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标题: 【每日逻辑练习第二季】【2-11】 [打印本页]

作者: corneliaflower 时间: 2011-12-19 22:36
标题: 【每日逻辑练习第二季】【2-11】
大家期末考加油~

【精练】
2. Marian Anderson, the famous contralto, did not take
success for granted. We know this because Anderson
had to struggle early in life, and anyone who has to
struggle early in life is able to keep a good
perspective on the world.
The conclusion of the argument follows logically if
which one of the following is assumed?
(A) Anyone who succeeds takes success for
granted.
(B) Anyone who is able to keep a good perspective
on the world does not take success for
granted.
(C) Anyone who is able to keep a good perspective
on the world has to struggle early in life.
(D) Anyone who does not take success for granted
has to struggle early in life.
(E) Anyone who does not take success for granted
is able to keep a good perspective on the
world.

【逻辑链】
49. (33279-!-item-!-188;#058&007564)
Start-up companies financed by venture capitalists have a much lower failure rate than companies financed by other means. Source of financing, therefore, must be a more important causative factor in the success of a start-up company than are such factors as the personal characteristics of the entrepreneur, the quality of strategic planning, or the management structure of the company.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?
(A) Venture capitalists tend to be more responsive than other sources of financing to changes in a start-up company's financial needs.
(B) The strategic planning of a start-up company is a less important factor in the long-term success of the company than are the personal characteristics of the entrepreneur.
(C) More than half of all new companies fail within five years.
(D) The management structures of start-up companies are generally less formal than the management structures of ongoing businesses.
(E) Venture capitalists base their decisions to fund start-up companies on such factors as the characteristics of the entrepreneur and quality of strategic planning of the company.
50. (33327-!-item-!-188;#058&007566)
When people evade income taxes by not declaring taxable income, a vicious cycle results. Tax evasion forces lawmakers to raise income tax rates, which causes the tax burden on nonevading taxpayers to become heavier. This, in turn, encourages even more taxpayers to evade income taxes by hiding taxable income.
The vicious cycle described above could not result unless which of the following were true?
(A) An increase in tax rates tends to function as an incentive for taxpayers to try to increase their pretax incomes.
(B) Some methods for detecting tax evaders, and thus recovering some tax revenue lost through evasion, bring in more than they cost, but their success rate varies from year to year.
(C) When lawmakers establish income tax rates in order to generate a certain level of revenue, they do not allow adequately for revenue that will be lost through evasion.
(D) No one who routinely hides some taxable income can be induced by a lowering of tax rates to stop hiding such income unless fines for evaders are raised at the same time.
(E) Taxpayers do not differ from each other with respect to the rate of taxation that will cause them to evade taxes.
51. (33375-!-item-!-188;#058&007573)
Because postage rates are rising, Home Decorator magazine plans to maximize its profits by reducing by one half the number of issues it publishes each year. The quality of articles, the number of articles published per year, and the subscription price will not change. Market research shows that neither subscribers nor advertisers will be lost if the magazine's plan is instituted.
Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest evidence that the magazine's profits are likely to decline if the plan is instituted?
(A) With the new postage rates, a typical issue under the proposed plan would cost about one-third more to mail than a typical current issue would.
(B) The majority of the magazine's subscribers are less concerned about a possible reduction in the quantity of the magazine's articles than about a possible loss of the current high quality of its articles.
(C) Many of the magazine's long-time subscribers would continue their subscriptions even if the subscription price were increased.
(D) Most of the advertisers that purchase advertising space in the magazine will continue to spend the same amount on advertising per issue as they have in the past.
(E) Production costs for the magazine are expected to remain stable.
52. (33423-!-item-!-188;#058&007574)
When three Everett-owned Lightning-built airplanes crashed in the same month, the Everett company ordered three new Lightning-built airplanes as replacements. This decision surprised many in the airline industry because, ordinarily when a product is involved in accidents, users become reluctant to buy that product.
Which of the following, if true, provides the best indication that the Everett company's decision was logically well supported?
(A) Although during the previous year only one Lightning-built airplane crashed, competing manufacturers had a perfect safety record.
(B) The Lightning-built airplanes crashed due to pilot error, but because of the excellent quality of the planes there were many survivors.
(C) The Federal Aviation Association issued new guidelines for airlines in order to standardize safety requirements governing preflight inspections.
(D) Consumer advocates pressured two major airlines into purchasing safer airplanes so that the public would be safer while flying.
(E) Many Lightning Airplane Company employees had to be replaced because they found jobs with the competition.

作者: corneliaflower 时间: 2011-12-19 22:36
KEY：E C D B

bible精解

Question #2. Justify. October 2001 LSAT, Section 2, #14. The correct answer choice is (B)
The structure of the argument is:
Premise: Anyone who has to struggle early in life is able to keep a good perspective on the
world.
Premise: Anderson had to struggle early in life.
Conclusion: Marian Anderson, the famous contralto, did not take success for granted.
A mechanistic analysis reveals that “Anderson” is common to the conclusion and a premise, and “struggle
early in life” is common to the two premises. Thus, we would not expect to see either in the correct
answer. New elements that should be in the correct answer are “able to keep a good perspective on the
world” and “did not take success for granted.” Only answer choices (B) and (E) contain both elements.
Since (B) and (E) are Reversals of each other, let us look at the conditional relationship present in the
stimulus:
Premise: Struggle early in life ————》able to keep a good perspective on the world
Premise: Struggle early in life Anderson
Conclusion: Did not take success for granted Anderson
Clearly, we need a connection that moves from “able to keep a good perspective on the world” to “did not
take success for granted,” such as the following:
able to keep a good perspective on the world————》 did not take success for granted
This relationship, which is the same as that presented in answer choice (B), ultimately creates a chain that
can be used to prove the conclusion:
struggle ————》keep a good perspective————》 did not take success for granted
The addition of the premise “Anderson struggled early in life” to the chain above yields the conclusion
“Anderson did not take success for granted.” Hence, answer choice (B) is correct. Answer choice (E) is a
Mistaken Reversal of the correct answer.

作者: fox0923 时间: 2011-12-19 23:27
我来了，占位子~~

精练----------------------26s------------------------conclusion
P: Marian doesn't take success as granted.
P: Since Marian struggled earlier in life.
C: Anyone who struggle early in life will take a good perspective.
Prephrase: Anyone who has a good perspective doesn't take success as granted.

Analysis:
(A) Anyone who succeeds takes success for
granted.----------------------------------------------------no. this is opposite from what the passage stated.
(B) Anyone who is able to keep a good perspective
on the world does not take success for
granted.----------------------------------------------------right!
(C) Anyone who is able to keep a good perspective
on the world has to struggle early in life.-------------这一点不一定，而且在conclusion里面提到过了
(D) Anyone who does not take success for granted
has to struggle early in life.-----------------------------we don't concern what would happen if anyone who is not successful.
(E) Anyone who does not take success for granted
is able to keep a good perspective on the
world.-------------------------------------------------------同D，而且正好相反。

作者: 南瓜0729 时间: 2011-12-20 14:42
2.25s
C:MA didn't take grant for life.
P:MA had to struggle early in life and anyone who has to struggle early in life is able to keep a good perspective on the world.
p(gap):people who keep a good perspective don't take grant for life.
B

作者: bananazoo 时间: 2011-12-20 19:59
Premise: Anyone who has to struggle early in life is able to keep a good perspective on the
world.
Premise: A had to struggle early in life.
Conclusion: A, did not take success for granted.

作者: zz42050524 时间: 2011-12-21 08:33
2011/12/21
MA did not take success for granted. She had struggled early in her life,
Anyone who has to struggle early in life will have a good perspective on the world.
Pre: 这里有一个gap，是perspective 和take success for granted的gap，MA struggle early in her life， struggle early will have a perspective。
(A) Anyone who succeeds takes success for irrelevant
granted.
(B) Anyone who is able to keep a good perspective The answer.补充了gap
on the world does not take success for
granted.
(C) Anyone who is able to keep a good perspective 颠倒了文中的因果结论，并且与结论无关
on the world has to struggle early in life.
(D) Anyone who does not take success for granted 颠倒了因果关系
has to struggle early in life.
(E) Anyone who does not take success for granted 同D，颠倒了因果关系
is able to keep a good perspective on the
world.
做的时候感觉怪怪的，因为感觉牵扯到了因果关系，自己写的前提和结论和解析又不一样，这个地方谁来解释下。

作者: ugly5552000 时间: 2011-12-22 17:25
1/Background: MA did not take success for granted. MA has struggled early in life.
Premise: anyone who has to struggle early in life can keep a good perspective on the world.
Prephrase: most people who do not take success for granted have a good perspective on the world.
B
A: irrelevant
B: the argument is “because Aderson had to struggle early in life, he did not take success for granted.” B fill the gap between premise and conclusion
C: irrelevant
D: reversal conclusion
E: reversal of B, incorrect
2/Background: start-up companies financed by venture capitalists have a much lower failure rate than companies finaced by other means.
Premise: therefore, source of financing is a more important causative factor in the success of a start-up company than other factors.
Prephrase: the number of the start-up companies is very low.
E
A: irrelevant
B: comparison with the specified factors, wrong.
C: irrelevant, it did not attack the argument
D: comparison with the specified factors, wrong.
E: if venture capitalists concerns the factors, it means it is the factors of start-up company enable them to invest, so the factors are more important than the sources of financing.
3/Background: evading income taxes by not declaring taxable income will intrigue a vicious cycle.
Premise: it forces lawmakers to raise income tax rates, then the nonevading taxpayers’ tax burden will heavier, which lead to more people to evade tax income.
Prephrase: the lawmakers reward the nonevading taxpayers with the penalty handed in by the evading taxpayers.
C
A: irrelevant
B: irrelevant
C: this is the reason why the tax rates are rised.
D: irrelevant
E: irrelevant
4/Background: because postage rates are rising, a magazine plans to maximize its profits by reducing by one half the number of issues it publishes each year.
Premise: the quality of articles, the number of articles and the subscription price will not change. Market research also shows that neither subscribers nor advertisers will be lost if the plan is instituted.
Prephrase: the remained issues require more payment than the cut isssues.
A: wrong, if it is true, the overcost of issues may be recouped by the cut of issues.
B: nothing about the profits
C: this will make the profits increase.
D: the issues are declined, and the payment to each issue is unchang, the profit will decrease definitely.
E: irrelevant
5/Background: it is generally regarded that once a airplane is involved in air accident, the kind of airplanes is no longer in the first choice list of the buyers. However, when E’s three L planes crashed in a same month, E ordered three more L planes for replacement.
Prephrase: the crash accident is due to the air condition, not the quality of airplanes.
B
A: not strong enough to support the argument
B: consistent with the premise
C: irrelevant
D: irrelevant
E: irrelevant

作者: hexiaomu77 时间: 2011-12-28 21:53
Background: everyone who struggled in the early time is able to keep a good perspective
Premise: he struggled early
Conclusion: he does not take success for granted
Assumption:being able to keep good perspective is more likely to be successful
答案：B
反思：已知：A-》B 求A-》C
架桥：B-》C
（A：premise；B:backgroud, :conclusion）
——》将backgroud和conclusion联系起来

作者: evamimi 时间: 2012-1-9 22:05
P:anyone who has to struggle early in life is able to keep a good perspective on the world.
P:Anderson had to struggle early in life
C:Marian Anderson, the famous contralto, did not take success for granted

Prephase: one who has struggle early in life could keep a good persepective--A struggled early in life---??----A did not success for granted

Answer:B

作者: leewonting 时间: 2012-5-1 12:20
137
Marian Anderson, the famous contralto, did not take success for granted. We know this because Anderson had to struggle early in life, and anyone who has to struggle early in life is able to keep a good perspective on the world The conclusion of the argument follows logically if which one of the following is assumed?
(A) Anyone who succeeds takes success for granted.
(B) Anyone who is able to keep a good perspective on the world does not take success for granted.
(C) Anyone who is able to keep a good perspective on the world has to struggle early in life.
(D) Anyone who does not take success for granted has to struggle early in life.
(E) Anyone who does not take success for granted is able to keep a good perspective on the world.
背景：Marian Anderson, the famous contralto, did not take success for granted.
条件：We know this because Anderson had to struggle early in life
结论：And anyone who has to struggle early in life is able to keep a good perspective on the world
推测：要struggle early in life还要not take success for granted?
选C

138
背景：Start-up companies financed by venture capitalists have a much lower failure rate than companies financed by other means
条件：There are many other way financing the companies
结论：Source of financing must be important than other features in the start-up companies
推测：How about the venture capitalists always finance the companies with good personal characteristics of the entrepreneur and high quality of strategy planning and also the complete management structure of the companies.
选E

139
背景：When people evade income taxes by not declaring taxable income, a vicious cycle result.
条件：Tax evasion forces lawmakers to raise income tax rates which causes the tax burden on non-evading taxpayers to become heavier.
结论：Even more tax evasions occur
推测：这个循环中间有一环得以控制
选C

140
背景：Postage rates are rising.
条件：Home Decorator magazine plans to maximize it profits by reducing by 1/2 the number of issues it published each year. The subscription price will not change
结论：It won’t lose the subscribers and advertises
推测：最直接就是广告少了很多？
选D

141
背景：When 3 Everett-owned Lighting-built airplanes crashed in the same month, the Everett Company ordered 3 new Lighting-built airplanes as replacement
条件：People won’t buy things involved in accident
结论：It’s logically to make this decision.
推测：accident的发生有很多外部因素
选B

bible错了！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！

作者: jetyxo 时间: 2012-7-2 11:10
1 22" P:A struggled early in life

:anyone who struggled early in life is able to keep good perspective in world
C: A did not take success for granted
assumption? take good perspective in world= did not take success for granted
answer:B
----------------------------------------------------
2 20" P: start-up companies supported by venture capitalists have lower fail rate than other companies
C: finance resource is more impotant than other factors
weaken? the company supported by venture capitalist also has other key factors which are important for success
answer:E
----------------------------------------------------------
3 22" P" peopel avoid tax ------> more heavier tax rate----> evoke more people avoid tax
assumption? A B D irrelevant
answer:C people avoid tax------> not more heavier tax rate
---------------------------------------------
4 25" backgroud: postage increase ---->HD magzine reduce 50% issues published, and other things will not change
conclusion: this plan will not increase it's profits
P: reduce 50% issues----> reduce other revenue
answer

-------------------------------------------------
5 28" background: 3 E' airplane crashed---->E ordered new 3 airplane to replaced them
premise: ordinarily , when airplane was involved in accident, owner will become reluctant to buy it again
E' orders are logical?
answer:B

作者: 狮灵鹭智 时间: 2012-11-1 09:11
--------------------52sec-------------------
Premise
Everyone struggled in early life can keep a good perspective in the world
MA struggled early in early life
Conclusion
MA did not success for granted
Q: gap
A?: everyone keep a good perspective in the world did not success for granted
A:选B

------------------33sec----------------------
Premise
Start-up companies ~ financed by venture capitalists => higher rate of success than other start-up companies
Conclusion
venture capitalists----->success (rather than other factors)
Q: weaken
A?: other factors -----> ven caps
A:选E
------------------44sec----------------------------
Premise
ppl evade tax
Conclusion
Evade tax ---(1)---> lawmaker increase rate of tax ---(2)--> tax burden heavier ----(3)---> more evading
Q: gap
A?: (1) when ppl evade tax, will law maker increase rate of tax? Have they realized there are some ppl evade tax when they make law
　　(3)when ppl have heavier tx burden, will they evading tax or try to make more wage?
A:选C
-----------------1min16sec---------------
Premise
Pr increase
HD try to maximize profit per issue
=> reducing half of the issue published each year (The quality of articles, the number of articles published per year, and the subscription price will not change )
Conclusion:
No subscriber or advertiser will lose
Q: weaken
A?: if number of subscriber or advertiser is related with number of issue?
A:选D
--------------------54sec------------------------
Premise
When sth has accident, less ppl want it
Conclusion:
3plane crushed ~ co. Ordered 3 more plane

Q: explanation
A?:more ppl want it , even after reducing, still beyond ability of supply
A: D（错了！！）

作者: freestyle32 时间: 2012-11-4 06:39
2. Marian Anderson, the famous contralto, did not take
success for granted. We know this because Anderson
had to struggle early in life, and anyone who has to
struggle early in life is able to keep a good
perspective on the world.
The conclusion of the argument follows logically if
which one of the following is assumed?

B: Marian Anderson, the famous contralto, did not take success for granted.
P: We know this because Anderson had to struggle early in life,
C: and anyone who has to struggle early in life is able to keep a good perspective on the world.
P?C
Struggle life? good perspective

(A) Anyone who succeeds takes success for
granted.
(B) Anyone who is able to keep a good perspective
on the world does not take success for
granted.
(C) Anyone who is able to keep a good perspective
on the world has to struggle early in life.
(D) Anyone who does not take success for granted
has to struggle early in life.
(E) Anyone who does not take success for granted
is able to keep a good perspective on the
world.

【逻辑链】
49. (33279-!-item-!-188;#058&007564)
Start-up companies financed by venture capitalists have a much lower failure rate than companies financed by other means. Source of financing, therefore, must be a more important causative factor in the success of a start-up company than are such factors as the personal characteristics of the entrepreneur, the quality of strategic planning, or the management structure of the company.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?
B:
P: Start-up companies financed by venture capitalists have a much lower failure rate than companies financed by other means.
C: Source of financing, therefore, must be a more important causative factor in the success of a start-up company than are such factors as the personal characteristics of the entrepreneur, the quality of strategic planning, or the management structure of the company.
P?C lower failure rate? source of financing more important than others

(A) Venture capitalists tend to be more responsive than other sources of financing to changes in a start-up company's financial needs. 加强
(B) The strategic planning of a start-up company is a less important factor in the long-term success of the company than are the personal characteristics of the entrepreneur. 加强
(C) More than half of all new companies fail within five years. 不相关
(D) The management structures of start-up companies are generally less formal than the management structures of ongoing businesses. 不相关
(E) Venture capitalists base their decisions to fund start-up companies on such factors as the characteristics of the entrepreneur and quality of strategic planning of the company. 正解

50. (33327-!-item-!-188;#058&007566)
When people evade income taxes by not declaring taxable income, a vicious cycle results. Tax evasion forces lawmakers to raise income tax rates, which causes the tax burden on nonevading taxpayers to become heavier. This, in turn, encourages even more taxpayers to evade income taxes by hiding taxable income.
The vicious cycle described above could not result unless which of the following were true?

B：When people evade income taxes by not declaring taxable income, a vicious cycle results.
P：Tax evasion forces lawmakers to raise income tax rates, which causes the tax burden on nonevading taxpayers to become heavier.
C：This, in turn, encourages even more taxpayers to evade income taxes by hiding taxable income.
P?C
Lawmakers to ? income tax rate ? tax burden on nonevading taxpayers ? ecourage more people to evade

(A) An increase in tax rates tends to function as an incentive for taxpayers to try to increase their pretax incomes. 不相关
(B) Some methods for detecting tax evaders, and thus recovering some tax revenue lost through evasion, bring in more than they cost, but their success rate varies from year to year. 不相关
(C) When lawmakers establish income tax rates in order to generate a certain level of revenue, they do not allow adequately for revenue that will be lost through evasion. 正解
(D) No one who routinely hides some taxable income can be induced by a lowering of tax rates to stop hiding such income unless fines for evaders are raised at the same time. 不相关
(E) Taxpayers do not differ from each other with respect to the rate of taxation that will cause them to evade taxes.不相关

51. (33375-!-item-!-188;#058&007573)
Because postage rates are rising, Home Decorator magazine plans to maximize its profits by reducing by one half the number of issues it publishes each year. The quality of articles, the number of articles published per year, and the subscription price will not change. Market research shows that neither subscribers nor advertisers will be lost if the magazine's plan is instituted.
Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest evidence that the magazine's profits are likely to decline if the plan is instituted?
B：Because postage rates are rising, Home Decorator magazine plans to maximize its profits by reducing by one half the number of issues it publishes each year.
P：The quality of articles, the number of articles published per year, and the subscription price will not change.
C：Market research shows that neither subscribers nor advertisers will be lost if the magazine's plan is instituted.
B,P?C
postage? ? HD ? profits ? ? reduce one half of the number it published

缺桥梁 why advertisement/ subscribers will be lost

(A) With the new postage rates, a typical issue under the proposed plan would cost about one-third more to mail than a typical current issue would. 不相关
(B) The majority of the magazine's subscribers are less concerned about a possible reduction in the quantity of the magazine's articles than about a possible loss of the current high quality of its articles. 削弱
(C) Many of the magazine's long-time subscribers would continue their subscriptions even if the subscription price were increased.支持，但是没提到减少
(D) Most of the advertisers that purchase advertising space in the magazine will continue to spend the same amount on advertising per issue as they have in the past. 正解
(E) Production costs for the magazine are expected to remain stable.不相关

52. (33423-!-item-!-188;#058&007574)
When three Everett-owned Lightning-built airplanes crashed in the same month, the Everett company ordered three new Lightning-built airplanes as replacements. This decision surprised many in the airline industry because, ordinarily when a product is involved in accidents, users become reluctant to buy that product.
Which of the following, if true, provides the best indication that the Everett company's decision was logically well supported?

B：When three Everett-owned Lightning-built airplanes crashed in the same month, the Everett company ordered three new Lightning-built airplanes as replacements.
P：ordinarily when a product is involved in accidents, users become reluctant to buy that product.
C：This decision surprised many in the airline industry
P?C
削弱原P

(A) Although during the previous year only one Lightning-built airplane crashed, competing manufacturers had a perfect safety record.
(B) The Lightning-built airplanes crashed due to pilot error, but because of the excellent quality of the planes there were many survivors. 支持
(C) The Federal Aviation Association issued new guidelines for airlines in order to standardize safety requirements governing preflight inspections. 不相关
(D) Consumer advocates pressured two major airlines into purchasing safer airplanes so that the public would be safer while flying. 不相关
(E) Many Lightning Airplane Company employees had to be replaced because they found jobs with the competition.不相关

作者: zxppx 时间: 2013-1-20 11:25
2.

Marian Anderson, the famous contralto, did not take
success for granted. We know this because Anderson
had to struggle early in life, and anyone who has to
struggle early in life is able to keep a good
perspective on the world.

Actually, the first sentence is the conclusion, which reveals that MA did not take success for granted. So the right answer should point out that what kind of people did not take success for granted.
The conclusion of the argument follows logically if
which one of the following is assumed?

(A) Anyone who succeeds takes success for
granted.

It cannot strengthen the argument, because it uses the negation.
(B) Anyone who is able to keep a good perspective
on the world does not take success for
granted.

Yes, this answer choice strengthens the conclusion by demonstrating that since Anderson is able to keep a good perspective, and anyone who is able to keep a good perspective on the world does not take success for granted, Anderson did not take success for granted. BA
(C) Anyone who is able to keep a good perspective
on the world has to struggle early in life.

It has no relationship with the conclusion.
(D) Anyone who does not take success for granted
has to struggle early in life.

It reverses the causality.
(E) Anyone who does not take success for granted
is able to keep a good perspective on the
world.

It reverses the causal relationship.

49. (33279-!-item-!-188;#058&007564)
Start-up companies financed by venture capitalists have a much lower failure rate than companies financed by other means. Source of financing, therefore, must be a more important causative factor in the success of a start-up company than are such factors as the personal characteristics of the entrepreneur, the quality of strategic planning, or the management structure of the company.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?

(A) Venture capitalists tend to be more responsive than other sources of financing to changes in a start-up company's financial needs.

The answer strengthens the argument, rather than weakens.
(B) The strategic planning of a start-up company is a less important factor in the long-term success of the company than are the personal characteristics of the entrepreneur.

The comparison without financing is irrelevant.
(C) More than half of all new companies fail within five years.

This answer choice cannot weaken the argument.
(D) The management structures of start-up companies are generally less formal than the management structures of ongoing businesses.

The comparison between start-up companies and ongoing businesses is outside the scope of the argument.
(E) Venture capitalists base their decisions to fund start-up companies on such factors as the characteristics of the entrepreneur and quality of strategic planning of the company.

This answer choice weakens the argument by showing that financing is based on other factors, such as the characteristics of the entrepreneur and quality of strategic planning of the company. BA

50. (33327-!-item-!-188;#058&007566)
When people evade income taxes by not declaring taxable income, a vicious cycle results. Tax evasion forces lawmakers to raise income tax rates, which causes the tax burden on nonevading taxpayers to become heavier. This, in turn, encourages even more taxpayers to evade income taxes by hiding taxable income.
The vicious cycle described above could not result unless which of the following were true?

(A) An increase in tax rates tends to function as an incentive for taxpayers to try to increase their pretax incomes.

“Increase pretax incomes” is irrelevant, since they may still evade taxes.
(B) Some methods for detecting tax evaders, and thus recovering some tax revenue lost through evasion, bring in more than they cost, but their success rate varies from year to year.

Actually, this answer choice reveals that the vicious cycle can continue with the variation.
(C) When lawmakers establish income tax rates in order to generate a certain level of revenue, they do not allow adequately for revenue that will be lost through evasion.

Yes, if lawmakers realize the problem and settle down it, then the vicious cycle cannot develop. BA
(D) No one who routinely hides some taxable income can be induced by a lowering of tax rates to stop hiding such income unless fines for evaders are raised at the same time.

The answer choice, in fact, reveals that the vicious cycle can continue.
(E) Taxpayers do not differ from each other with respect to the rate of taxation that will cause them to evade taxes.

So they may choose to evade taxes with regard for the higher tax rates.

51. (33375-!-item-!-188;#058&007573)
Because postage rates are rising, Home Decorator magazine plans to maximize its profits by reducing by one half the number of issues it publishes each year. The quality of articles, the number of articles published per year, and the subscription price will not change. Market research shows that neither subscribers nor advertisers will be lost if the magazine's plan is instituted.
Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest evidence that the magazine's profits are likely to decline if the plan is instituted?

(A) With the new postage rates, a typical issue under the proposed plan would cost about one-third more to mail than a typical current issue would.

Since the first sentence has referred that the postage rates are rising, this issue is irrelevant. But it still seems to be contender.

Let's address your concern about choice A by fixing the math.

Let's say the current situation is:
Number of subscribers = 100 people
Annual subscription price = $20
Number of issues annually: 6
Postage cost per issue = $1
Production cost per issue = $2
Current profit = 100 [($20) - (6 issues)($1/issue) - (6 issues)($2/issue)] = (100)($20-$6-$12) = $200

That means the situation under the new plan and considering choice A:
Number of subscribers = 100 people
Annual subscription price = $20
Number of issues annually: 3 (half of 6)
Postage cost per issue = $1.33 (1/3 increase)
Production cost per issue = $2
Resulting profit = 100 [($20) - (3 issues)($1.33/issue) - (3 issues)($2/issue)] = (100)($20-$4-$6) = $1000 (big increase)from Manhattan
(B) The majority of the magazine's subscribers are less concerned about a possible reduction in the quantity of the magazine's articles than about a possible loss of the current high quality of its articles.

Since the quantity and the quality of articles will not change, the comparison is irrelevant.
(C) Many of the magazine's long-time subscribers would continue their subscriptions even if the subscription price were increased.

Since the price will not change, it is irrelevant. In some degree, this answer choice strengthens the argument.
(D) Most of the advertisers that purchase advertising space in the magazine will continue to spend the same amount on advertising per issue as they have in the past.

It is very tricky! “Per issue” reveals that even though the amount on advertising per issue is the same, if the total quantity reduces, the whole revenue will decrease, thus weakening the argument. BA
(E) Production costs for the magazine are expected to remain stable.

This answer choice strengthens the argument.

52. (33423-!-item-!-188;#058&007574)
When three Everett-owned Lightning-built airplanes crashed in the same month, the Everett company ordered three new Lightning-built airplanes as replacements. This decision surprised many in the airline industry because, ordinarily when a product is involved in accidents, users become reluctant to buy that product.
Which of the following, if true, provides the best indication that the Everett company's decision was logically well supported?

(A) Although during the previous year only one Lightning-built airplane crashed, competing manufacturers had a perfect safety record.

Perfect safety record of competing manufacturers cannot make sure that of the Everett company. What’s more, we are told that the accidents about the Everett company.
(B) The Lightning-built airplanes crashed due to pilot error, but because of the excellent quality of the planes there were many survivors.

This answer choice explains the contradiction in the argument by showing that pilot error, rather than the plane, causes the accidents. BA
(C) The Federal Aviation Association issued new guidelines for airlines in order to standardize safety requirements governing preflight inspections.

The new guidelines are irrelevant.
(D) Consumer advocates pressured two major airlines into purchasing safer airplanes so that the public would be safer while flying.

What consumer does can make the argument more contradictory.
(E) Many Lightning Airplane Company employees had to be replaced because they found jobs with the competition.

How about the planes produced in the Lightning Airplane?

作者: pennyz 时间: 2013-3-9 20:20
36s
assumption
b
premise: m had hard time in early life and have a good preception
conlusion: m will not take success as granted
rephrase:good preception equals to not take ..
2:02s
weaken
e
premise: vc have higher failure rate than other sponsors
conclusion:the sponsor is most important other than other facts
rephrase: ???
2:34s
assumption or strengthen
b
premise: raise the rate ,not hiding were levied heavier,and turn to hide
conclusion: more hide ,higher rate
rephrase: government can not find the hide
2:37s
weaken
d
premise:the quality of the article ,the number of the article is not changed
only the issue declined
conclusion: no influence to the magazine
rephrase: the reader may not feel good about the reduction
1:15s
assumption or strengthen
b
background: 3 light plane crash
premise: if that type of plane crash then will not use them
conlusion: still subscribe three this plane
rephrase: it is not plane's fault to the accident

作者: Elisha728 时间: 2013-9-9 07:03
7'11''
EECDB

作者: lyrsilvia 时间: 2013-9-27 15:52
1. 20'
P:  Marian Anderson, the famous contralto, did not take success for granted. We know this because Anderson had to struggle early in life
C:  anyone who has to struggle early in life is able to keep a good perspective on the world.
ASSUMPTION: struggle early=good perspective
答案：D
(A) Anyone who succeeds takes success for granted.-------------then no one will be keep a good perspective
(B) Anyone who is able to keep a good perspective on the world does not take success for granted.-----------nothing about the struggle early in life  CORRECT
(C) Anyone who is able to keep a good perspective on the world has to struggle early in life.----------means good perspective-->struggle, but is insufficient to generate that struggle-->good perspective
(D) Anyone who does not take success for granted has to struggle early in life.--------CORRECT.
(E) Anyone who does not take success for granted is able to keep a good perspective on the world.---------no relationship between struggle and take for granted.

the chain should be "struggle--> keep a good perspective--> did not take success for granted"
整个P&C都找错了，这里的anyone并非是结论，而是premise
P: Anderson had to struggle early in life;  (A)
anyone who has to struggle early in life is able to keep a good perspective on the world.(B)
C: Marian Anderson, the famous contralto, did not take success for granted. (C)
A-->B是P中明显说清楚的了，但是B-->C 缺少一个假设。即B项

E C D B

作者: 艾筱豆 时间: 2013-10-1 21:44
A did not take success for granted
Anyone who struggle early in life is able to keep a good perspective
B
E
A
D
B

作者: sakurasong 时间: 2013-10-2 00:39
BEBDB
3.
B:when people evade taxes, a vicious cycle results.
P:lawmakers raise tax rates, which causes the burden to become heavier.
C:This encourages more people to evade taxes

S:lawmakers do not allow adequately for revenue that will be lost through evasion.

作者: 苏错 时间: 2013-12-1 09:48

12.01

【精练】

Premise: M.A did not takesuccess for granted because he struggled early in life.

Conclusion: anyone who hasstruggle early in life can keep a good perspective

Assumption?

Good perspective= not totake success for granted?

E. correct (架桥类)

( B able to keep a goodperspective on the world————> did not take success for granted )

【逻辑链】

1. financed by venture capitalists < other means infailure rate

So source offinance more important than other factors

Weaken—E

2. tax evasion –raise tax rates—tax burden heavier –encouragemore taxpayers to evade

assumption—C

3. postage rates rise –reduce issues to maximize profits research shows no subscribers or advertiserswill be lost

Strongest evidence—B(D advertising spend same)

4. order three new but surprise many

indication--B

作者: irenetopia 时间: 2013-12-13 14:57
【精练】
2. Marian Anderson, the famous contralto, did not take
success for granted. We know this because Anderson
had to struggle early in life, and anyone who has to
struggle early in life is able to keep a good
perspective on the world.
The conclusion of the argument follows logically if
which one of the following is assumed?
Logic：M not success for granted
M struggle early in life—— is able to keep a good perspective on the world
搭桥，把 keep a good perspective on the world 和 success for granted 连起来
(A) Anyone who succeeds takes success for
granted.
(B) Anyone who is able to keep a good perspective
on the world does not take success for
granted.——bingo!
(C) Anyone who is able to keep a good perspective
on the world has to struggle early in life.
(D) Anyone who does not take success for granted
has to struggle early in life.
(E) Anyone who does not take success for granted
is able to keep a good perspective on the
world.

【逻辑链】
49. (33279-!-item-!-188;#058&007564)
Start-up companies financed by venture capitalists have a much lower failure rate than companies financed by other means.  Source of financing, therefore, must be a more important causative factor in the success of a start-up company than are such factors as the personal characteristics of the entrepreneur, the quality of strategic planning, or the management structure of the company.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?

Logic：financed by VC, companies have lower failure rate
financing is more important than other factors
问削弱：就是缩短他说的than的比较之间的差距
也就是F没那么重要，或者说这个strategic planning 或者management structure 重要

(A) Venture capitalists tend to be more responsive than other sources of financing to changes in a start-up company's financial needs.——irrelevant
(B) The strategic planning of a start-up company is a less important factor in the long-term success of the company than are the personal characteristics of the entrepreneur.——support
(C) More than half of all new companies fail within five years.——irrelevant
(D) The management structures of start-up companies are generally less formal than the management structures of ongoing businesses.——irrelevant
(E) Venture capitalists base their decisions to fund start-up companies on such factors as the characteristics of the entrepreneur and quality of strategic planning of the company.——bingo!
50. (33327-!-item-!-188;#058&007566)
When people evade income taxes by not declaring taxable income, a vicious cycle results.  Tax evasion forces lawmakers to raise income tax rates, which causes the tax burden on nonevading taxpayers to become heavier.  This, in turn, encourages even more taxpayers to evade income taxes by hiding taxable income.
The vicious cycle described above could not result unless which of the following were true?
Logic：evade tax——decline income
Lawmakers raise tax on sb who not evade tax——more people evade tax
问假设：就是问这个情况会成立吗？也就是逃税——提高税率有没有相关性
只要说明有相关性就好了
(A) An increase in tax rates tends to function as an incentive for taxpayers to try to increase their pretax incomes.——irrelevant
(B) Some methods for detecting tax evaders, and thus recovering some tax revenue lost through evasion, bring in more than they cost, but their success rate varies from year to year.——irrelevant
(C) When lawmakers establish income tax rates in order to generate a certain level of revenue, they do not allow adequately for revenue that will be lost through evasion.——bingo！加强了相关性
(D) No one who routinely hides some taxable income can be induced by a lowering of tax rates to stop hiding such income unless fines for evaders are raised at the same time——irrelevant
(E) Taxpayers do not differ from each other with respect to the rate of taxation that will cause them to evade taxes.——weaken
51. (33375-!-item-!-188;#058&007573)
Because postage rates are rising, Home Decorator magazine plans to maximize its profits by reducing by one half the number of issues it publishes each year.  The quality of articles, the number of articles published per year, and the subscription price will not change.  Market research shows that neither subscribers nor advertisers will be lost if the magazine's plan is instituted.
Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest evidence that the magazine's profits are likely to decline if the plan is instituted?
Logic：HD为了盈利所以砍了一般发行量
但是订购价格不变，但是市场研究认为，这样他会失去它的订购者或者广告商
问加强：就找和订购者或广告商相关的
比如订购的人是不是不买了
广告商做的广告少了之类的
(A) With the new postage rates, a typical issue under the proposed plan would cost about one-third more to mail than a typical current issue would.——irrelevant
(B) The majority of the magazine's subscribers are less concerned about a possible reduction in the quantity of the magazine's articles than about a possible loss of the current high quality of its articles.——weaken
(C) Many of the magazine's long-time subscribers would continue their subscriptions even if the subscription price were increased.——weaken
(D) Most of the advertisers that purchase advertising space in the magazine will continue to spend the same amount on advertising per issue as they have in the past.——bingo!这样发行量少了，不就等于profit达不到了嘛
(E) Production costs for the magazine are expected to remain stable.——weaken
52. (33423-!-item-!-188;#058&007574)
When three Everett-owned Lightning-built airplanes crashed in the same month, the Everett company ordered three new Lightning-built airplanes as replacements.  This decision surprised many in the airline industry because, ordinarily when a product is involved in accidents, users become reluctant to buy that product.
Which of the following, if true, provides the best indication that the Everett company's decision was logically well supported?
Logic：飞机失事，公司继续买会失事的飞机
问解释：必然不是因为飞机自己的原因掉下来的
(A) Although during the previous year only one Lightning-built airplane crashed, competing manufacturers had a perfect safety record.——irrelevant
(B) The Lightning-built airplanes crashed due to pilot error, but because of the excellent quality of the planes there were many survivors.——bingo!
(C) The Federal Aviation Association issued new guidelines for airlines in order to standardize safety requirements governing preflight inspections.——irrelevant
(D) Consumer advocates pressured two major airlines into purchasing safer airplanes so that the public would be safer while flying.——irrelevant
(E) Many Lightning Airplane Company employees had to be replaced because they found jobs with the competition.——无语，irrelevant

作者: cyndichiang 时间: 2014-4-30 09:02
精炼题： 1‘39’‘
premise: struggle for life--->  keep a good perspective
+???
conclusion: struggle for life---->not take success for granted
Q:Assumption
prephrase: 补gap; keep a good perspective--->not take success for granted
(A) Anyone who succeeds takes success for
granted.------ 只说了success
(B) Anyone who is able to keep a good perspective
on the world does not take success for
granted.------同时说了good perspective和 not take success for granted ，留着
(C) Anyone who is able to keep a good perspective
on the world has to struggle early in life.-------说了struggle不对
(D) Anyone who does not take success for granted
has to struggle early in life.------同C
(E) Anyone who does not take success for granted
is able to keep a good perspective on the
world.-------同时说了；留着
BE 要看哪个是必要条件；题干中的结论是not take success for granted所以逻辑链的顺序应该是B ；
struggle ---> good perspective--->not take success for granted 而E 说反了，E 实际上包含了两条逻辑链
S--- > GP  和 NTSFG---> GP没有建立三个的逻辑关系

逻辑链：
1. 1’01‘’---E
premise:Start-up companies financed by venture capitalists have a much lower failure rate
conclusion:venture capitalists must be a more important causative factor in the success of a start-up company THAN the personal characteristics of the entrepreneur, the quality of strategic planning, or the management structure of the company.
Q:weaken
prephrase: venture capitalists relies on decision of managers

2. 2'20''---C
premise:Tax evasion↑-->tax rate↑-->the tax burden on nonevading taxpayers↑--->Tax evasion↑
+??
conclusion:the cycle cannot happen
Q: support
prephrase: 切断逻辑链; 由于这个plan是tax rate↑所以第一个-->不太可能被切断，那么就看第二个，因为第二个是从句中的，可以认为是事实，所以也不太可能；那么只有第三个what if people cannot evade their tax when policy is conducted?

3.1'33''--D
premise: the number of issues will ↓1/2
premise：quality of articles, the number of articles and the subscription price are unchanged
conclusion: neither subscribers nor advertisers will be lost
Q;weaken
prepharse: 跟the number of issues 有关---》导致另一个结果
这里有一个问题：发行量减少了，不就意味着卖出去少了吗，subscribers也应该会减少啊，没有那么多发行量供应给订阅者啊？？不解。。

4.1‘14’‘---B
premise:three Everett-owned Lightning-built airplanes crashed in the same month
conclusion:the Everett company ordered three new Lightning-built airplanes as replacements
Q:explain
prephrase: 只要指出这次的冲撞不是因为Lightning-built airplanes 就行了，指出他因。。

作者: Lincy123 时间: 2020-6-15 23:09

P：A早期很努力，所有早期努力的人都能够对世界有好视角

C：我们知道A不是take success for granted

Assumption：对世界有好perspective的不会take success for granted

A）所有成功的人把成功视为理所因当

B）所有能有好perspective的人不会take success for granted。Correct

C）所有能有好perspective的人在早期都很努力

D）所有不会take success for granted 的人在早期都很努力

E）所有不会take success for granted的人能够有好的perspective

P：获得创投的初创公司的失败率比其他渠道融资的初创公司低

C：融资渠道比起创业家特质等而言，对初创公司的成功更为重要

Weaken：创投人看中创业家特质才会投钱

A）创投比其他融资更能满足初创公司财务需求的变化

B）初创公司的策略规划比起个人特质在长期成功来说是更不重要的

C）超过半数新公司在未来5年倒闭

D）初创公司的管理架构比现有公司更不正式

E）创投根据创业家特质投钱。Correct

逃税 – 不上报收入：恶性循环

逃税 – 政府提高税率 – 不逃税的人赋税增加 – 更多人逃税

Assumption：赋税增加会导致人逃税 / 不上报收入就能逃税 /

A）税率增加会鼓励纳税人增加税前收入。Weaken

B）一些测量逃税者的方法，恢复了部分被逃掉的税收，但是成功概率每年都在变。待定

C）当定法律的人推出税率来产生特定程度的收入时，他们不允许逃税收入。Correct

收税的人不允许因为逃税减少的收入不被补足，也就是说收税的人提高税率来cover掉逃税的人的那部分收入

D）没有藏起税收的人能被更低的税率诱惑，从而停止偷税。除非逃税罚款也提升了

E）纳税人都一样根据税率导致他们逃税。Correct（x）

意思是所有人都逃税，这样就没有税了，错

杂志减少1.5倍的发行量。文章质量、数量、价格保持不变。订阅者和广告商都没有下降。

C：杂志亏损了：成本升高

Strengthen：

A）发行成本增加三分之一，correct （x）

减少1.5倍比三分之一多，成本相当于还减少了

B）大部分读者更不关系数量，更关心质量。解释一半

C）许多杂志的长期读者会继续订阅，即使价格上涨。无关

D）大部分买广告位的广告上花同样的数量在每一期刊上。Correct

杂志期数少了，广告收入减少

E）杂志的生产成本不变。

E的LB飞机在同一个月失事了三辆，E又买了三辆LB飞机替代

P：通常来说如果一个产品涉及事故，使用者不会再购买该产品

C：E的决定震惊业界

Strengthen：失事原因和LB飞机本身无关

A）虽然在去年只有一架LB失事，竞争对手有完美安全记录。无关

B） LB飞机失事时飞行员错误，但因为飞机质量好，有很多幸存者。Correct

C） FAA发布新规，来标准化飞行前检查的安全需求

D）消费者呼吁航空公司买更安全的飞机

E）许多LAC的员工都被替换因为他们竞争激烈

作者: 老马识图 时间: 2020-6-19 22:12
兄弟姐妹们，这道题还是有点蒙，到底A还是D

Because postage rates are rising, Home Decorator magazine plans to maximize its profits by reducing by one half the number of issues it publishes each year. The quality of articles, the number of articles published per year, and the subscription price will not change. Market research shows that neither subscribers nor advertisers will be lost if the magazine's plan is instituted.
Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest evidence that the magazine's profits are likely to decline if the plan is instituted? A? D?
(A) With the new postage rates, a typical issue under the proposed plan would cost about one-third more to mail than a typical current issue would.
(B) The majority of the magazine's subscribers are less concerned about a possible reduction in the quantity of the magazine's articles than about a possible loss of the current high quality of its articles.+
(C) Many of the magazine's long-time subscribers would continue their subscriptions even if the subscription price were increased.
(D) Most of the advertisers that purchase advertising space in the magazine will continue to spend the same amount on advertising per issue as they have in the past.+
(E) Production costs for the magazine are expected to remain stable.

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