强调具体时间具体动作,以及动作的一次性;分词短语强调笼统不确定的时间,抽象/客观/重复性/多次性的行为à故定语从句变为分词时会少掉时态

(2)都可以接受时,分词短语优于定语从句(更简洁),定语从句要尽量转换为分词短语(但不能引起歧义)

(3)定语从句包含情态动词时不能转化为分词短语

(4)ing分词的完成时态不能充当名词的定语,必须转化为定语从句n.+ having doneX?n. that…

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-22 02:00
睡觉了，今天大年三十，新年来啦，加油！！

作者: babybearmm 时间: 2012-1-22 16:28
@@这语法笔记真详细，赞啊~
Suri新年快乐！

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-22 20:05

@@这语法笔记真详细，赞啊~
Suri新年快乐！

-- by 会员 babybearmm (2012/1/22 16:28:29)

新年快乐，姐姐！！！！！！O(∩_∩)O哈哈~

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-23 13:46
继续总结og，我觉得总结的时候看各种讨论帖虽然时间慢但是是一种很享受的过程，有好多小知识点就挖出来啦，哈哈

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-24 12:28
进度有点慢了，rush rush!!

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-24 16:08
总结的想吐了，换manhattan!!哈哈

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-24 22:12
建议从考前2周开始看。

前天刚刚考完，我的经验是：
1、考前两周开始看本月的机井；
2、每天把本月全部的机井看一遍（RC和CR，SC几乎不占什么时间）
3、考前一周把上个月的机井看一遍；
4、从考前一周，每天把本月、上月机井全部看一遍；
5、挑选那些文章主题结构介绍的比较清楚，并且答案明确的机井。只介绍只字片语的机井，还是不看为好，否则在考试中你总是要猜来猜去的。

考试的时候要注意：
1、RC：文章的前两句话看完，就应该知道是不是机井了。如果是，可以简单把文章的结构确定一下，用于定位答案。
态度性的问题，在机井中基本都有介绍了。细节的问题，就像刚才讲的那样，迅速去定位；
如果不是，就不要猜了，老老实实把文章看完；
——如果是机井的文章，基本上4分钟之内可以搞定。（因为总有一道题是新的）

2、CR：把题干看完之后，应该知道是否为机井。
但千万要把选项看完，因为GMAC会把weaken改为support什么之类，要小心。

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-24 22:12
刚刚看到的，感觉记下来，机经问题

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-25 19:11
Chapter 7
1.In addition to subject-verb agreement,we must consider three other features of verbs that are tested on the GMAT:tense,mood and voice.
verb tense indicates when the action of the verb takes place
verb mood indicates what the writer believes about ,or wants to do with the action
verb voice indicates who or what is doing the action
2. verb tense
(1) simple tense
The simple present tense is ofen used to express eternal states or frequent events
The simple past tense 的时间标志有：originally,from 1978 to 1985 ,previously 等
In general the GMAT prefers the simple tense unless the sentence clearly requires one of the more complex tense discussed below
(2)progressive tense
The progressive tense is to emphasize the ongoing nature of an action.We can use the progressive tense,which use the verb to be and the present participle
The present progressive indicates action happening right now ,whether the sentense contains words such as right now or not.
Do not use the progressive for general definations .Instead ,use the simple present
In gmat sentences,do not use the present progressive to indicate future actions.This usge is considered too colloquial.Instead ,use simple future
Verbs that express general states do not normally take progressive forms.Such state verbs include know or signify
(3)keep verb tense consistent
In any given sentences you should try to keep all verb tense consistent,unless the meaning clearly dictates otherwise
In a more subtle example you can use the past progressive to describle a background event,while you use simple past to describle a more important event in the foreground 可以用过去进行时表示事件发生的背景再用一般过去时表示一个更重要的事情
Right ：She was playing with her friends when the babysister arrived
改变下面的句子也是正确的，不过意思不同
She played with her friends when the babysister arrived
In this case the action played took place after the babysister arrived .both actions are in the simple past and express equal levels of importance.
(4) present perfect:still in effect
We use the present perfect tense for actions that started in the past but continue into the present or remain true in the presnt or sometimes the present perfect tense means that the action is definitely over but its effect is relevant to the present moment.
present perfect =have/has +past participle
1)to summarise,the present perfect indicates either continued action or continued effect of a completed ation
2)likewise ,present perfect should be used with within phrase ,such as within the pasr five minutes or within the last ten days,to continued action or continued effect
3) you want to talk about a specific.completed time period,use the simple past,not the present perfect
4)finally ,the idea of completed action can be used simply to placepresent perfect action earlier than another action in Ving forms,infinitives or subordinate clause
Right:She will play you when you aks her.
the time of will play=the time of will ask,note that the future will is dropped in subordinate clauses
Right:she will play you when you have taken out the gatbge
the time of will play is later than the future time of have taken
5)以下情况用现在完成时
since,within/during/over/in +the past/last/recent+时间短语
during/in/over the last year可以用现在完成时也可以用现在时，取决于当时发生的事情是否延续到现在是否还有影响
（4）past perfect:the earlier action
If two actions in a sentence occurred at different times in the past,we ofen use the past perfect tense for the earlier action and simple past for the later action
prep 08:过去完成时表达的是过去的过去，所以需要与一个过去的失态对比，也即如果句子里面没有特别明显表达过去的过去或者没有某个动词是过去时，那么必不会出现过去完成时
Don't use past perfect simply for long ago without a later past moment
past perfect=had+past participle
不用过去完成时的几种情况
1）a sequence of verbs with the same subject doesn't require past perfect
2)当先后关系很清楚时，不用过去完成时，如before 和after连接的从句，主句不使用完成时态
3）and或but 连接的句子，因为并列两个动作，并没有强调哪一个
You should use past perfect only to clarify or emphasize a sequence of the past events and the earlier event should somehow have a bearing on the context of the later event.

(5) perfect tense

nly when necessary
Don't use the perfect tense when the simple tense will do.
(6)Tense sequence
在转述他人的话时
With a past tense reporting verb,more present to past ,past to past perfect,and future to conditional
The usual sequence are either present+future or past+conditional

3.The subjunctive Mood
Verb mood expresses what the writer believes about,or wants to do with,the action expressed by the verb
In English,most sentences express facts with the Indicative Mood or commands with the Imperative Mood.You can expect to see the subjunctive mood in two special situations
1)unlikely or unreal conditions (ususlly after if or a similar word)
2)proposals,desires,and requests formed with certain verbs and the word that

(1)the hypothetical subjunctive
we use the hypothetical subjunctive form in a few circumstances to indicate unlikely or unreal conditions.Principally,this form occurs afer if ,or as though

If ···then constructions
if then 的结构并不仅仅适用于假设性虚拟语气，也同样适合于其他的时态语态
1）表示确定
if present ,then present=whenever
2)表示不确定
if present,then can or may
3)表示确定，用于将来时态
if present/present perfect,then future
4)不确定——将来时态
if hypothetical subjunctive ,then conditional
5)从未发生
if past perfect,then conditional perfect
the helping verbs would and should should never in the if part of the sentence

(2)the command subjunctive
命令性的虚拟语气比假设性虚拟语气在gmat考试中重要
bossy verb+that +subject +command subjunctive

common verbs that take only the command subjunctive: demand,dictate,mandate,propose,recommond,request,stipulate,suggest

verbs that take only the infinitive: advise,allow.forbid,persuade,want

verbs that take either the command subjunctive or the infinitive:ask,beg order,prefer,urge,require

the command subjunctive is possible with It is X,in which X is an adjective ,such as essential,that conveys urgency.It is not commonly tested on the Gmat

Avoid the use of the command subjunctive after whether

3.Active VS Passive voice
(1)Don't use other verbs besides be,such as get to form the passive
(2)Use By only for the actual doser of the action
Use through or because of when you want to describe any instrument or means
由于gmat考试倾向于简洁有效，所以主动优于被动

作者: carolyntse 时间: 2012-1-25 20:38
同是大二学生，2.9考G~~一起加油！

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-25 20:40

同是大二学生，2.9考G~~一起加油！

-- by 会员 carolyntse (2012/1/25 20:38:00)

加油！！

作者: xeyyxzty 时间: 2012-1-25 20:41
加油~
同大二~2月24考

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-25 20:42

加油~
同大二~2月24考

-- by 会员 xeyyxzty (2012/1/25 20:41:29)

熊熊很有毅力，能一直坚持，加油！！

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-25 22:08
我看到比较就赶脚恶心啦，先暂时放这么点，以后再看到好的加上去
Chapter 8 Comparisons

1.comparisons
Comparisons are a form of parallelism that deserves special attention .As the name indicates,comparisons compare two parts of the sentence.
首先找到标志词语，其次找到句子对比的两部分，最后确保进行比较的两部分是平行的
最重要的标志词语有 like,unlike,as ,then
2.like VS AS
(1)like is a preposition.This means that like must be followed by pronouns ,nouns or noun phrase.Never put a clause or a prepositional phrase after like
(2)Note that like can be followed by gerunds动名词（Ving forms useed as nouns)
As can be either a preposition (appearing with a noun) or a conjunction（appearing with a clause)
3.Keeping comparisons parallel
(1)comparisons must be logically parallel
(2)conparisons must be structurally parrallel
4.Omitted Words
As we have already seen,you can ofen omit words in the second part of a comparison.
Prossessive nouns provide one opportunity
My car is bigger than the Smith's(car)
只要不会有歧义，可以省略第二部分的单词，动词或整个从句
I walk faster than Brian(walks)
I walk as fast now as( I walked)when I was younger
In general,you should put in the omittedwords or appropriate Helping Verbs(such as be ,do and have)only if you need to remove ambiguty
eg：Vishal eats more carrots than dounts
5.比较级和最高级

prep关于比较的小点，一个个记下来
1.as或than引导比较从句中的省略原则----form 白勇语法

1)比较从句谓语与主句谓语相同，可用do，did，does代替。

2)比较从句连系动词be与主句连系动词be相同，可以省略be，也可以不省略。

3)主语谓语动词短语使用“助动词（如have，has，had，will）或情态动词（can，could，may，should）+verb”形式时，比较从句往往省略verb，保留助动词或情态动词。

4)比较从句的主语和谓语与主句的主语和谓语相同时，可以全部省去，常常保留做状语的介词短语或状语从句。

5)比较从句的主语与主句主语相同，可以省略。

2.比较-主语比较
1）对主谓宾全的句型主语比较：A do sth than B do.（AB为对等名词，加do是为了显示这是一个可以发出动作的名词，因而确定是主语，进而确定是主语对比）。时态要据后定。There be 句型等同于一般的主谓宾俱全的句型。
主语若相同，可省，但助动词不能省。如：

2)对只有主谓（如果主语有定语成分，必须要that/those来指代），没有宾语的句子，因为没有宾语，只可能有主语比较，因而不需要重复do来确认这是一个可发出动作的主语，所以其比较形式如下：

I eat faster than you.注意与下句区别 I eat apple faster than you do 如果写成 I eat apple faster than you 按GMAC的理解，从语法上就变成我吃苹果比吃你快，成了宾语比较。逻辑上显然不通。

3)主系表结构的比较与主谓结构相同。如果时态不一致，则需补出助词，如：

The economy of Florida is more diversified than it was ten years ago

3.对主谓宾全的句型
主语比较： A do sth than B do.（AB为对等名词，加do是为了显示这是一个可以发出动作的名词，因而确定是主语，进而确定是主语对比）
介宾比较 A do sth of C1 by D1 than of C2 by D2.（C1C2，D1D2对等名词）
宾语比较 A do C1 than C2.(C1C2为对等名词）
状语比较A do sth than usual/everbefore/people expected(直接加状语）
ETS就这几下子，原则就是清楚地指示什么跟什么比。
按照这个原理，对下一种句型只有主谓，没有宾语的句子，因为没有宾语，只可能有主语比较，因而不需要重复do来确认这是一个可发出动作的主语，所以其比较形式如下：
I eat faster than you.注意与下句区别
I eat apple faster than you do
如果写成 I eat apple faster than you 按ETS的理解，从语法上就变成我吃苹果比吃你快，成了宾语比较。逻辑上显然不通。

4.摘自于cd
比较结构中的代词选择及为谓语动词补出
几个星期前在语法版发了几个关于比较结构的问题，up了几次都没有人回。这几天总结了一些notes, 决定贴出来，大家一起切磋。若有错误，还望指正!

第一种比较：同一主语之间（自己与自己）比较

OG 198

198. Although Napoleon’s army entered Russia
with far more supplies than they had in their previous campaigns, it had provisions for only twenty-four days.
(A) they had in their previous campaigns

(B) their previous campaigns had had

(C) they had for any previous campaign

(D) in their previous campaigns （E）

(E) for any previous campaign

同一army 的两件事情比较，than以后的部分可以省略主语及谓语

AC的谓语动词had补错, 应该是had had.

92. Never before had taxpayers confronted so many changes at once as they had in the Tax Reform Act of 1986.

(A) so many changes at once as they had in

(B) at once as many changes as

(C) at once as many changes that there were with

(D) as many changes at once as they confronted in（D）

(E) so many changes at once that confronted them in

同样一群taxpayers前后发生的事情比较，却在than后补出了主语及谓语. D的confronted补的完全正确, A中的had就是错的。另外，D中代词用了they, 而不是that/those，因为是自己与自己比。that/those指代同类事物，而不是同一样事物。

结论：同一主语之间（自己与自己）比较，可以省略主语（因为是自己比自己）及谓语，并且只有当主句也用助动词,且比较从句的助动词与主句一致时,才可省略动词只保留助动词. 这里特别要考虑时态问题，如过去完成时与过去时比较，若补出谓语动词，助动词或动词的选择要根据时态来定。若是不省略主语，代词一般用they/it.

以下的两个句子than后面虽然都补了had, 但意思完全不一样。

X had had....than X had... 后面一个had是过去完成时，而非过去时。

Xhad...than X had... 后面一个had是过去时, 而非过去完成时。

第二种比较：不同主语之间（X与Y）比较

Innits of the Bering Sea were in isolation from contact with Europeans longer than Aleuts or Inuits of the North Pacific and northern Alaska.

（A） in isolation from contact with Eurpoeans longer than
（B） isolated from contact with Eurpoeans longer than
（C）in isolation from contact with Eurpoeans longer than were
（D） isolated from contact with Eurpoeans longer than were （D）
（E） in isolation and without contact with Eurpoeans longer than

D中were绝对要补，否则产生歧义！

isolated from contact with Eurpoeans longer than from。。。补出from

isolated from contact with Eurpoeans longer than were。。。补出were

两种补出方式（prep. or 动词）产生的意思完全不一样，所以要补出were消除歧义。

结论：不同主语之间的比较可以省略谓语动词，但前提是没有歧义。我看到网上有些说法，认为实意动词不能省略，但系表结构就可以。这种说法很片面，所以我特地举了一个系表结构而不省略的例子。引用一位前辈的话：“。。。ETS如此的reluctant to purport 什么硬性的公理。如何将一个句子表达得准确，简洁，不产生歧义是ETS对句子改错的最高要求。有一些通常的做法，但是决不能生搬硬套。”

同样一群taxpayers前后发生的事情比较，却在than后补出了主语及谓语. D的confronted补的完全正确, A中的had就是错的。另外，D中代词用了they, 而不是that/those，因为是自己与自己比。that/those指代同类事物，而不是同一样事物。

结论：同一主语之间（自己与自己）比较，可以省略主语（因为是自己比自己）及谓语，并且只有当主句也用助动词,且比较从句的助动词与主句一致时,才可省略动词只保留助动词. 这里特别要考虑时态问题，如过去完成时与过去时比较，若补出谓语动词，助动词或动词的选择要根据时态来定。若是不省略主语，代词一般用they/it.

以下的两个句子than后面虽然都补了had, 但意思完全不一样。

X had had....than X had... 后面一个had是过去完成时，而非过去时。

Xhad...than X had... 后面一个had是过去时, 而非过去完成时。

第二种比较：不同主语之间（X与Y）比较

Innits of the Bering Sea were in isolation from contact with Europeans longer than Aleuts or Inuits of the North Pacific and northern Alaska.

（A） in isolation from contact with Eurpoeans longer than
（B） isolated from contact with Eurpoeans longer than
（C）in isolation from contact with Eurpoeans longer than were
（D） isolated from contact with Eurpoeans longer than were （D）
（E） in isolation and without contact with Eurpoeans longer than

D中were绝对要补，否则产生歧义！

isolated from contact with Eurpoeans longer than from。。。补出from

isolated from contact with Eurpoeans longer than were。。。补出were

两种补出方式（prep. or 动词）产生的意思完全不一样，所以要补出were消除歧义。

结论：不同主语之间的比较可以省略谓语动词，但前提是没有歧义。我看到网上有些说法，认为实意动词不能省略，但系表结构就可以。这种说法很片面，所以我特地举了一个系表结构而不省略的例子。引用一位前辈的话：“。。。ETS如此的reluctant to purport 什么硬性的公理。如何将一个句子表达得准确，简洁，不产生歧义是ETS对句子改错的最高要求。有一些通常的做法，但是决不能生搬硬套。”

第三种比较：不同宾语之间（X的a与Y的b）比较
OG 118

The question of whether to divest themselves of stock in companies that do business in South Africa is particularly troublesome for the nation's 116 private Black colleges because their economic bases are often more fragile than most predominantly White colleges.

(A) than

(B) than those of

(C) than is so of

(D) compared to (B)

(E) compared to those of

B中的those指代bases. than后谓语动词are省略，因为没有歧义。

结论：在不同宾语之间比较，一般都会用到代词，且代词极少（我不敢制定公理，所以不说“绝对”）出现they/it, 因为虽然是同类，但不是同一样东西(X的a与Y的b)。谓语动词的省略根据是否产生歧义而定。

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-26 12:24
chapter 10
1.odds and end
on a general level,remember G M C:grammer ,meaning and concision
on a specific level,make sure to check each sentence
(1)subject-verb agreement (2)Parallelism (3)Pronouns (4)modifiers(5)Verb tense ,mood and voice(6)comparations(7)idioms
consider the following odds and ends ------additional grammer topics that may help you identify the correct sentence
(1) connecting words
(2）connecting punctuation
(3)quantity
2.run-on sentence一个正确的句子应该至少有一个主语（a main clause is a group of words that can stand on its own as a complete sentence.It contains both a subject and a verb,and it does not begin with a suborfinating conjunction such as because or if)
逗号是不能单独去连接两个句子的，否则就会变成run-on sentence,只要加上连词就可以解决问题
3.用and出现的错误，当你发现有and时，思考它是不是
（1）a list(apples,grapes and pears)
(2)连接两个句子
the gmac will ocassionally create a mixed-up sentence by lingking a main clause to a fragment with "and"after a comma
wrong: The term "Eureka "meaning "I have found it"in ancient Greek and famously uterred by Archimedes,and since then,scientists have exclamed the same word upon making important discoveries.
Right:The term "Eureka "meaning "I have found it"in ancient Greek ,was famously uterred by Archimedes,and since then,scientists have exclamed the same word upon making important discoveries

4.subdinators are another kinfd of connecting word.主从连词，连接主句和从句，run-on sentences也可以用主从连词解决，主从连词把一个句子变成从句来显示主句和从句的关系，保证句子和谐
5一个句子只有一个连词，在连接两个句子时需要注意句子的逻辑意思要合理清楚
since so 不能同时连用，although，yet不能同时用

6 coordinating conjunctions 并列连词 and nor but or yet so far but不能连接三个并列成分，只能连接两个
subordinators 从属连词 although becasuse before after since when if unless that though while
7.要注意主句后面的句子是一个真正的句子
标点符号
8.逗号是最常用的符号，不要用逗号+and去隔开有同一个主语的两个动词
wrong: Jack walked to school,and later ate his lunch.
Ringt: Jackl walked to school and later ate his lunch.
Right: Jack walked to school, and he later ate his lunch
9.分号连接两个想关的完整句子，两个叙述必须是独立的句子 prep: 两个不同层次却有联系的句子用semicolon连接是最合适的
Wrong:Jack and Lisa are inseperable;doing everything together
Right: Jack and Lisa are inseperable ;they do everything together
当发现两个句子有一个是从属于令一个的，要马上改正
Wrong:The dam has created dead zones;Fish have disappeared
Right: The dam has created dead zones,where fish have disappeared
10.连接副词并不是真正的连词，这时候要用分号去连接句子（however,therefore ,in addition)
wrong:Jack and Lisa are inseperable ,therefore,we never see them apart.
Right: Jack and Lisa are inseperable:therefore,we never see them apart.
11.分号可以去开本身就带逗号的部分
12.冒号用于对前一个句子的进一步解释或发展。冒号前的句子必须是完整的句子，冒号后的部分可以不独立成为一个句子。冒号前需要解释的部分与冒号后的部分要尽量地接近
What comes before the colon musr be able to stand alone as a sentence.
What comes after the colon does not have to be alble toi stand alone
Whatever meeds explanation should be placed as close to the colon as possible

14.量词
Rule 1 可数名词与不可数名词的区别
Rule 2 两件事物与三件或更多的事物之间的区别
Rule 3 the number 与a number of 或the numbers of
（1）the number of 是单数
（2） a number of 是复数
（3）the numbers of必错
（4）用numbers的时候要用greater than,不能用more than
Rule 4 increase，decrease和greater，less的区别

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-26 18:36
今天中午出去散了个步晒了个阳光就····不想干活了····惭愧

作者: abjure 时间: 2012-1-26 19:44

今天中午出去散了个步晒了个阳光就····不想干活了····惭愧

-- by 会员 Suri在奋斗 (2012/1/26 18:36:52)

这么快，就进入“退休生活”了！！加油

作者: 泾渭不凡 时间: 2012-1-26 21:17
O(∩_∩)O~噗嗤.........LS..........
Suri.....饭饭很期待苏里你的帖子更新呢~~~期待苏里进度激励呢~~~
O(∩_∩)O

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-26 22:18

今天中午出去散了个步晒了个阳光就····不想干活了····惭愧

-- by 会员 Suri在奋斗 (2012/1/26 18:36:52)

这么快，就进入“退休生活”了！！加油

-- by 会员 abjure (2012/1/26 19:44:06)

好的好的，俺只有18，不是老年人，继续开火~！！

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-26 22:19

O(∩_∩)O~噗嗤.........LS..........
Suri.....饭饭很期待苏里你的帖子更新呢~~~期待苏里进度激励呢~~~
O(∩_∩)O

-- by 会员泾渭不凡 (2012/1/26 21:17:19)

这么一说，俺的动力来啦来啦！！~~~~哇哈哈，一起努力加油哈！！！

作者: xeyyxzty 时间: 2012-1-26 22:34
话说你真的很有效率～～～～～～
加油！！！

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-26 22:41

话说你真的很有效率～～～～～～
加油！！！

-- by 会员 xeyyxzty (2012/1/26 22:34:15)

还是喜欢点开微博呀qq豆瓣呀，人人注销了，熊的坚持我很佩服呀~~千万专心，我待会得核对这第一个星期做的事情，目标还是有没达到~~加油加油！！

作者: xeyyxzty 时间: 2012-1-26 22:46

话说你真的很有效率～～～～～～
加油！！！

-- by 会员 xeyyxzty (2012/1/26 22:34:15)

还是喜欢点开微博呀qq豆瓣呀，人人注销了，熊的坚持我很佩服呀~~千万专心，我待会得核对这第一个星期做的事情，目标还是有没达到~~加油加油！！

-- by 会员 Suri在奋斗 (2012/1/26 22:41:23)

因为熊没效率呀～
纠结～
计划的完成进度太伤人了～
加油

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-26 22:54

我有点怕，自己的时间还是紧计划排的慢，真怕搞不好改时间了~~

话说你真的很有效率～～～～～～
加油！！！

-- by 会员 xeyyxzty (2012/1/26 22:34:15)

还是喜欢点开微博呀qq豆瓣呀，人人注销了，熊的坚持我很佩服呀~~千万专心，我待会得核对这第一个星期做的事情，目标还是有没达到~~加油加油！！

-- by 会员 Suri在奋斗 (2012/1/26 22:41:23)

因为熊没效率呀～
纠结～
计划的完成进度太伤人了～
加油

-- by 会员 xeyyxzty (2012/1/26 22:46:54)

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-26 23:06
得总结了，我的第一周，1.19——1.26
原计划：
1.19—1.26第一周——语法突破
OG12很细的一遍，其实以前做过后感觉是很熟悉的，每天做50道题整理30题左右，最后1-2天整体回顾一下。今天做了50题，速度还是不够，晚上得连夜整理出来，题目一次性做多了也不好，因为整理的速度还是有点慢，一次性做了100道的话，整理到100道的时候就又忘记了
明天50道到20号我的sc部分基本完成了，然后就是整理了。
看manhattan，今天一口气看了四章，以前整理过一本厚厚的笔记本这次就对照着自己的笔记本记忆
单词的话是第四遍做到了一个小时5个lists

如今······
og sc 完成
og12总结的确很细，可我只总结了50题，但收获蛮大，按bat的方法，看讨论帖，有时候我一个题弄一个小时，有时候我看讨论帖会看着就看去那些很早注册cd的前辈的主页去了···⊙﹏⊙b汗
manhattan我到了第十章，看自己以前的笔记一遍，再把笔记打到电脑上一是练打字速度二是强化记忆
单词还在背，有道词典不错，下了后，可以随时把生词查出来添加到记忆表里面定时复习
现在题目还有90倒要整理，就是明天的任务还要多一项出来

复习跟着电脑就会去玩微博豆瓣了，这点要克服，过年也快完了收心，还有生物钟要调，我是8点考，得7点起来呀！！！还有效率很重要，还有复习要注意身体健康，这几天在书房开着25度的空调穿着厚衣服，上火了，嘴唇都快成香肠嘴了，在喝降火药

今天看到很多g友给我的回复，很是感动很有动力~~！！

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-26 23:10
1.26至2.02第二周——语法提升 + 逻辑突破
语法：Prep笔记一遍，每天40-60题左右，计时做、计算正确率、看笔记和分析。
逻辑：OG12，计时做、计算正确率和分析。
时间允许我的bible看完，不过bible确实看的很头疼，那个扫描版的看的很燥，inner peace!!
数学先做og12，上新东方的时候我的排列基本没问题，高中整理过一本笔记本，但是质数公约数忘得一干二净，⊙﹏⊙b汗，不过十一月份一天在群里帮别人做了几道数学题又有了点小成就感

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-26 23:15
我计划先
7点起床，半个小时单词
8点，prep40道，计时做（我以前做过，时间就有点水），
9点——12点对答案分析
下午2点——og 12 cr ,50道，可能会要两个小时
4点——6点 og总结 10道估计
7点——9点 og总结 10道
9点——10点 bible
10点——11点 og 12 math
愿能执行下来！！谁叫上星期的东西拖到这个星期~~~

作者: 泾渭不凡 时间: 2012-1-26 23:29
嗯！Suri！加油!!

作者: babybearmm 时间: 2012-1-27 05:55
suri dd太有效率了~自愧不如

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-27 08:19

嗯！Suri！加油!!

-- by 会员泾渭不凡 (2012/1/26 23:29:44)

加油↖(^ω^)↗

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-27 08:20

suri dd太有效率了~自愧不如

-- by 会员 babybearmm (2012/1/27 5:55:49)

baby姐加油！~~~

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-27 09:22
40道题目45分钟，平均每道题是67.5秒，错了十道，正确率是75%，这40道题有好几道题是og上面的，虽然重新做以前的题目，但已经有好多一点印象木有，这说明了复习的时候千万不能间隔，三天不看手生，继续努力

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-27 21:51

刚才······我·····好不容易快把bible chapter 打完，结果手居然点了X,oh my god,没了没了没了

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-27 22:18
Chapter 2
我接着我还没有打完的来！！！！╮(╯▽╰)╭
10.A commonly used construction
One of the most frequently used constructions is to raise a viewpoint at the beginning of the stimulus and then disagree with it immediately thereafter
This efficiently raises two opposing views in a vey short paragraph.These stimulus are recognizable because they ofen begin with the phrase
Some people propose
Many people believe
Some argue that
Some critics claim

Formula
A number(some,many,etc)of people (critics,students,teachers,legislators,etc)believe(claim,propose,argue,etc)that
Although some people claim
It has been claimed that
Cigarette companies claim that

11.Truth VS Validity

12.Argument Analysis
Once you have detemined that an argument is present and you have identified the conclusion,you must determine if the argument is a good one or a bad one

Primary object3
If the stimulus contains an argument,determine whether the argument is strong or weak.

Note that the strength of this argument is based solely on the degree to which the premise prove the conclusion

13.Inferences and Assumptions
(1)In logic,an inferences can be defined as something that must be true
Thus,if you are asked to identify an inference of the argument,you must find an item that must be true based on the imformation presented in the argument
(2)an assumption is simply the same as an ynstated premise----what must be true inorder for the argument to be true
assumptions can ofen have a great effect on the validity of the agreement
3)the difference between inferences and assumptions is simple
An inference is what follows from an argument (in other words,a conclusion)whereas an assumption is what taken for granted while making an agrument .In one sense,an assumption occurs "before:the argument

12.read the fine print
Primary objective 4
Read closely and know precisely what the author said

14.scope

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-27 22:57
还是要集中精力，prep08做了对了答案，bible看了一张,cr没自信做了50道差不多，还有我的总结语法总结·····这时间紧了

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-28 00:24
og有时候的解释稍微清楚点行不行呀，╮(╯▽╰)╭

作者: 泾渭不凡 时间: 2012-1-28 02:36
善良好心滴姑娘，苏里加油~

作者: babybearmm 时间: 2012-1-28 07:47
我们看Bible的进度差不多啊~看你的总结真亲切
suri dd加油~

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-28 11:43

善良好心滴姑娘，苏里加油~

-- by 会员泾渭不凡 (2012/1/28 2:36:33)

饭饭也加油~~嘿嘿，我们一起讨论题目哈~~~！！！

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-28 11:59

我们看Bible的进度差不多啊~看你的总结真亲切
suri dd加油~

-- by 会员 babybearmm (2012/1/28 7:47:59)

本来昨天还愁到底看不看下去，发现时间不够嘛，姐姐这么说，我还是看~~逻辑og有一个中文翻译，我觉得看比看og答案好，有种逻辑链的感觉

作者: babybearmm 时间: 2012-1-28 12:47
我个人建议，真的，丢掉中文的吧，养成用英文进行逻辑思维的习惯。

因为很多英文词汇翻译成中文词汇，意思不贴切的。你看别人把OG翻译成中文的版本，必然就不是原汁原味。就像SC里面的什么"when compared to" (WRONG)，什么"so that"，"by which"，if/when的区别。
举个例子"because of"。中文可以说，例如，“因为gc党，我们有了新中国”，但你要翻译成"Because of the Rep Party, ...."，这在严格的GMAT逻辑上就是错的，GMAT认为"gc党"作为一个具体的事物，不能作为reason，而是"gc党干了什么什么”才能作为reason。你发现过GMAT的SC正确句子里面，because of后面的名词都是什么样子的吧？例如"negligence"，这算是所谓的action verb，用一个词概括了一个行为，而行为可以作为reason；例如"difficulty of ..."，这相当于用一个词difficulty来概括了"sth is difficult"这个意思，而这就能构成reason。另外有些名词如finding, result, rule等等也可以作为reason。
扯远了，反正我想说，建议直接上英文，不要想着做题的时候翻译成中文来理解。

我们看Bible的进度差不多啊~看你的总结真亲切
suri dd加油~

-- by 会员 babybearmm (2012/1/28 7:47:59)

本来昨天还愁到底看不看下去，发现时间不够嘛，姐姐这么说，我还是看~~逻辑og有一个中文翻译，我觉得看比看og答案好，有种逻辑链的感觉

-- by 会员 Suri在奋斗 (2012/1/28 11:59:01)

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-28 14:02

好的，我还是缺少一种仔细的精神，看姐姐回答语法版块的题目时候经常温习manhattan中的小点，还是惭愧，笔记坐在那儿是要经常翻经常回忆的呀，还需要改进，改进！！

我个人建议，真的，丢掉中文的吧，养成用英文进行逻辑思维的习惯。

因为很多英文词汇翻译成中文词汇，意思不贴切的。你看别人把OG翻译成中文的版本，必然就不是原汁原味。就像SC里面的什么"when compared to" (WRONG)，什么"so that"，"by which"，if/when的区别。
举个例子"because of"。中文可以说，例如，“因为gc党，我们有了新中国”，但你要翻译成"Because of the Rep Party, ...."，这在严格的GMAT逻辑上就是错的，GMAT认为"gc党"作为一个具体的事物，不能作为reason，而是"gc党干了什么什么”才能作为reason。你发现过GMAT的SC正确句子里面，because of后面的名词都是什么样子的吧？例如"negligence"，这算是所谓的action verb，用一个词概括了一个行为，而行为可以作为reason；例如"difficulty of ..."，这相当于用一个词difficulty来概括了"sth is difficult"这个意思，而这就能构成reason。另外有些名词如finding, result, rule等等也可以作为reason。
扯远了，反正我想说，建议直接上英文，不要想着做题的时候翻译成中文来理解。

我们看Bible的进度差不多啊~看你的总结真亲切
suri dd加油~

-- by 会员 babybearmm (2012/1/28 7:47:59)

本来昨天还愁到底看不看下去，发现时间不够嘛，姐姐这么说，我还是看~~逻辑og有一个中文翻译，我觉得看比看og答案好，有种逻辑链的感觉

-- by 会员 Suri在奋斗 (2012/1/28 11:59:01)

-- by 会员 babybearmm (2012/1/28 12:47:20)

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-28 21:56
bible真的很细，建议边看边结合着前辈的总结看，这样有选择性取舍哪些重要

作者: xeyyxzty 时间: 2012-1-28 22:06
Suri加油~

我当时看BIBLE真是囫囵吞枣~

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-28 22:23
Chapter 3 the question stem and answer choice

1.the question stem----gmat question stems cover a range of tasks ,and will variously ask you to
identify details of the stimulus
describe the structure of the agreement
strengthen or weaken the argument
identify inferences ,main point,and assumptions
recognize errors of reasoning
reconcile conflicts
find argument that are identical and in structure

Primary Object 5:Carefully read and identify the question stem .Do not assume that certain words are automatically associated with certain question type

2.Question Types
1.must be true 6.weaken
2.main point 7.method of reasoning
3.assumptions 8.flaw in the reasoning
4.strengthen 9.parallel reasoning
5.Resolve the paradox 10.evaluate the argument

The most popular question types are weaken ,must be true ,assumption.strengthen,and resolve

3.Three families

All question types are variations of three main point question families,and each family is comprised of question types that are similar to each other

Family #1: Prove Stimulus→ Answer Choice Type: 1, 2, 7, 8, 9
Family #2: Help Answer Choice→ Stimulus Type: 3, 4, 5
Family #3: Hurt Answer Choice→ Stimulus Type: 6

the first family
1. You must accept the stimulus information- even if it contains an error of reasoning- and use it to prove that one of the answer choices must be true.
2. Any information in an answer choice that does not appear either directly in the stimulus or as a combination of items in the stimulus will be incorrect.
P.s. Often we see in question stem “The information above, if true, …”

the second family
1. The information in the stimulus is suspect. There are often reasoning errors present, and depending on the question, you will help shore up the argument in some way.
2. The answer choices are accepted as given, even if they include “new” information. Your task is to determine which answer choice best meets the question posed in the stem.
P.s. Often, we see in question stem “Which of the following, if true, … ”

the third family
1. The information in the stimulus is suspect. There are often reasoning error present, and you will further weaken the argument in some way.
2. The answer choices are accepted as given, even if they include “new” information. Your task is to determine which answer choice best attacks the argument in the stimulus.

In very rough terms,the part at the start of the arrow is taken for granted and the part at the end of the arrow is under suspiciou.

4.Question type notes
(1)Must be true and resolve the paradox questions的题干通常不包括结论
(2)weaken and strengthen are polar opposite question types and both are often based on flawed or weak argument that contains holes that must be closed or opended further
(3）Main point ,method of resolving ,flow in the reasoning ,parallel reasoning and evaluate the argument appear the least frequntly on gmat

5.most question
even though most will appear in many stems ,you can rest assured that only one answer choice will meet the criteria

6.“Except” & “Least” in Question Stems
“Except” here does not mean polar opposite. “Except” means “other than”, when a “weaken EXCEPT” question stem appears, you are asked to find any answer choice other than weaken. (Could strengthen the argument or simply have no effect on the argument.)
对于except, least, most这类题，一般可以认为正确选项是没有满足加强或减弱结论的要求，换句话说，也就是不需要从正确的程度上来选择。
E.g. which of the following, if true, most strengthen the conclusion, EXCEPT?
考虑答案时，我们直接选择没有strengthen conclusion的那一项即可，而不需要看选项支持的程度。GMAC选择用MOST,LEAST这些词语，只是为了避免选项引起的争议。

The word “least” has a similar effect to “except”, when it appears in a question stem
weaken/strengthen X

7.GMAT里面的logical opposite 不同于我们日常中的polar opposite,例如 wet 在GMAC里的logical opposite 不是dry,而应该是not wet.还有几个比较常用的：all---not all; some---none; always—not always; sometimes---never; everywhere—not everywhere; somewhere--nowhere；only one(exactly one)---none(more than once)

Objective6: Prephase: After reading the question stem, take a moment to mentally formulate your answer to the question stem.

Objective7: Always read each of the five answer choices.
Objective8: Separate the answer choices into Contenders and Losers. After completing this process, review the Contenders and decide which answer is the correct one.
Objective9: If all five answer choices appear to be Losers, return to the stimulus and re-evaluate the argument.

结合了daisy和bat总结的~~

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-28 22:31

Suri加油~

我当时看BIBLE真是囫囵吞枣~

-- by 会员 xeyyxzty (2012/1/28 22:06:57)

我也在囫囵吞枣捏，我觉得bible是仔细的太多鸟，有些primary object一句话就能说清楚啦，还一整段话来说，我就基本跳过，看最核心，接下来几章就是，结合着daisy和bat NN 总结的那份~~

加油！！

作者: babybearmm 时间: 2012-1-29 07:12
有道理~~你的整理很赞啊，哎，我太懒了

bible真的很细，建议边看边结合着前辈的总结看，这样有选择性取舍哪些重要

-- by 会员 Suri在奋斗 (2012/1/28 21:56:39)

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-29 09:51

有道理~~你的整理很赞啊，哎，我太懒了

bible真的很细，建议边看边结合着前辈的总结看，这样有选择性取舍哪些重要

-- by 会员 Suri在奋斗 (2012/1/28 21:56:39)

-- by 会员 babybearmm (2012/1/29 7:12:46)

baby姐做的很好哇~~时间充裕，俺好多东西木有时间看鸟~~~加油~！！

作者: miss绿光 时间: 2012-1-29 11:14
SURI已经报了考试了么~？
另外，按照你的schedule应该要开始小安了吧~你用的教材是啥？我阅读不好~多交流交流哈啊~

作者: miss绿光 时间: 2012-1-29 11:16
那我回来也看下BIBLE吧~嘻嘻~ps，很多人都推荐sdcar2010大神的帖子哦~逻辑置顶处有滴~感觉SURI很厉害呢~鼓励个~

作者: miss绿光 时间: 2012-1-29 11:17
我有点不好意思刷屏啊………… 不过SURI真心是效率姐~~

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-29 11:19

SURI已经报了考试了么~？
另外，按照你的schedule应该要开始小安了吧~你用的教材是啥？我阅读不好~多交流交流哈啊~

-- by 会员 miss绿光 (2012/1/29 11:14:47)

我报鸟2月29，只不过我现在刚是第二周的逻辑，嘿嘿，小安是下个星期~~我的阅读也不好哇，我现在在背单词，看一个前辈说，单词句子是阅读基础，《杨鹏长难句》很好用，每天看十句到二十句，一个小时是好，还有小分队的训练，总忘记了，每天的计划安排的很满，做完发现就没时间做其他的。阅读多交流哈，加油~~！！

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-29 11:24

那我回来也看下BIBLE吧~嘻嘻~ps，很多人都推荐sdcar2010大神的帖子哦~逻辑置顶处有滴~感觉SURI很厉害呢~鼓励个~

-- by 会员 miss绿光 (2012/1/29 11:16:47)

大神的帖子我看过一章，然后我做附带的题目时候就泪崩了，好难我看不懂，所以我就看bible呢，但bible讲的很细好懂建议多看看前人总结咯~~我现在觉得语法总结og进步很大，但是，逻辑刚开始还是有点下不了手，阅读什么的还没开始，只希望每天的时间能够充分利用，我的计划也有点满，自己木有完全达成，还需要提高效率~~加油！~~绿光mm，O(∩_∩)O~

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-29 11:26

我有点不好意思刷屏啊………… 不过SURI真心是效率姐~~

-- by 会员 miss绿光 (2012/1/29 11:17:58)

进度是尽量赶上来啦，但我还有上星期的任务没有做，我现在在家每天的事情是看g鸟，咱们好好珍惜全力复习g的日子，真的好宝贵~！！

作者: miss绿光 时间: 2012-1-29 11:59
说的句句在理~~干吧得！

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-29 12:24

说的句句在理~~干吧得！

-- by 会员 miss绿光 (2012/1/29 11:59:30)

刚背了下单词，去看bible的，加油~！！！

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-29 13:29
换裤了，我赶脚着····膝盖中了一箭···············

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-29 15:23
Chapter 4 .Must be true Questions
1.must be true questions
Do not bring in imformation from outside the stimulus(aside from commensense assumptions),all of the imformation necessary to the answer question resides in the stimulus.The correct answer to a Must Be True question can always be proven by referring to the facts sated in the stimulus.

2.question stem formats

“If the statements above are true, which one of the following must also be true?”

“If the information above is correct, which one of the following conclusions can be properly drawn on the basis of it?”

“The statements above, if true, most strongly support which one of the following?”

“Which one of the following can be properly inferred from the passage?”

“Which one of the following is most strongly supported by the information above?”

you must lock down on the understanding required of this question category:
what did you read in the stimulus and what do you know on the basis of the reading

3.Primary Object 4:Read closely and know precisely what the author said

4.Modifier words should be revisited
Words like some and many encompass many different possibilities and are broad scope indicators
Words likemust and none indicate a narrow scope

Highly Attention: Numbers & Percentage, Probability Indicators, Modifier Words (Differences between “many, all, entirely, most, etc.”)

5.correct answers in Must be true questions reviewed
(1)Prephased Answers
Paraphrased Answers are answers that restate a portion of the stimulus in different terms. Because the language is not exactly the same as in the stimulus, Paraphrased Answers can be easy to miss. Paraphrased Answers are designed to test your ability to discern the author’s exact meaning. Sometimes the answer can appear to be almost too obvious since it is drawn directly from the stimulus.
(2) Answers that are the sum of two or more stimulus statement (Combination Answers)
Any answer choice that would result from combining two or more statements in the stimulus will be correct.

6.Incorrect answers in Must be true questions
1)Could be True or Likely to be True Answers
These answers are attractive because there is nothing demonstrably wrong within them(For example,they don't contain statement that are counter to the stimulus). Regardless, like all incorrect answers, these answers fail the Fact Test.

2) Exaggerated Answers
Exaggerated Answers take information from the stimulus and then stretch that information to make a broaden statement that is not supported by the stimulus.

3)“New” Information Answers
New Information Answers include information not explicitly mentioned in the stimulus. Be careful with these answers, because sometimes they may be correct:

First, examine the scope of the argument to make sure the “new” information does not fall within the sphere of a term or concept in the stimulus.
Second, examine the answer to make sure it is not the consequence of combining stimulus elements.

4)The Shell Game
An idea or concept is raised in the stimulus, and then a very similar idea appears in the answer choice, but the idea is changed just enough to be incorrect but still attractive.
感觉像高考语文社科文阅读中常讲的“偷换概念”，bible上的那个pin题目就做错了

5)The Opposite Answer
The Opposite Answer provides an answer that is completely opposite of the stated facts of the stimulus.

6)The Reverse Answer
The Reverse Answer is attractive because it contains familiar elements from the stimulus, but the reversed statement is incorrect because it rearranges those elements to create a new, unsupported statement.
E.g.
Stimulus:Many people have some type of security system in their homes.
Reverse Answer: Some people have many types of security system in their homes.

7.stimulus VS assertions
Stimulus里面通篇全是引述的别人的话 "Some environmentalists said ...... Many environmentalists thought ...."（大概这样），然后有两个选项都是直接陈述观点（类似"people should protect natural resources because blabla"），说这种就必然错误，因为Stimulus里面仅仅是引述别人观点，没有说这是真理。这题正确答案提到了"environmentalists"
(谢谢baby姐姐指出~~~！！）

注意事项
1. 预判
2. 必要的时候回读,不是重新读
3. 正确答案一般是1.原文意思的重复或者是2.内容的组合. Must pass the fact test.
4. 注意答案和题干中包含opinion还是fact set, 用以排除答案,相关性.

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-29 17:31
Chapter 5 main point
1.Main point questions
(1)main point questions appear frequently in Gmat RC,and therefore a discussion of this question type will benifit you when you face reading RC
(2)like all must be true question variants the correct answer must pass the fact test,but with additional criterion that the correct answer choice must capture the author's point
(3)the correct answer choice to those problems will be rephrasing of the main conclusion of the argument

2.question stems
? The main point of the argument above is that
? Which one of the following most accurately expresses the editor’s conclusion?
? Which of the following best summarizes the conclusion of the argument?
? The author hopes to prove which of the following?
? The argument seems to lead up to which of the following?
? Which of the following is the author’s main point?

3.two incorrect answer types
(1)answers that are true but do not encapsilate the author's point
(2)answers that repeat premises of the argument

4.paraphrased answers are always correct in must be true questions.Answers that paraphrase the conclusions are correcrt in the main point questions

5.the lesson learned from this particular problem is that you must isolate the conclusion and then look for a paraphrase of that conclusion

6.Many Main Point question stimuli avoid using traditional conclusion indicators and this lack of argument indicator “guideposts” makes your task more challenging.
Remember, if you are struggling to identify the conclusion in an argument, you can always use the methodology discussed.

Conclusion Identification Method:
Take the statements under consideration for the conclusion and place them in an arrangement that forces one to be the conclusion and the other(s) to be the premise(s). Use premise and conclusion indicators to achieve this end. Once the pieces are arranged, determine if the arrangement makes logical sense. If so, you have made the correct identification. If not, reverse the arrangement and examine the relationship again. Continue until you find an arrangement that is logical.

作者: 泾渭不凡 时间: 2012-1-29 19:03
苏里亲~加油~至少没中枪~我们继续努力~

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-29 19:10

苏里亲~加油~至少没中枪~我们继续努力~

-- by 会员泾渭不凡 (2012/1/29 19:03:32)

好滴，不管鸟~~！好好复习捏~~！！

作者: babybearmm 时间: 2012-1-29 22:20
Suri的bible进度超过我了啊~~加油

看你的总结真好......关于 Must Be True, 补充两点在例题的分析思路里面提到的：（也许对你来说too obvious to be noted?）

1.（这是原话哦） From a pure logic standpoint, "many" can include "all".
2.就是有道例题，Stimulus里面通篇全是引述的别人的话 "Some environmentalists said ...... Many environmentalists thought ...."（大概这样），然后有两个选项都是直接陈述观点（类似"people should protect natural resources because blabla"），说这种就必然错误，因为Stimulus里面仅仅是引述别人观点，没有说这是真理。这题正确答案提到了"environmentalists"

---刚发现你最后总结里说到了判断fact set 还是opinion....

作者: abjure 时间: 2012-1-29 22:20
是啊。。二月xdjm冲

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-29 23:48

哇哦，是有的段落我省略过去里面还有东西，谢谢baby姐姐，今天我上语法版块看呀，姐姐今天貌似木有回答语法问题，本想再跟着你一起讨论~~~！！嘿嘿

Suri的bible进度超过我了啊~~加油

看你的总结真好......关于 Must Be True, 补充两点在例题的分析思路里面提到的：（也许对你来说too obvious to be noted?）

1.（这是原话哦） From a pure logic standpoint, "many" can include "all".
2.就是有道例题，Stimulus里面通篇全是引述的别人的话 "Some environmentalists said ...... Many environmentalists thought ...."（大概这样），然后有两个选项都是直接陈述观点（类似"people should protect natural resources because blabla"），说这种就必然错误，因为Stimulus里面仅仅是引述别人观点，没有说这是真理。这题正确答案提到了"environmentalists"

---刚发现你最后总结里说到了判断fact set 还是opinion....

-- by 会员 babybearmm (2012/1/29 22:20:02)

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-29 23:49

是啊。。二月xdjm冲

-- by 会员 abjure (2012/1/29 22:20:32)

冲~~2.22~~!!

作者: babybearmm 时间: 2012-1-30 01:06
昨天没怎么学习-_-
欢迎讨论咯咯

-- by 会员 Suri在奋斗 (2012/1/29 23:48:42)

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-30 12:04

昨天没怎么学习-_-
欢迎讨论咯咯

-- by 会员 Suri在奋斗 (2012/1/29 23:48:42)

-- by 会员 babybearmm (2012/1/30 1:06:15)

ok~~!!

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-30 12:38
现在复习逻辑有种举步维艰的感觉，好想没有复习语法那么令人满意，看着og的题目不是很想做，现在去看bible，时间越发觉得紧···好紧···

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-30 18:05
Chapter 6.weaken questions
1.weaken queations

(1) The stimulus will contain an argument. Because you are asked to weaken the author’s reasoning, and reasoning requires a conclusion, an argument will always be present. In order to maximize your chances of success, you must identify, isolate, and assess the premises and the conclusion of the argument. Only by understanding the structure of the argument can you gain the perspective necessary to attack the author’s position.
(2)Focus on the conclusion. Almost all correct Weaken answer choices impact the conclusion. The more you know about the specifics of the conclusion, the better armed you will be to differentiate between correct and incorrect answers.
(3)The information in the stimulus is suspect. There are often reasoning errors present, and you must read the argument very carefully.
(4)Weaken questions often yield strong prephases. Be sure to actively consider the range of possible answers before proceeding to the answer choices.
(5) The answer choices are accepted as given, even if they include “new” information. Unlike Must be True Questions, Weaken answer choices can bring into consideration information outside of or tangential to the stimulus. Just because a fact or idea is not mentioned in the stimulus is not grounds for dismissing an answer choice. Your primary task is to determine which answer choice best attacks the argument in the stimulus.

2.Weaken question stems typically contain the following two features
1)the stem uses the word"weaken "or a synonym
weaken/attack/undermine/refute/argue against/call into question/cast doubt /challenge/damage/counter

2)the stem indicates you should accept the answer choices as true

3.How to weaken an argument
The key to weakening a gmat argument is to attack the conclusion.You don't need to find an answer that destroys the author's position.Instead,simply find an answer that hurts the argument.

(1)the premise
In practice,almost all correct gmat weaken question answers leave the premise untouched.
几乎所有weaken的题，正确答案都不是weaken premises,因为这样太显而易见，而是weaken conclusions。Weaken conclusions也不是一定要否定，而是有可能结论不够严密不够完善，从已知推出结论有漏洞，所以weaken一般从这些漏洞着手去质疑结论的validity.
(2)The conclusion
The correct answer will undermine the conclusion by showing that the conclusion fails to account for some elements or possibility
(3)answers that weaken the argument's conclusion will attack assumptions made by the author
(4) The stimuli for weaken questions contain errors of assumption.Answers that weaken the argument’s conclusion will attack assumptions made by the author. Typically, the author will fail to consider other possibilities or leave out a key piece of information
In this case,the author assumes that these elements don't exit when he or she makes the conclusion,and if you see a gap or hole in the argument immediately consider that the correct answer might attack this hole.
(5As you consider possible answers,always look for the one that attacks the way the author arrived at the conclusion.Don't woory about the premise and instead focus on the effect the answer has on the conclusion

The second key to weakening argument is to personalize the argument

4.Common Weakening Scenarios
(1)Incomplete Information
The author fails to consider all of the possibilities, or relies upon evidence that is incomplete. This flaw can be attacked by bringing up new possibilities or information.

(2)Improper Comparison
The author attempts to compare two or more items that are essentially different.

(3)Qualified Conclusion
The author qualifies or limits the conclusion in such a way as to leave the argument open to attack.

5.Three Incorrect answer traps
(1)Opposite Answers
In this case ,they strengthen the arguments as oposed to weakening it
Opposite answers lures the test taker by presenting information that relates perfectly to the argument,but just in the wrong manner
(2)Shell Game answers
In weaken questions ,the shell game is usually used to attack a conclusion that is similar to,but slightly different from,the one presented in the stinulus
If they ask you about “School dropouts”, never choose the answer concerning “School graduates”. Likewise, if they ask you about “塑料怎么会让动物窒息”, never choose the answer concerning “动物吃了塑料会中毒” (Meet and recite words.)
(3)Out of the scope answes
无关
6.

Weaken Questions

Family 3: Answer Choice → Stimulus

(1) Primary Objective

Carefully read the stimulus, find the argument, and pay attention to the conclusion.

Focus on the conclusion (The specifics of the conclusion), and use the arrow to draw the line of reasoning

Prephase the stimulus by finding the GAP: Actively involved in every question

Accept the answers as the way they are given, even if they include “new” information. Choose the answer that may force the author to make response towards your answer choice.

(2)Types of questions

Premise & Conclusion (No cause& effect reasoning)

Find the answer choice that directly weakens the conclusion. (The answer choice may not be principles but counterexamples.)

Premise→Conclusion (Cause and Effect Reasoning)

Use the arrow to diagram the line of reasoning. Use the prephased answer to find the exact correct answer.

（3）Typical ways to attack a Causal Conclusion

A) Find an alternate cause for the stated effect

B) Show that even when the cause occurs, the effect does not occur (Counterexamples)

C) Show that although the effect occurs, the cause did not occur (Counterexamples)

D) Show that the stated relationship is reversed

E) Show that a statistical problem exists with the data used to make the causal statement

(4)Final Notes

Carefully read the stimulus and answer choices. Pay attention to the specifics of the conclusion, and classify answer choices to Contenders and Losers

Prephase answer. If the stimulus contains cause and effect reasoning, use the arrow to draw it.

Try to figure out the underline principles in every example that exists as an answer choice. Do not generalize.

Be confident to yourself and pay attention to time limit.

A) Find an alternate cause for the stated effect

B) Show that even when the cause occurs, the effect does not occur (Counterexamples)

C) Show that although the effect occurs, the cause did not occur (Counterexamples)

D) Show that the stated relationship is reversed

E) Show that a statistical problem exists with the data used to make the causal statement

(4)Final Notes

Carefully read the stimulus and answer choices. Pay attention to the specifics of the conclusion, and classify answer choices to Contenders and Losers

Prephase answer. If the stimulus contains cause and effect reasoning, use the arrow to draw it.

Try to figure out the underline principles in every example that exists as an answer choice. Do not generalize.

Be confident to yourself and pay attention to time limit.

B) Show that even when the cause occurs, the effect does not occur (Counterexamples)

C) Show that although the effect occurs, the cause did not occur (Counterexamples)

D) Show that the stated relationship is reversed

E) Show that a statistical problem exists with the data used to make the causal statement

lawyer
WEAKEN
看原文：找出结论和推出该结论的前提。特别注意结论的特殊性和具体性。
找答案：用结论的具体性去区分有关无关，并结合TEST。对于特殊类，先预测出答案，用此预测去找答案
TEST：问自己，是否该答案使作者再考虑他的观点或迫使作者做出反应或原文该前提能证明该结论吗。

几种特殊类型：
(1)原文前提和结论关系不密切：正确选项直接WEAKEN结论
(2)因果型结论：即原文给出两件事，然后得出结论说是一件事（因）导致另一件事（果）。WEAKEN该结论的方法包括：A是其他原因或可能导致该结果（find a alternate cause for the stated effect) B.割断因果：或有因无果或有果无因(show that even when the cause occurs,the effect doesn't occur or show that although the effect occurs,the cause doesn't occur)C。因果颠倒了(show that the stated relationship is reversed)。D显示因果关系的资料不准确(show that a stastistical problem exits with the data used to make the causal statement)
(3)条件型结论：结论带条件（即为充分必要）。WEAKEN的方法显示充分条件成立，必要条件可以不成立。或举反例，或提供有关信息。
(4)原文是类比：WEAKEN方式为两者本质不同
(5)调查：有效性受怀疑（被调查的没代表性等）

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-30 18:39
Chapter 7 Cause and Effect Reasoning
1.What is causality?

2.How to Recognize Causality
The following terms often introduce a cause and effect relationship
caused by/because of/responcible for/reason for/leads to/induced by/promoted by/determined by/produced by/product of/played a role in/was a factor in/is an effect of

3.Causality in the conclusions VS Casuality in the premise
2. Causality in the Conclusion versus Causality in the Premises
Casual statements can be found in the premises or conclusion of an argument. If the causal statement is the conclusion, then the reasoning is flawed. If the causal statement is the premise, then the argument may be flawed, but not because of the causal statement.

This is an argument with a causal conclusion:
Premise: In North America, people drink a lot of milk
Premise: There is a high frequency of cancer in North America
Conclusion: Therefore, drinking milk causes cancer

If a causal claim is made in the premises, however, then no causal reasoning error exists in the argument. (Of course, the argument may be flawed in other ways.) As mentioned previously, the makers of the GMAT tend to allow premises to go unchallenged and it is considered acceptable for an author to begin his argument by stating a causal relationship and then continuing from there:

Premise: Drinking milk causes cancer
Premise: The residents of North America drink a lot of milk
Conclusion: Therefore, in North America there is a high frequency of cancer among the residents

4.Situations that can lead to errors of casuality
One event occurs before another
Two (or more) events occur at the same time
There are many other possibilities for the argument: the two events could be caused by a third event
The events could be reversed
There may be situations where the two events don't occur together

5.The central assumptions of casual conclutions
When a gmat speaker concludes that one occurance caused another,that speaker also assumes that the stated cause is the only possible cause of the effect and that consequently the stated cause will always produce the effect.

6.How to attack a causal conclusion
Find an alternate cause for the stated effect
Because the author believes that there is only one cause, identifying another cause weakens the conclusion.

Show that even when the cause occurs, the effect does not occur
This type of answer often appears in the form of counterexample. Because the author believes that the cause always produces the effect, any scenario where the cause occurs and the effect does not weakens the conclusion.

Show that although the effect occurs, the cause did not occur
This type of answer often appears in the form of counterexample. Because the author believes that the effect is always produced by the same cause, any scenario where the effect occurs and the cause does not weakens the argument.

Show that the stated relationship is reversed
Because the author believes that the cause and effect relationship is correctly stated, showing that the relationship is backwards undermines the conclusion.

Show that a statistical problem exists with the data used to make the causal statement.

补充: Conditional Reasoning
(Conditional Reasoning在LSAT Logical Reasoning中提及，但没有在GMAT Critical Reasoning中被提及)
Conditional Reasoning Review
A sufficient condition can be defined as an event or circumstance whose occurrence indicates that a necessary condition must also occur.
A necessary condition can be defined as an event or circumstance whose occurrence is required in order for a sufficient condition to occur.

To introduce a sufficient condition: To introduce a necessary condition:
If Then
When Only
Whenever Only if
Every Must
All Required
Any Unless
People who Except
In order to Until
Without

Weakening Conditional Reasoning
As proven by the discussion of the previous problem, there is a simple rule for weakening a conditional conclusion:
To weaken a conditional conclusion, attack the necessary condition by showing that the necessary condition does not need to occur in order for the sufficient condition to occur.
This can be achieved by presenting a counterexample or by presenting information that shows that the sufficient condition can occur without the necessary condition.
This leads to another Classic Combination:
When you have conditional reasoning in the stimulus and a Weaken question, immediately look for an answer that attacks the necessary condition.
引申:
Lawyer的条件型结论：结论带条件（即为充分必要）。WEAKEN的方法显示充分条件成立，必要条件可以不成立。或举反例，或提供有关信息。
解释：
就是要为充分条件找到成立的另一理由，即使没有必要条件，充分条件也可以成立。但是不要倒置了。很多迷惑项是weaken充分条件。题目要weaken的是B?A，如果我们weaken了A?B ，那完全不起作用。

不是很懂这个充分必要，看的饶死了

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-30 19:44
lawyer的高度总结其实挺好的，看完bible，去看看lawyer的总结印象更深刻

作者: miss绿光 时间: 2012-1-30 20:27
是的~但是lawyer过于简单与生涩，要是一上来的话还是会有障碍的~我总是觉得逻辑就是阅读问题~看懂了很难再错了~
继续加油把亲！

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-30 20:35

是的~但是lawyer过于简单与生涩，要是一上来的话还是会有障碍的~我总是觉得逻辑就是阅读问题~看懂了很难再错了~
继续加油把亲！

-- by 会员 miss绿光 (2012/1/30 20:27:18)

下周就是rc啦，时间越紧也越觉得紧张啦，加油加油~~！！

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-31 00:19
哎，看群里面热火朝天讨论数学阅读jj，两项都没有开始的人压力真的很大很大

作者: miss绿光 时间: 2012-1-31 00:27

哎，看群里面热火朝天讨论数学阅读jj，两项都没有开始的人压力真的很大很大

-- by 会员 Suri在奋斗 (2012/1/31 0:19:48)

大二的孩纸数学JJ晚些看没有关系，而且晚些有讨论稿和无重复版本的整理，我喜欢看那些~原始的太乱~
阅读JJ反正提前一周多些看就够，太早了版本少，太晚了真心多！可以先看那些有确认考古和原文的，这些的版本多少就不影响理解了~都应该是比较充分的了~

作者: Suri在奋斗 时间: 2012-1-31 00:31

哎，看群里面热火朝天讨论数学阅读jj，两项都没有开始的人压力真的很大很大

-- by 会员 Suri在奋斗 (2012/1/31 0:19:48)

-- by 会员 miss绿光 (2012/1/31 0:27:03)

谢谢绿光姐姐鸟~~哎，心里还是怕，都一起加油加油~！！！

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