ChaseDream
标题: 【每日逻辑练习第二季】【2-12】 [打印本页]
作者: UlysessHope 时间: 2011-12-20 20:11
标题: 【每日逻辑练习第二季】【2-12】
【精练】
3. Columnist: Almost anyone can be an expert, for
there are no official guidelines determining
what an expert must know. Anybody who
manages to convince some people of his or her
qualifications in an area—whatever those may
be—is an expert.
The columnist’s conclusion follows logically if
which one of the following is assumed?
(A) Almost anyone can convince some people of
his or her qualifications in some area.
(B) Some experts convince everyone of their
qualifications in almost every area.
(C) Convincing certain people that one is qualified
in an area requires that one actually be
qualified in that area.
(D) Every expert has convinced some people of his
or her qualifications in some area.
(E) Some people manage to convince almost
everyone of their qualifications in one or
more areas.
【逻辑链】
53.(33471-!-item-!-188;#058&007576)
Unlike the wholesale price of raw wool, the wholesale price of raw cotton has fallen considerably in the last year. Thus, although the retail price of cotton clothing at retail clothing stores has not yet fallen, it will inevitably fall.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?
(A) The cost of processing raw cotton for cloth has increased during the last year.
(B) The wholesale price of raw wool is typically higher than that of the same volume of raw cotton.
(C) The operating costs of the average retail clothing store have remained constant during the last year.
(D) Changes in retail prices always lag behind changes in wholesale prices.
(E) The cost of harvesting raw cotton has increased in the last year.
54.(33519-!-item-!-188;#058&007577)
The pharmaceutical industry argues that because new drugs will not be developed unless heavy development costs can be recouped in later sales, the current 20 years of protection provided by patents should be extended in the case of newly developed drugs. However, in other industries new-product development continues despite high development costs, a fact that indicates that the extension is unnecessary.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the pharmaceutical industry's argument against the challenge made above?
(A) No industries other than the pharmaceutical industry have asked for an extension of the 20-year limit on patent protection.
(B) Clinical trials of new drugs, which occur after the patent is granted and before the new drug can be marketed, often now take as long as 10 years to complete.
(C) There are several industries in which the ratio of research and development costs to revenues is higher than it is in the pharmaceutical industry.
(D) An existing patent for a drug does not legally prevent pharmaceutical companies from bringing to market alternative drugs, provided they are sufficiently dissimilar to the patented drug.
(E) Much recent industrial innovation has occurred in products--example, in the computer and electronics industries--which patent protection is often very ineffective.
55.(33567-!-item-!-188;#058&007582)
The cotton farms of Country Q became so productive that the market could not absorb all that they produced. Consequently, cotton prices fell. The government tried to boost cotton prices by offering farmers who took 25 percent of their cotton acreage out of production direct support payments up to a specified maximum per farm.
The government's program, if successful, will not be a net burden on the budget. Which of the following, if true, is the best basis for an explanation of how this could be so?
(A) Depressed cotton prices meant operating losses for cotton farms, and the government lost revenue from taxes on farm profits.
(B) Cotton production in several countries other than Q declined slightly the year that the support-payment program went into effect in Q.
(C) The first year that the support-payment program was in effect, cotton acreage in Q was 5% below its level in the base year for the program.
(D) The specified maximum per farm meant that for very large cotton farms the support payments were less per acre for those acres that were withdrawn from production than they were for smaller farms.
(E) Farmers who wished to qualify for support payments could not use the cotton acreage that was withdrawn from production to grow any other crop.
56.(33615-!-item-!-188;#058&007586)
Robot satellites relay important communications and identify weather patterns. Because the satellites can be repaired only in orbit, astronauts are needed to repair them. Without repairs, the satellites would eventually malfunction. Therefore, space flights carrying astronauts must continue.
Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the argument above?
(A) Satellites falling from orbit because of malfunctions burn up in the atmosphere.
(B) Although satellites are indispensable in the identification of weather patterns, weather forecasters also make some use of computer projections to identify weather patterns.
(C) The government, responding to public pressure, has decided to cut the budget for space flights and put more money into social welfare programs.
(D) Repair of satellites requires heavy equipment, which adds to the amount of fuel needed to lift a spaceship carrying astronauts into orbit.
(E) Technical obsolescence of robot satellites makes repairing them more costly and less practical than sending new, improved satellites into orbit.
作者: UlysessHope 时间: 2011-12-20 20:12
KEY：ABAE
bible精解
[attachimg=792,562]94559[/attachimg][attachimg=742,196]94560[/attachimg]
作者: daisyの小夢想 时间: 2011-12-20 23:30
hopehope回归了呵^^
这么快第二季也快走过两个系列了，看到qiuhua. wing. 风无衣(名字很cool). zz. ugly(名字也很cool). 熊熊. 南瓜等等朋友加入到第二季的大家庭中真开心。
说点公告：
1. 我们的balapupu三个多月来一直为大家更新练习，现在开始忙申请，所以光荣“退役”了，感谢亲爱的pupu。
大家谁愿意接上pupu的棒发扬小分队精神更新每日练习的 欢迎回复我哈。
2. 勤奋练习的筒子可以加入CR小分队的Q群：191147967，欢迎。
最后，预祝大家圣诞节快乐，期末考的加油，工作的给力，RP up up up~
作者: fox0923 时间: 2011-12-21 02:20
hopehope回归了呵^^
这么快第二季也快走过两个系列了，看到qiuhua. wing. 风无衣(名字很cool). zz. ugly(名字也很cool). 熊熊. 南瓜等等朋友加入到第二季的大家庭中真开心。
说点公告：
1. 我们的balapupu三个多月来一直为大家更新练习，现在开始忙申请，所以光荣“退役”了，感谢亲爱的pupu。
大家谁愿意接上pupu的棒发扬小分队精神更新每日练习的 欢迎回复我哈。
2. 勤奋练习的筒子可以加入CR小分队的Q群：191147967，欢迎。
最后，预祝大家圣诞节快乐，期末考的加油，工作的给力，RP up up up~
-- by 会员 daisyの小夢想 (2011/12/20 23:30:12)
拉客户去~~
作者: zz42050524 时间: 2011-12-21 08:47
2011/12/21 assumption 29s
There are no guidelines determining what an expert must know. Anybody who convinces some people of his or her qualifications in an area maybe is an expert.
Anyone can be an expert.
Pre: 这里有个gap就是 Anybody who。。这个限制和 anyone can 之间，需要assumption来解释
(A) Almost anyone can convince some people of The answer.
his or her qualifications in some area.
(B) Some experts convince everyone of their irrelevant
qualifications in almost every area.
(C) Convincing certain people that one is qualified 和结论无关
in an area requires that one actually be
qualified in that area.
(D) Every expert has convinced some people of his 文中已经提到的意思，不是assumpiton
or her qualifications in some area.
(E) Some people manage to convince almost some people 和后面 convince almost everyone
everyone of their qualifications in one or 都不是文中讨论的对象
more areas.
作者: fox0923 时间: 2011-12-22 01:51
精练------------------20s---------------------conclusion
P: As long as people can convince others in their qualification area would be called as experts.
Prephrase: Anyone who can convince another can be an expert.
C: Almost anyone can be an expert.
Analysis:
(A) Almost anyone can convince some people of
his or her qualifications in some area.----------------------Contender!
(B) Some experts convince everyone of their
qualifications in almost every area.-------------------------not convince everyone, the passage does not mention this.
(C) Convincing certain people that one is qualified
in an area requires that one actually be
qualified in that area.------------------------------------------不明白~~~
(D) Every expert has convinced some people of his
or her qualifications in some area.---------------------------Reversed.
(E) Some people manage to convince almost
everyone of their qualifications in one or
more areas.------------------------------------------------------some people can be experts不对
瞎蒙的~
总结：
Anyone convinced people in his or her qualified area---> expert.
Almost anyone can be---> expert.
所以说conclusion应该是这两个部分的合成：Almost anyone can convince people in his or her qualified area.
作者: ugly5552000 时间: 2011-12-22 17:26
1/Background: a columnist suggests that anyone can be an expert, for no official guidelines determining what an expert must know.
Premise: once anyone manages to convince some others of his or her qualifications in an area, he or she is an expert.
Prephrase: anyone can be convinced.
A
A: right answer, consistent with the prephrase
B: irrelevant
C: irrelevant
D: pay attention to the reversal of the conclusion, it is always wrong answer.
E: wrong, the argument emphasizes anyone, not someone.
2/Background: the wholesale price of raw cotton has fallen considerably in the last year.
Premise: although the retail price of cotton clothing at retail clothing stores has not yet fallen, it will fallen inevitably.
Prephrase: the raw cotton price is not the only causative factor which set the retail price of cotton clothes. The rent of retail clothing stores rises considerably.
A
A: the cost of processing raw cotton increases, it makes the total cost of cotton unchanged.
B: irrelevant, comparison with raw wool
C: it supports the argument
D: it supports the argument
E: irrelevant
3/Background: the pharmaceutical industry argues that because the new drugs will not be developed unless heavy development costs can be recouped in later sales, the current 20 years of protection provided by patents should be extended in the case of newly developed drugs.
Premise: since in other industries new-products development continues despite high development costs, a fact that indicates that the extension is unnecessary.
Prephrase: the other industries’ development costs can be covered by the revenue in sales.
B
A: it does not attack the challenge.
B: it emphasizes the necessity of the extent of patent
C: it supports the challenge
D: irrelevant
E: it supports the challenge
4/Background: the market cannot absorb the cotton produced, the cotton prices fell.
Premise: the government tried to boost cotton prices by offering farmers who took 25 percent of their cotton acreage out of production direct support payments up to a specified maximum per farm.
Prephrase: if the cotton prices are stable, the government’s revenue is stable.
A
A: consistent with my prephrase
B: Q is irrelevant
C: irrelevant
D: irrelevant
E: irrelevant
5/Background: robot satellites are very important. They can only be repaired by astronauts in orbit. Without repairs, the satellites would eventually malfunction.
Premise: space flights carrying astronauts must continue.
Prephrase: the cost of sending astronauts to repair robot satellites is much higher than the total cost of manufacturing a new satellite and sending it in to orbit.
E
A: irrelevant
B: irrelevant
C: weak attack
D: irrelevant
E: right, consistent with the prephrase
作者: evamimi 时间: 2012-1-8 22:03
P: no official guidelines determining what an expert must know
C:Anybody who manages to convince some people of his or her qualifications in an area—whatever those may be—is an expert.
Prephrase: no guide of what expert should know---??----People who can convince sb. Could be expert
Type:Assumption
答案 C
哎呀我居然把P和C都搞错了啊！！
仔细看果然是第一句就是conclusion了啊，那么明显的关键词for啊~
但是如果PC都是答案里说的那样，那么A就是很容易解释的了
作者: leewonting 时间: 2012-5-2 21:15
142
背景：Almost anyone can be an expert
条件：There are no official guidelines determining what an expert must know
结论：Anyone who can convince other of his or her qualification is an expert
推测：If one is an expert, that means someone believe him or her
选D
143
背景：The wholesale price of raw cotton has fallen considerably in the last year.
条件：The retail price of cotton clothing at retail clothing stores has not yet fallen
结论：It will inevitably fall.
推测：粗棉的价格低了很多，但是棉织品不一定会降价，手工费贵了？
选A
144
背景：The pharmaceutical industry argues that because new drugs will not be developed unless heavy development costs can be recouped in later, the 20 years of protection provided by patents should be extended.
条件：Other industries new-product development continues despite high development costs.
结论：The extension is unnecessary.
推测：There is something unique in development of drugs.
选B
145
The cotton farms of Country Q became so productive that the market could not absorb all that they produced. Consequently, cotton prices fell. The government tried to boost cotton prices by offering farmers who took 25 percent of their cotton acreage out of production direct support payments up to a specified maximum per farm.
The government's program, if successful, will not be a net burden on the budget. Which of the following, if true, is the best basis for an explanation of how this could be so?
(A) Depressed cotton prices meant operating losses for cotton farms, and the government lost revenue from taxes on farm profits.
(B) Cotton production in several countries other than Q declined slightly the year that the support-payment program went into effect in Q.
(C) The first year that the support-payment program was in effect, cotton acreage in Q was 5% below its level in the base year for the program.
(D) The specified maximum per farm meant that for very large cotton farms the support payments were less per acre for those acres that were withdrawn from production than they were for smaller farms.
(E) Farmers who wished to qualify for support payments could not use the cotton acreage that was withdrawn from production to grow any other crop.
背景：The cotton farms of Country Q became so productive that the market could not absorb all that they produced.
条件：Cotton price fell so that the government tried to boost cotton prices by offering farmers who took 25% of their cotton acreage out of production.
结论：It will not be a burden on the budget.
推测：25% of the acreage 用来种其他作物可以令到政府赚钱的
选E
应该选A，其实题目只是说明政府要求农民减产25%，那么就隐喻了cotton价格不会跌的太厉害，那么不跌，政府就能有税收神马的…………
146
背景：Robot satellites repay important communications and identify weather patterns.
条件：Only can be repaired in orbit
结论：The space flights carrying astronauts must continue.
推测：修机器人比送一个新的上去更贵呢？
选E
作者: jetyxo 时间: 2012-7-2 20:56
1 28" premise: no standard----> anyone can be an expert
people who can convince other people of his/her qualification is an expert
assumption?there is no standard about one's qualification
answer:A
--------------------------------------------------
2 18" premise: the wholesale price of cotton declines
conclusion: the sale price of cotton clothes will fall
weaken? the material price is not the only key factors of sale price of clothes
answer:A
---------------------------------------------------
3 26" premise1: pha industry need long time to recoup huge investment in new drug----> need prolong the 20 years protection
premise2: other industries which also need huge investement in research contine invest---> the extension for pha is unnecessary
support pha extension?
answer B
----------------------------------------------------
4 36" background: farm productive----> cotton price fell
in order to prevent cotton price fall, goverment ask farmer who takes 25% acrage out of production and gave them direct fee
this plan will not a borden on goverment budgit?
answer:A
-----------------------------------------------------
5 26" background: wihtout spacecraft------> no astronauts can get there to repaire R satellite----> R satellite will be malfunction
conclusion: spaceflight must continue
weaken? E
作者: jiajiajudy 时间: 2012-7-13 08:05
第四题卡壳了噢唔~~~
1.The columnist’s conclusion follows logically if which one of the following is assumed?
(A) Almost anyone can convince some people of his or her qualifications in some area.
(B) irrelevant
(C) irrelevant
(D) irrelevant
(E) irrelevant
2.Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?
(A) The cost of processing raw cotton for cloth has increased during the last year.
(B) irrelevant
(C) irrelevant
(D) irrelevant
(E) strengthen
3.Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the pharmaceutical industry's argument against the challenge made above?
Prephrase: drugs 上市又受到专利保护的时间变少所以延期，不同与其他产品
(A) strengthen
(B) Clinical trials of new drugs, which occur after the patent is granted and before the new drug can be marketed, often now take as long as 10 years to complete.
(C) irrelevant
(D) irrelevant
4.The government's program, if successful, will not be a net burden on the budget. Which of the following, if true, is the best basis for an explanation of how this could be so?
(A) weaken
(B) irrelevant
(C) irrelevant
(D) irrelevant
(E) Farmers who wished to qualify for support payments could not use the cotton acreage that was withdrawn from production to grow any other crop.
5.Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the argument above?(A) irrelevant
(B) irrelevant
(C) irrelevant
(D) irrelevant
(E) Technical obsolescence of robot satellites makes repairing them more costly and less practical than sending new, improved satellites into orbit.
作者: 狮灵鹭智 时间: 2012-11-2 10:05
-------Contender!
(B) Some experts convince everyone of their
qualifications in almost every area.-------------------------not convince everyone, the passage does not mention this.
(C) Convincing certain people that one is qualified
in an area requires that one actually be
qualified in that area.------------------------------------------不明白~~~
(D) Every expert has convinced some people of his
or her qualifications in some area.---------------------------Reversed.
(E) Some people manage to convince almost
everyone of their qualifications in one or
作者: zxppx 时间: 2013-1-20 12:54
3. Columnist: Almost anyone can be an expert, for
there are no official guidelines determining
what an expert must know. Anybody who
manages to convince some people of his or her
qualifications in an area—whatever those may
be—is an expert.
Like last question, this question has a conclusion at the beginning of the argument. Why can almost anyone be an expert, even though anybody who manages to convince some people of his or her qualifications in an area-whatever those may be-is an expert? So the right answer should fill the hole.
The columnist’s conclusion follows logically if
which one of the following is assumed?
(A) Almost anyone can convince some people of
his or her qualifications in some area.
Yes, in this case, the answer choice strengthens the argument by showing that almost anyone can convince some people of his or her qualifications in some area, complying with the premise provided in the argument. BA
(B) Some experts convince everyone of their
qualifications in almost every area.
“Some experts” cannot be the assumption.
(C) Convincing certain people that one is qualified
in an area requires that one actually be
qualified in that area.
Actually, it is weakens the argument by requiring that someone should actually be qualified in some area.
(D) Every expert has convinced some people of his
or her qualifications in some area.
It may be true, but how about almost anyone can be an expert?
(E) Some people manage to convince almost
everyone of their qualifications in one or
more areas.
“Some people” cannot be the assumption.
It only strengthens the conclusion that some people are experts.
53.(33471-!-item-!-188;#058&007576)
Unlike the wholesale price of raw wool, the wholesale price of raw cotton has fallen considerably in the last year. Thus, although the retail price of cotton clothing at retail clothing stores has not yet fallen, it will inevitably fall.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?
(A) The cost of processing raw cotton for cloth has increased during the last year.
This answer choice weakens the argument by showing that the effect is opposite as expected. BA
(B) The wholesale price of raw wool is typically higher than that of the same volume of raw cotton.
The comparison is irrelevant.
(C) The operating costs of the average retail clothing store have remained constant during the last year.
But the price may still fall.
(D) Changes in retail prices always lag behind changes in wholesale prices.
This answer choice strengthens the argument by showing that the lag between wholesale prices and retail prices.
(E) The cost of harvesting raw cotton has increased in the last year.
The argument has shown that the wholesale price of raw cotton has fallen considerably in the last year, so the cost of harvesting raw cotton is outside the scope of the argument.
54.(33519-!-item-!-188;#058&007577)
The pharmaceutical industry argues that because new drugs will not be developed unless heavy development costs can be recouped in later sales, the current 20 years of protection provided by patents should be extended in the case of newly developed drugs. However, in other industries new-product development continues despite high development costs, a fact that indicates that the extension is unnecessary.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the pharmaceutical industry's argument against the challenge made above?
I miss the meaning of the question. The challenge refers to “However, in other industries…”
(A) No industries other than the pharmaceutical industry have asked for an extension of the 20-year limit on patent protection.
Because of the speciality of pharmaceutical industry, the extension may be necessary.
(B) Clinical trials of new drugs, which occur after the patent is granted and before the new drug can be marketed, often now take as long as 10 years to complete.
It strengthens the extension, rather than the argument.
Yes, it does strengthen the pharmaceutical industry’s argument about extension.
(C) There are several industries in which the ratio of research and development costs to revenues is higher than it is in the pharmaceutical industry.
But we do not know whether these industries agree with the extension of patent protection.
(D) An existing patent for a drug does not legally prevent pharmaceutical companies from bringing to market alternative drugs, provided they are sufficiently dissimilar to the patented drug.
It seems to be a contender, but a more thorough analysis reveals that this answer choice only points out that an existing patent has not such a weakness.
(E) Much recent industrial innovation has occurred in products--example, in the computer and electronics industries--which patent protection is often very ineffective.
Yes, this answer choice strengthens the argument by showing that the innovation can be contained in industries which patent protection is often very ineffective.
Actually, this weakens the adoption of extension.
55.(33567-!-item-!-188;#058&007582)
The cotton farms of Country Q became so productive that the market could not absorb all that they produced. Consequently, cotton prices fell. The government tried to boost cotton prices by offering farmers who took 25 percent of their cotton acreage out of production direct support payments up to a specified maximum per farm.
The government's program, if successful, will not be a net burden on the budget. Which of the following, if true, is the best basis for an explanation of how this could be so?
(A) Depressed cotton prices meant operating losses for cotton farms, and the government lost revenue from taxes on farm profits.
Yes, in this case, the answer choice strengthens the government’s program by showing that without the plan, the government may lose much revenue taxes on farm profits. BA
(B) Cotton production in several countries other than Q declined slightly the year that the support-payment program went into effect in Q.
If their cotton production increased, the plan could not succeed.
(C) The first year that the support-payment program was in effect, cotton acreage in Q was 5% below its level in the base year for the program.
The change in the cotton acreage cannot strengthen the program.
(D) The specified maximum per farm meant that for very large cotton farms the support payments were less per acre for those acres that were withdrawn from production than they were for smaller farms.
The meaning of the specified maximum per farm cannot strengthen the plan.
(E) Farmers who wished to qualify for support payments could not use the cotton acreage that was withdrawn from production to grow any other crop.
This answer choice, in fact, may decrease the farmers’ revenue, thus weakening the argument.
56.(33615-!-item-!-188;#058&007586)
Robot satellites relay important communications and identify weather patterns. Because the satellites can be repaired only in orbit, astronauts are needed to repair them. Without repairs, the satellites would eventually malfunction. Therefore, space flights carrying astronauts must continue.
Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the argument above?
(A) Satellites falling from orbit because of malfunctions burn up in the atmosphere.
So it stresses the importance that satellites should be repaired timely.
(B) Although satellites are indispensable in the identification of weather patterns, weather forecasters also make some use of computer projections to identify weather patterns.
The fact that weather forecasters also make some use of computer projections is irrelevant.
(C) The government, responding to public pressure, has decided to cut the budget for space flights and put more money into social welfare programs.
Welfare programs are outside the scope of the argument.
(D) Repair of satellites requires heavy equipment, which adds to the amount of fuel needed to lift a spaceship carrying astronauts into orbit.
Even though this may be true, the conclusion can still be valid.
(E) Technical obsolescence of robot satellites makes repairing them more costly and less practical than sending new, improved satellites into orbit.
Yes, in this case, it points out another factor which can stop carrying astronauts to repair old satellites, thus weakening the argument. BA
作者: pennyz 时间: 2013-3-9 21:33
1:01s
assumption
a
premise:anyone can convince people in some areas
conclusion: almost anybody can be an expert
rephrase: expert is sb convince people in some areas
1:08s
weaken
premise: the wholesale cotton price fall
conclusion: the retail price of cotton will fall soon
rephrase:the retail cost is not only depedent on the wholesale price
2:12s
support??
premise:the drug can not develop unless patent
some industry still innovation without patent
conlusion: pharmacy need patent
rephrase: phramacy is different to other industry
2:12s
explain
d
aim: to boost the cotton price(decrease the oversupply of cotton)
ways: subside the farmer with the optium acreage
rephrase:???
2:03s
weaken
e??
premise: satellites can only be repaired in the orbit,and repair need astronout
conclusion: anstronaut in the spaceflight is needed
??
作者: angelann728 时间: 2013-5-15 01:33
Bible 17’
Conclusion: almost anyone can be an expert.
Premise: no official guidelines determining what an expert must know.
Premise: anybody who manages to convince some people of his qualifications in an area is an
expert.
assumption :选A almost anyone 为的就是这个程度词
B experts convince everyone 不对
C 无关前提 不能搭桥
D 只要以expert 打头的都不对
E 程度词放错位置了 不是some convince almost everyone
Prep 53 没点上计时
Premise: the wholesale price of raw cotton fell
Conclusion: the retail price of cotton clothing will inevitably fall.
Weaken 猜下 他因吧 其他决定retail price的因素涨价了
选A 考试的话后面的就不看了
B 无关比较
C 加强
D 加强
E 这个已经包括在wholesale price里了
Prep54 44’
制药行业想延长专利期因为高研究成本
however 其他高研究成本的行业不需要延长专利期
Strengthen 猜 研究期比其他行业长 GWD吧 感觉做过
感觉第一遍的那时候 读不懂题 20 years of protection provided by patents should be extended
恰好今天刚做了一个印度药品强制许可的案例 就是这件事
选B
A削弱
C削弱
D 削弱or 无关
现存的药品专利不阻止制药公司把其他药物放入市场，只要它们和专业药品足够不同
E 专利权是否有效无关
Prep 55 45’
Q 的棉花产量过高使价格下跌
政府补贴那些愿意放弃25%土地耕种的农民，以此升价
explanation 就是两个比较一下 补贴的效果好 选A
B 无关
C 无关 没体现出cost/net burden 什么的
D 我理解是没less 感觉每亩补贴应该一样
E 无关 种别的东西
Prep 56 24’
Premise：satellite 要么维修要么坏
Conclusion：继续送宇航员
Weaken 猜 宇航员不能修/ 成本高昂
选E
A 无关
B 无关
C 不全 没说钱用于社会公益就不够航天了
D 不全 没说设备重了又怎样
作者: 夏日之浅浅 时间: 2013-8-31 23:05
想问一下精炼解释里的Justify Formula是怎么个操作法来着。。
作者: Elisha728 时间: 2013-9-9 07:14
8'04''
DAEAE
作者: lyrsilvia 时间: 2013-9-27 16:03
1. 14'
P:there are no official guidelines determining what an expert must know.
Anybody who manages to convince some people of his or her qualifications in an area—whatever those may be—is an expert.
C: Almost anyone can be an expert
ASSUMPTION: manages=almost anyone can manage
答案：A
(A) Almost anyone can convince some people of his or her qualifications in some area.------CORRECT
(B) Some experts convince everyone of their qualifications in almost every area.-------irrelevant
(C) Convincing certain people that one is qualified in an area requires that one actually be qualified in that area.-------------even weaken
(D) Every expert has convinced some people of his or her qualifications in some area.------what expert do does not matter
(E) Some people manage to convince almost everyone of their qualifications in one or more areas.---------some people is not the issue
A B A E
作者: 艾筱豆 时间: 2013-9-27 22:10
A 补充了缺失的一个逻辑连接
A 削弱了结果
相似性问题
B
A
E
作者: jessie92730 时间: 2013-10-2 12:20
2-12
精练
BG: no official guidelines determine what an expert must know
P: ?
C: anybody who… is an expert
假设
答案：A
逻辑链
ABAE
作者: sakurasong 时间: 2013-10-3 02:09
DABAE
anybody who manages to convince some people of his/her qualifications in an area is an expert
Almost anyone can be an expert
Almost anyone can convince some people.
作者: w.melhere 时间: 2013-11-12 10:18
被3和4有点难到了~
1. 59' 连做三天搭界类的，已经比较熟悉这个题型了
2. 1‘26
3. 2’00 做的时候根本没看懂。后来分析：
因为high cost，制药公司想要extended patent
Argue: extension is unnecessary
B：直接针对时间延长问题。说明high cost和时间无关，加强argue
D: 现存的药品专利不阻止制药公司把其他药物放入市场，只要它们和专业药品足够不同.无关。
4. 2‘17
棉花 产量太高，价格下降
政府补贴那些愿意放弃25%土地耕种的农民，以此涨价
注意！问题中第一句话，则真正的问题是，为什么成功了，will not be a net burden on the budget.
A：解释了原因，如果没有这个政策，将会损失。
B：无关
C：不是解释
D：在大农场不适用，削弱了结论。
E：放弃的土地不能用来耕种其他作物了。削弱
经常会为了省时间不看问题里的前后问，现在看来还是应该读一下的，对把握题目中心很有用。
5. 1’10
作者: 苏错 时间: 2013-12-2 09:30
12.2
【精练】
Premise: there are no official guidelines
determining what an expert must know
Conclusion: anyone who managers to convince
some people of own qualifications is an expert
assumption? Expert=convince some people
B.D 中纠结，every &some
最后选了D
Premise : Convince some peopleà Expert
Answer Choice: expertàConvince somepeople
【逻辑链】
1. price of raw cotton has fallen à retail price of
cottonclothing will also fall
weaken—A
2. extension is unnecessary because in other
industries new-productdevelopment continues
despite highdevelopment costs
support—B
3. price fell gov offer farmers payments
basis—A
4. carrying astronauts must continue because satellitesneed repairment
weaken—E
作者: cyndichiang 时间: 2014-5-1 21:56
精炼：2‘02’‘
premise: convince some people of his or her qualifications in an area-->expert
conclusion: Almost anyone -->expert
Q: assumption
prephrase: Almost anyone--->convince
(A) Almost anyone can convince some people of
his or her qualifications in some area.----Correct
(B) Some experts convince everyone of their
qualifications in almost every area.----"Some""almost every area"不对，而且没有出现anyone
(C) Convincing certain people that one is qualified
in an area requires that one actually be
qualified in that area.------没说anyone
(D) Every expert has convinced some people of his
or her qualifications in some area.-----reverse premise
(E) Some people manage to convince almost
everyone of their qualifications in one or
more areas.-----"some people"没说anyone
逻辑链：
1.22’‘
premise:the wholesale price of raw cotton ↓considerably in the last year. 原材料
conclusion：the retail price of cotton clothing will inevitably ↓
Q：weaken
prephrase: other cost will increase?除了原材料还有其他成本
2.46''
BG:除非后续的销售额能补偿研发新药的成本，新药不会被研发
premise:在其他产业即使高成本，新产品也会不断的研发
conclusion： 延长现有20年的新药专利是不需要的
Q：weaken
prephrase:其他产业与制药业不同？
3.35’‘
premise：cotton production>market needs--->price↓
premise: government offers farmers who took 25 percent of their cotton acreage out of production direct support payments up to a specified maximum per farm.
conclusion: this plan will not be the net burden for government
prephrase: if the price decrease, government will receive less money than that they pay for this plan
4.37''
premise:the satellites can be repaired only in orbit, astronauts are needed to repair them.
premise: Without repairs, satellite will mulfunction
conclusion:space flights carrying astronauts must continue.
Q:weaken
prephrase:
作者: Lincy123 时间: 2020-6-17 00:23
P：没有官方规定说专家一定要知道什么
C：任何能说服一些人自己在某方面的能力的人都是专家 premise
C：所有人都是专家
Assumption：
A） 所有人都能说自己在某一领域有特长correct
B） 有的专家在所有领域都擅长
C） 说服特定人某人在这领域有能力需要这个人真的很厉害。correct（x）
句子架构判断错
D）每个专家都能说服一些人自己在某方面有能力。
E） 一些人能说服所有人他们在一些领域很厉害
P：棉材料批发价降低
C：棉衣的零售价一定会降低
Weaken
A） 加工成本增加。Correct
B） 羊毛材料零售价比同量的棉高
C） 每件衣服的运营成本保持不变
D）零售价的改变一直都比批发价延后一点
E） 收获棉的成本增加
C：其他行业新产品开发在继续，尽管开发成本很高
P：医药行业的专利保护权没有必要延伸开发的新药的专利
Strengthen
A） 除了医药行业外没有行业要求延长专利
B） 有专利之后和投入市场之前的临床试验，通常需要10年时间完成 correct
说明只有10年可以赚钱
C） 有的行业的研发成本与收入的比例比一样行业高
D）现有的专利不能合法防止药企给市场替代药物，和有专利的药有足够的不同。Correct（x）
就算延长专利，也没法防止仿造药物
E） 近期有电子产品上的行业创新，专利保护非常无效
棉花供过于求，价格降低。政府给农户最高的支付价格。
政府的项目如果成功，不会变成预算上的负担。
Gap猜测：政府采购能带来政府收益
A） 棉花价格下降导致农产经营下降，导致税收下降。Correct
B） 政府项目有效时，其他国家的棉花生产下降。无关
C） 第一年实施项目，棉花地减少
D）对大农场来说，给那些收成少的地的平均付款更少
E） 那些想从项目获益的农民不能用那些从其他庄稼转变的棉花地。待定
P：不派宇航员修理卫星会坏
C：载人航天飞行一定要继续
Weaken
A） 卫星因为坏掉脱离轨道的在大气层被烧毁
B） 尽管卫星在确认天气时很重要，天气预报员也可以用电脑来确认。
C） 回应大众压力的政府决定把航空飞行砍掉用来做更多社会福利。
D）修理需要很重的设备，就要更多燃料
E） 修理卫星很贵很不实用，不如发射新的 correct
作者: 老马识图 时间: 2020-6-17 23:39
3. Columnist: Almost anyone can be an expert, for there are no official guidelines determining what an expert must know. Anybody who manages to convince some people of his or her qualifications in an area—whatever those may be—is an expert.
The columnist’s conclusion follows logically if which one of the following is assumed? D
(A) Almost anyone can convince some people of his or her qualifications in some area.
(B) Some experts convince everyone of their qualifications in almost every area.
(C) Convincing certain people that one is qualified in an area requires that one actually be qualified in that area.
(D) Every expert has convinced some people of his or her qualifications in some area.
(E) Some people manage to convince almost everyone of their qualifications in one or more areas.
【逻辑链】
No guidance, any one can persuade others in his/her area-> Conclusion: any one can be an expert,
Assumption: Persuade others in an area is the qualification of an expert
53.(33471-!-item-!-188;#058&007576)
Unlike the wholesale price of raw wool, the wholesale price of raw cotton has fallen considerably in the last year. Thus, although the retail price of cotton clothing at retail clothing stores has not yet fallen, it will inevitably fall.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above? A
(A) The cost of processing raw cotton for cloth has increased during the last year.
(B) The wholesale price of raw wool is typically higher than that of the same volume of raw cotton. Not relevant
(C) The operating costs of the average retail clothing store have remained constant during the last year.
(D) Changes in retail prices always lag behind changes in wholesale prices.+
(E) The cost of harvesting raw cotton has increased in the last year. Not relevant
Conclusion the retail price of cotton cloth will fall, because the whole sale price of raw cotton fall last year.
54.(33519-!-item-!-188;#058&007577)
The pharmaceutical industry argues that because new drugs will not be developed unless heavy development costs can be recouped in later sales, the current 20 years of protection provided by patents should be extended in the case of newly developed drugs. However, in other industries new-product development continues despite high development costs, a fact that indicates that the extension is unnecessary.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the pharmaceutical industry's argument against the challenge made above?
(A) No industries other than the pharmaceutical industry have asked for an extension of the 20-year limit on patent protection. Not relevant
(B) Clinical trials of new drugs, which occur after the patent is granted and before the new drug can be marketed, often now take as long as 10 years to complete. Negative
(C) There are several industries in which the ratio of research and development costs to revenues is higher than it is in the pharmaceutical industry.+
(D) An existing patent for a drug does not legally prevent pharmaceutical companies from bringing to market alternative drugs, provided they are sufficiently dissimilar to the patented drug.
(E) Much recent industrial innovation has occurred in products--example, in the computer and electronics industries--which patent protection is often very ineffective. Not relevant
Conclusion: 20 years patent protection do not need to be extended
Opinion: the new drugs will development only the costs covered in the later sales. The patent protection needs to be extended.
Premise: new product development still goes on, even though the costs is high.
55.(33567-!-item-!-188;#058&007582)
The cotton farms of Country Q became so productive that the market could not absorb all that they produced. Consequently, cotton prices fell. The government tried to boost cotton prices by offering farmers who took 25 percent of their cotton acreage out of production direct support payments up to a specified maximum per farm.
The government's program, if successful, will not be a net burden on the budget. Which of the following, if true, is the best basis for an explanation of how this could be so? A
(A) Depressed cotton prices meant operating losses for cotton farms, and the government lost revenue from taxes on farm profits.
(B) Cotton production in several countries other than Q declined slightly the year that the support-payment program went into effect in Q. Not relevant
(C) The first year that the support-payment program was in effect, cotton acreage in Q was 5% below its level in the base year for the program. Not relevant
(D) The specified maximum per farm meant that for very large cotton farms the support payments were less per acre for those acres that were withdrawn from production than they were for smaller farms.
(E) Farmers who wished to qualify for support payments could not use the cotton acreage that was withdrawn from production to grow any other crop.
25% of the cotton acreage cut to avoid the cotton price fell.
If not a net burden for Gov. to find the base related to Gov, budget
56.(33615-!-item-!-188;#058&007586)
Robot satellites relay important communications and identify weather patterns. Because the satellites can be repaired only in orbit, astronauts are needed to repair them. Without repairs, the satellites would eventually malfunction. Therefore, space flights carrying astronauts must continue.
Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the argument above? E
(A) Satellites falling from orbit because of malfunctions burn up in the atmosphere.+
(B) Although satellites are indispensable in the identification of weather patterns, weather forecasters also make some use of computer projections to identify weather patterns. Some how/ ?
(C) The government, responding to public pressure, has decided to cut the budget for space flights and put more money into social welfare programs. . Not relevant
(D) Repair of satellites requires heavy equipment, which adds to the amount of fuel needed to lift a spaceship carrying astronauts into orbit. Not relevant
(E) Technical obsolescence of robot satellites makes repairing them more costly and less practical than sending new, improved satellites into orbit.
Conclusion: the flights carry the astronauts need to continue.
Facts: satellites is important for communication and weather and need repair
Premised without the astronauts repair, the satellites will be malfunctional
To find the weaken: without the astronauts, the satellites can be repaired remotely or the life length is enough.
3. Columnist: Almost anyone can be an expert, for there are no official guidelines determining what an expert must know. Anybody who manages to convince some people of his or her qualifications in an area—whatever those may be—is an expert.
The columnist’s conclusion follows logically if which one of the following is assumed? D
(A) Almost anyone can convince some people of his or her qualifications in some area.
(B) Some experts convince everyone of their qualifications in almost every area.
(C) Convincing certain people that one is qualified in an area requires that one actually be qualified in that area.
(D) Every expert has convinced some people of his or her qualifications in some area.
(E) Some people manage to convince almost everyone of their qualifications in one or more areas.
【逻辑链】
No guidance, any one can persuade others in his/her area-> Conclusion: any one can be an expert,
Assumption: Persuade others in an area is the qualification of an expert
53.(33471-!-item-!-188;#058&007576)
Unlike the wholesale price of raw wool, the wholesale price of raw cotton has fallen considerably in the last year. Thus, although the retail price of cotton clothing at retail clothing stores has not yet fallen, it will inevitably fall.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above? A
(A) The cost of processing raw cotton for cloth has increased during the last year.
(B) The wholesale price of raw wool is typically higher than that of the same volume of raw cotton. Not relevant
(C) The operating costs of the average retail clothing store have remained constant during the last year.
(D) Changes in retail prices always lag behind changes in wholesale prices.+
(E) The cost of harvesting raw cotton has increased in the last year. Not relevant
Conclusion the retail price of cotton cloth will fall, because the whole sale price of raw cotton fall last year.
54.(33519-!-item-!-188;#058&007577)
The pharmaceutical industry argues that because new drugs will not be developed unless heavy development costs can be recouped in later sales, the current 20 years of protection provided by patents should be extended in the case of newly developed drugs. However, in other industries new-product development continues despite high development costs, a fact that indicates that the extension is unnecessary.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the pharmaceutical industry's argument against the challenge made above?
(A) No industries other than the pharmaceutical industry have asked for an extension of the 20-year limit on patent protection. Not relevant
(B) Clinical trials of new drugs, which occur after the patent is granted and before the new drug can be marketed, often now take as long as 10 years to complete. Negative
(C) There are several industries in which the ratio of research and development costs to revenues is higher than it is in the pharmaceutical industry.+
(D) An existing patent for a drug does not legally prevent pharmaceutical companies from bringing to market alternative drugs, provided they are sufficiently dissimilar to the patented drug.
(E) Much recent industrial innovation has occurred in products--example, in the computer and electronics industries--which patent protection is often very ineffective. Not relevant
Conclusion: 20 years patent protection do not need to be extended
Opinion: the new drugs will development only the costs covered in the later sales. The patent protection needs to be extended.
Premise: new product development still goes on, even though the costs is high.
55.(33567-!-item-!-188;#058&007582)
The cotton farms of Country Q became so productive that the market could not absorb all that they produced. Consequently, cotton prices fell. The government tried to boost cotton prices by offering farmers who took 25 percent of their cotton acreage out of production direct support payments up to a specified maximum per farm.
The government's program, if successful, will not be a net burden on the budget. Which of the following, if true, is the best basis for an explanation of how this could be so? A
(A) Depressed cotton prices meant operating losses for cotton farms, and the government lost revenue from taxes on farm profits.
(B) Cotton production in several countries other than Q declined slightly the year that the support-payment program went into effect in Q. Not relevant
(C) The first year that the support-payment program was in effect, cotton acreage in Q was 5% below its level in the base year for the program. Not relevant
(D) The specified maximum per farm meant that for very large cotton farms the support payments were less per acre for those acres that were withdrawn from production than they were for smaller farms.
(E) Farmers who wished to qualify for support payments could not use the cotton acreage that was withdrawn from production to grow any other crop.
25% of the cotton acreage cut to avoid the cotton price fell.
If not a net burden for Gov. to find the base related to Gov, budget
56.(33615-!-item-!-188;#058&007586)
Robot satellites relay important communications and identify weather patterns. Because the satellites can be repaired only in orbit, astronauts are needed to repair them. Without repairs, the satellites would eventually malfunction. Therefore, space flights carrying astronauts must continue.
Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the argument above? E
(A) Satellites falling from orbit because of malfunctions burn up in the atmosphere.+
(B) Although satellites are indispensable in the identification of weather patterns, weather forecasters also make some use of computer projections to identify weather patterns. Some how/ ?
(C) The government, responding to public pressure, has decided to cut the budget for space flights and put more money into social welfare programs. . Not relevant
(D) Repair of satellites requires heavy equipment, which adds to the amount of fuel needed to lift a spaceship carrying astronauts into orbit. Not relevant
(E) Technical obsolescence of robot satellites makes repairing them more costly and less practical than sending new, improved satellites into orbit.
Conclusion: the flights carry the astronauts need to continue.
Facts: satellites is important for communication and weather and need repair
Premised without the astronaut's repair, the satellites will be malfunctional
To find the weaken: without the astronauts, the satellites can be repaired remotely or the life length is enough.
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